Floral and reproductive biology and pollinators of Campomanesia guazumifolia (Cambess.) O. Berg., neglected species

Studies on the Myrtaceae family are mainly distributed in floristic surveys, reproductive studies of plant communities or related to family taxonomy. Based on this, the objective of the present study was to elucidate aspects of floral and reproductive biology and, of floral visitors from Campomanesia guazumifolia (Cambess.) O. Berg., a neglected species. Information was obtained on floral morphology and morphometry, anthesis, nectary, and structures attractive to pollinators, characterization of pollinators, receptiveness of stigma and maturing of the androecium components, and characterization of the reproductive system. Sete-capote tree has hermaphrodite flowers, and the floral opening occurs mainly during the daytime. Pollen grains was the main resource offered to pollinators. The flowers had mellow sweet odor, attracting mainly native bees and Apis melifera, which was characterized as effective pollinators. The species presents high reproductive efficiency and could be considered self-compatible; however, fertilization also occurs by cross-pollination.

Floral and reproductive biology and pollinators of Campomanesia guazumifolia (Cambess.) O. Berg., neglected species / Floral and reproductive biology and pollinators of Campomanesia guazumifolia (Cambess.) O. Berg., neglected species

The aim of the study was to elucidate aspects of floral and reproductive biology and floral visitors of this species. Information was obtained on floral morphology and morphometry, anthesis, nectary, and structures attractive to pollinators, characterization of pollinators, receptiveness of stigma and maturing of the androecium components, and characterization of the reproductive system. Sete-capoteiro tree has hermaphrodite flowers, and the floral opening occurs mainly during the night period, however, it also occurs in the morning. Pollen grains was the main resource offered to pollinators. The flowers had mellow sweet odor, attracting mainly native bees and Apis melifera, which was characterized as effective pollinators. The species presents high reproductive efficiency and could be considered self-compatible; however, fertilization also occurs by cross-pollination.

Studies on the Myrtaceae family are mainly distributed in floristic surveys, reproductive studies of plant communities or related to family taxonomy. Based on this, the objective of the present study was to elucidate aspects of floral and reproductive biology and, of floral visitors from Campomanesia guazumifolia (Cambess.) O. Berg., a neglected species. Information was obtained on floral morphology and morphometry, anthesis, nectary, and structures attractive to pollinators, characterization of pollinators, receptiveness of stigma and maturing of the androecium components, and characterization of the reproductive system. Sete-capote tree has hermaphrodite flowers, and the floral opening occurs mainly during the daytime. Pollen grains was the main resource offered to pollinators. The flowers had mellow sweet odor, attracting mainly native bees and Apis melifera, which was characterized as effective pollinators. The species presents high reproductive efficiency and could be considered self-compatible; however, fertilization also occurs by cross-pollination.

Floral and reproductive biology and pollinators of Campomanesia guazumifolia (Cambess.) O. Berg., neglected species

Studies on the Myrtaceae family are mainly distributed in floristic surveys, reproductive studies of plant communities or related to family taxonomy. Based on this, the objective of the present study was to elucidate aspects of floral and reproductive biology and, of floral visitors from Campomanesia guazumifolia (Cambess.) O. Berg., a neglected species. Information was obtained on floral morphology and morphometry, anthesis, nectary, and structures attractive to pollinators, characterization of pollinators, receptiveness of stigma and maturing of the androecium components, and characterization of the reproductive system. Sete-capote tree has hermaphrodite flowers, and the floral opening occurs mainly during the daytime. Pollen grains was the main resource offered to pollinators. The flowers had mellow sweet odor, attracting mainly native bees and Apis melifera, which was characterized as effective pollinators. The species presents high reproductive efficiency and could be considered self-compatible; however, fertilization also occurs by cross-pollination.(AU)

Floral, reproductive and pollinators biology of Myrcianthes pungens (Berg) Legrand, neglected species

Studies related to floral biology are essential for the understanding of the ecological relations between different species, and the beginning of breeding programs. In this way, the aim of the study was to elucidate aspects of floral and reproductive biology and floral visitors of this species. Information about floral morphology and morphometry, anthesis, nectaries and pollinator attractive structures, characterization of floral visitors, receptivity of androcytic stigma and maturation, in vitro pollen storage and germination, and characterization of the reproductive system were obtained. The guabiju tree has hermaphrodite flowers, and the floral opening occurs mainly during the night, but also in the morning. Anthers are the main attractive structure to the pollinating insects, releasing fetid odor, attracting mainly flies and wasps characterized as occasional pollinators, and moths characterized as effective pollinators. For the germination of pollen, it is recommend using it without desiccation, collected in post-anthesis, and for the culture medium the use of 11% of sucrose and 7% of boric acid. Pollen presents recalcitrant behavior, so even when stored in refrigerator, freezer, liquid nitrogen and natural environment lose viability in less than 30 days. It presents high reproductive efficiency, and can be considered self-compatible; however, fertilization also occurs by cross-pollination.

