Participação de membros da superfamília TGF beta na foliculogênese, luteinização e luteólise / Role of TGF-beta superfamily members during folliculogenesis, luteinization and luteolysis

Fatores produzidos no ovário como os membros da família dos fatores de crescimento transformantes beta (TGFβ) e seus receptores, são essenciais durante o desenvolvimento folicular. Membros desta superfamília desempenham papel chave na fertilidade e diferenças espécie-específicas na regulação desses fatores têm sido descritas, envolvendo as funções ovarianas em condições fisiológicas ou patológicas. A proteína morfogenética óssea 15 (BMP15) e o fator de crescimento e diferenciação 9 (GDF9) destacam-se, pois desempenham papéis importantes na regulação do crescimento e da diferenciação folicular. Ainda, há evidências de que outras BMPs, ativinas, inibinas e seus receptores também possam estar envolvidos no controle da foliculogênese, ovulação/luteinização e luteólise. A maioria dos dados demostram que os TGFs atuam regulando negativamente a síntese de progesterona, o que sugere envolvimento na inibição da luteinização e promoção da luteólise. O avanço no entendimento das funções destes fatores locais poderá possibilitar o desenvolvimento tanto de novas estratégias contraceptivas, como também para controle do ciclo estral ou menstrual.(AU)

Factors produced in the ovary, such as transforming growth factors beta members (TGFβ) and their receptors, play a key role during follicular development. Members from this family have an important role in female fertility and species-specific differences in their regulation have been described, being involved in ovarian function regulation under both physiological and pathological conditions. Bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) and growth and differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) are the most studied factors due to their involvement in the regulation of follicular development and differentiation. Besides BMP15 and GDF9, other BMPs, activins, inhibins and their receptors may be involved in the control of folliculogenesis, ovulation/luteinization and luteolysis. Most studies demonstrate that TGFβ members negatively regulate progesterone synthesis, suggesting an involvement in luteolysis. The advance in the knowledge of the function of these local factors may allow the development of new contraceptive strategies as well as new approaches to control the estrous or menstrual cycle.(AU)

Participação de membros da superfamília TGF beta na foliculogênese, luteinização e luteólise / Role of TGF-beta superfamily members during folliculogenesis, luteinization and luteolysis

Fatores produzidos no ovário como os membros da família dos fatores de crescimento transformantes beta (TGFβ) e seus receptores, são essenciais durante o desenvolvimento folicular. Membros desta superfamília desempenham papel chave na fertilidade e diferenças espécie-específicas na regulação desses fatores têm sido descritas, envolvendo as funções ovarianas em condições fisiológicas ou patológicas. A proteína morfogenética óssea 15 (BMP15) e o fator de crescimento e diferenciação 9 (GDF9) destacam-se, pois desempenham papéis importantes na regulação do crescimento e da diferenciação folicular. Ainda, há evidências de que outras BMPs, ativinas, inibinas e seus receptores também possam estar envolvidos no controle da foliculogênese, ovulação/luteinização e luteólise. A maioria dos dados demostram que os TGFs atuam regulando negativamente a síntese de progesterona, o que sugere envolvimento na inibição da luteinização e promoção da luteólise. O avanço no entendimento das funções destes fatores locais poderá possibilitar o desenvolvimento tanto de novas estratégias contraceptivas, como também para controle do ciclo estral ou menstrual.

Factors produced in the ovary, such as transforming growth factors beta members (TGFβ) and their receptors, play a key role during follicular development. Members from this family have an important role in female fertility and species-specific differences in their regulation have been described, being involved in ovarian function regulation under both physiological and pathological conditions. Bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) and growth and differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) are the most studied factors due to their involvement in the regulation of follicular development and differentiation. Besides BMP15 and GDF9, other BMPs, activins, inhibins and their receptors may be involved in the control of folliculogenesis, ovulation/luteinization and luteolysis. Most studies demonstrate that TGFβ members negatively regulate progesterone synthesis, suggesting an involvement in luteolysis. The advance in the knowledge of the function of these local factors may allow the development of new contraceptive strategies as well as new approaches to control the estrous or menstrual cycle.

Transforming growth factor-beta family members are regulated during induced luteolysis in cattle

The transforming growth factors beta (TGFβ) are local factors produced by ovarian cells which, after binding to their receptors, regulate follicular deviation and ovulation. However, their regulation and function during corpus luteum (CL) regression has been poorly investigated. The present study evaluated the mRNA regulation of some TGFβ family ligands and their receptors in the bovine CL during induced luteolysis in vivo. On day 10 of the estrous cycle, cows received an injection of prostaglandin F2α (PGF) and luteal samples were obtained from separate groups of cows (n= 4-5 cows per time-point) at 0, 2, 12, 24 or 48 h after treatment. Since TGF beta family comprises more than 30 ligands, we focused in some candidates genes such as activin receptors (ACVR-1A, -1B, -2A, -2B) AMH, AMHR2, BMPs (BMP-1, -2, -3, -4, -6 and -7), BMP receptors (BMPR-1A, -1B and -2), inhibin subunits (INH-A, -BA, -BB) and betaglycan (TGFBR3). The mRNA levels of BMP4, BMP6 and INHBA were higher at 2 h after PGF administration (P<0.05) in comparison to 0 h. The relative mRNA abundance of BMP1, BMP2, BMP3, BMP4, BMP6, ACVR1B, INHBA and INHBB was upregulated up to 12 h post PGF (P<0.05). On the other hand, TGFBR3 mRNA that codes for a reservoir of ligands that bind to TGF-beta receptors, was lower at 48 h. In conclusion, findings from this study demonstrated that genes encoding several TGFβ family members are expressed in a time-specific manner after PGF administration.(AU)