Floral, reproductive and pollinators biology of Myrcianthes pungens (Berg) Legrand, neglected species

Studies related to floral biology are essential for the understanding of the ecological relations between different species, and the beginning of breeding programs. In this way, the aim of the study was to elucidate aspects of floral and reproductive biology and floral visitors of this species. Information about floral morphology and morphometry, anthesis, nectaries and pollinator attractive structures, characterization of floral visitors, receptivity of androcytic stigma and maturation, in vitro pollen storage and germination, and characterization of the reproductive system were obtained. The guabiju tree has hermaphrodite flowers, and the floral opening occurs mainly during the night, but also in the morning. Anthers are the main attractive structure to the pollinating insects, releasing fetid odor, attracting mainly flies and wasps characterized as occasional pollinators, and moths characterized as effective pollinators. For the germination of pollen, it is recommend using it without desiccation, collected in post-anthesis, and for the culture medium the use of 11% of sucrose and 7% of boric acid. Pollen presents recalcitrant behavior, so even when stored in refrigerator, freezer, liquid nitrogen and natural environment lose viability in less than 30 days. It presents high reproductive efficiency, and can be considered self-compatible; however, fertilization also occurs by cross-pollination.(AU)

Avaliação da qualidade fisiológica de sementes florestais através do teste de condutividade elétrica / Evaluation of the physiological quality of forest seeds species through the electrical conductivity test

A avaliação da condutividade elétrica é um dos testes mais rápidos na avaliação da qualidade de sementes, assim, o objetivo foi verificar a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de oito espécies florestais por meio do teste de condutividade elétrica massal e, se este é eficiente para tal, correlacionando-o com a germinação. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado com 4 repetições de 25 sementes, avaliando-se os períodos de embebição (2, 4, 6, 8, 24 e 48 horas). Após cada período, realizou-se a leitura da condutividade, sendo que em seguida as mesmas sementes foram postas para germinar com intuito de correlacionar os valores de condutividade com a germinação. Foi realizada a análise de correlação entre condutividade elétrica e germinação dentro de cada período de embebição. O teste de condutividade elétrica massal se mostrou eficiente para avaliação da qualidade das sementes das espécies estudadas, quando comparado ao teste padrão de germinação, podendo ser uma alternativa rápida para avaliação da qualidade fisiológica de sementes florestais.

The evaluation of the electrical conductivity is one of the rapid tests in the assessment of quality seeds, so the goal was to evaluate the physiological quality efficiency of eight forest species seeds through the individual electrical conductivity test and the efficiency of this. The design was completely randomized with 4 replications of 25 seeds, evaluating the soaking periods (2, 4, 6, 8, 24 and 48 hours). After each period, there was the reading of conductivity, and then the seeds were germinated in order to correlate the conductivity values with germination. The test of the individual electrical conductivity was efficient to evaluate the quality of the seeds.

Germination of amaranth seeds under influence of light, substrate and temperature / Germinação de sementes de amaranto sob influência da luz, substrato e temperatura

Seed germination involves complex physiological and biochemical mechanisms. The cultivation of amaranth, of great food importance, lacks information about this process. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of temperature, light and different substrates on the germination of amaranth seeds. The experimental design was entirely randomized in a trifactorial scheme, with two temperatures, two conditions of light and four substrates, with four repetitions of 100 seeds each. The percentage of seed germination was evaluated until 24 days of implementation and the cumulative germination at 07, 14 and 24 days. The germination began on the fourth day for the substrate between sand and for the other substrates it began on the eleventh day, stabilizing in the fourteenth day. There was triple significant interaction among temperature, light condition and substrate factors used on the germination test. The best condition for amaranth seed germination is at a 25ºC temperature, in the absence of light and on paper roll substrate, with 87% of germination. These conditions can be used in germination tests for seed lots, to test its quality.