Transforming growth factor-beta family members are regulated during induced luteolysis in cattle

The transforming growth factors beta (TGFβ) are local factors produced by ovarian cells which, after binding to their receptors, regulate follicular deviation and ovulation. However, their regulation and function during corpus luteum (CL) regression has been poorly investigated. The present study evaluated the mRNA regulation of some TGFβ family ligands and their receptors in the bovine CL during induced luteolysis in vivo. On day 10 of the estrous cycle, cows received an injection of prostaglandin F2α (PGF) and luteal samples were obtained from separate groups of cows (n= 4-5 cows per time-point) at 0, 2, 12, 24 or 48 h after treatment. Since TGF beta family comprises more than 30 ligands, we focused in some candidates genes such as activin receptors (ACVR-1A, -1B, -2A, -2B) AMH, AMHR2, BMPs (BMP-1, -2, -3, -4, -6 and -7), BMP receptors (BMPR-1A, -1B and -2), inhibin subunits (INH-A, -BA, -BB) and betaglycan (TGFBR3). The mRNA levels of BMP4, BMP6 and INHBA were higher at 2 h after PGF administration (P<0.05) in comparison to 0 h. The relative mRNA abundance of BMP1, BMP2, BMP3, BMP4, BMP6, ACVR1B, INHBA and INHBB was upregulated up to 12 h post PGF (P<0.05). On the other hand, TGFBR3 mRNA that codes for a reservoir of ligands that bind to TGF-beta receptors, was lower at 48 h. In conclusion, findings from this study demonstrated that genes encoding several TGFβ family members are expressed in a time-specific manner after PGF administration.

Prepartum progestagen supplementation in swine: a strategy to facilitate piglet care and prevent early parturition / Suplementação de progestágenos no pré-parto em suínos: estratégia para facilitar assistência aos leitões e evitar partos precoces

Gestation length in swine has a considerable amplitude and both early and delayed parturition are common. This variation increases the occurrence of unassisted farrowing and could lead to a wide-ranging age at weaning for piglets born from one batch. Supervision of sow parturition is crucial to reduce mortality of neonate piglets. To facilitate assistance, induction of farrowing using prostaglandin F2α (PGF) has been widely used in batch farrowing systems, whereby synchronization would concentrate the time of farrowing, allowing for better organization of employees. However, a viable alternative method that can be implemented to manage farrowing is to sustain high progestagen levels in the final days of gestation and, consequently, prevent early parturition. Efficient techniques to delay farrowing such as using oral progestagen supplementation have been previously described, but are only recently being considered for commercial use. The present manuscript reviews publications regarding delaying parturition and discusses the use of intravaginal devices (IVDs) containing progestagen. There is limited data addressing the effect of progestagen treatment during gestation on productive and reproductive performance. Therefore, future studies should focus on improving synchronization protocols following progestagen supplementation and evaluating piglet viability and sow fertility, before widely using progestagen supplementation to manipulate parturition.(AU)

Como a duração da gestação de suínos pode ter ampla variação, é comum a ocorrência de partos antecipados ou gestações prolongadas. Isso aumenta as chances de partos sem assistência e leva a uma grande variação de idade dos leitões dentro do lote de produção. Portanto, a supervisão do parto é indispensável para reduzir as perdas neonatais. Para facilitar o auxílio aos leitões, a indução do parto com prostaglandina F2α (PGF) é eficaz e amplamente utilizada, sendo indicada para concentrar os partos em momentos mais adequados, preferencialmente durante o horário com maior disponibilidade de colaboradores. Uma alternativa viável é manipular o momento do parto, através da manutenção de níveis plasmáticos elevados de progestágeno durante o final da gestação, a fim de evitar partos antecipados. Formas eficientes de evitar o parto através de suplementação oral de progestágenos foram descritas há décadas, mas apenas recentemente tem sido cogitada a utilização comercial. A presente revisão aborda estudos disponíveis na literatura relacionados ao protelamento do parto, incluindo a utilização de dispositivos intravaginais (DIVs) impregnados com progestágeno. São poucos os dados disponíveis relacionados ao uso de progestágenos na gestação com índices produtivos e reprodutivos. Portanto, alguns pontos ainda devem ser melhor avaliados, especialmente com relação à determinação da sincronia dos partos após o fim da suplementação com progestágenos, à viabilidade dos neonatos e à fertilidade subsequente das fêmeas antes da ampla adoção desta técnica.(AU)