A germinação das sementes envolve complexos mecanismos fisiológicos e bioquímicos. A cultura do amaranto, de grande importância alimentar, carece de informações quanto à este processo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da temperatura, da luz e de diferentes substratos sobre a germinação de sementes de amaranto. O experimento foi realizado em esquema trifatorial, sendo duas temperaturas, duas condições de luz e quatro substratos. Adotou-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições de 100 sementes cada. Foi avaliado o percentual de germinação das sementes até 24 dias da implantação e a germinação acumulada aos 07, 14 e 24 dias. A germinação teve início no 4 dia para o substrato entre areia e para os demais substratos teve início no 11 dia, estabilizando-se no 14 dia. Houve interação tripla significativa entre os fatores temperatura, condição de luz e substrato utilizado no teste de germinação. A melhor condição para a germinação de sementes de amaranto é na temperatura de 25ºC, na ausência de luz e em substrato rolo de papel, com 87% de germinação. Estas condições podem ser utilizadas em testes de germinação de lotes de sementes para atestar sua qualidade.

Germination of amaranth seeds under influence of light, substrate and temperature / Germinação de sementes de amaranto sob influência da luz, substrato e temperatura

Seed germination involves complex physiological and biochemical mechanisms. The cultivation of amaranth, of great food importance, lacks information about this process. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of temperature, light and different substrates on the germination of amaranth seeds. The experimental design was entirely randomized in a trifactorial scheme, with two temperatures, two conditions of light and four substrates, with four repetitions of 100 seeds each. The percentage of seed germination was evaluated until 24 days of implementation and the cumulative germination at 07, 14 and 24 days. The germination began on the fourth day for the substrate between sand and for the other substrates it began on the eleventh day, stabilizing in the fourteenth day. There was triple significant interaction among temperature, light condition and substrate factors used on the germination test. The best condition for amaranth seed germination is at a 25ºC temperature, in the absence of light and on paper roll substrate, with 87% of germination. These conditions can be used in germination tests for seed lots, to test its quality.(AU)

A germinação das sementes envolve complexos mecanismos fisiológicos e bioquímicos. A cultura do amaranto, de grande importância alimentar, carece de informações quanto à este processo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da temperatura, da luz e de diferentes substratos sobre a germinação de sementes de amaranto. O experimento foi realizado em esquema trifatorial, sendo duas temperaturas, duas condições de luz e quatro substratos. Adotou-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições de 100 sementes cada. Foi avaliado o percentual de germinação das sementes até 24 dias da implantação e a germinação acumulada aos 07, 14 e 24 dias. A germinação teve início no 4 dia para o substrato entre areia e para os demais substratos teve início no 11 dia, estabilizando-se no 14 dia. Houve interação tripla significativa entre os fatores temperatura, condição de luz e substrato utilizado no teste de germinação. A melhor condição para a germinação de sementes de amaranto é na temperatura de 25ºC, na ausência de luz e em substrato rolo de papel, com 87% de germinação. Estas condições podem ser utilizadas em testes de germinação de lotes de sementes para atestar sua qualidade.(AU)

Avaliação da qualidade fisiológica de sementes florestais através do teste de condutividade elétrica / Evaluation of the physiological quality of forest seeds species through the electrical conductivity test

A avaliação da condutividade elétrica é um dos testes mais rápidos na avaliação da qualidade de sementes, assim, o objetivo foi verificar a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de oito espécies florestais por meio do teste de condutividade elétrica massal e, se este é eficiente para tal, correlacionando-o com a germinação. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado com 4 repetições de 25 sementes, avaliando-se os períodos de embebição (2, 4, 6, 8, 24 e 48 horas). Após cada período, realizou-se a leitura da condutividade, sendo que em seguida as mesmas sementes foram postas para germinar com intuito de correlacionar os valores de condutividade com a germinação. Foi realizada a análise de correlação entre condutividade elétrica e germinação dentro de cada período de embebição. O teste de condutividade elétrica massal se mostrou eficiente para avaliação da qualidade das sementes das espécies estudadas, quando comparado ao teste padrão de germinação, podendo ser uma alternativa rápida para avaliação da qualidade fisiológica de sementes florestais.(AU)

The evaluation of the electrical conductivity is one of the rapid tests in the assessment of quality seeds, so the goal was to evaluate the physiological quality efficiency of eight forest species seeds through the individual electrical conductivity test and the efficiency of this. The design was completely randomized with 4 replications of 25 seeds, evaluating the soaking periods (2, 4, 6, 8, 24 and 48 hours). After each period, there was the reading of conductivity, and then the seeds were germinated in order to correlate the conductivity values with germination. The test of the individual electrical conductivity was efficient to evaluate the quality of the seeds.(AU)