Comparison of hematological parameters between single and twin pregnancies in Dorper ewes during gestation, lambing, and postpartum / Comparação dos parâmetros hematológicos entre ovelhas Dorper de gestação simples e gemelar durante a prenhez, parto e pós-parto

The hematopoietic system changes during the pregnancy to carry fetal development and maternal needs. This study compared the hematological parameters between ewes with single and twin pregnancies during gestation, delivery, and postpartum. The experiment was conducted on 60 healthy pregnant Dorper ewes that were divided into two experimental groups: Group 1 (G1), with single pregnancies (n=30), and Group 2 (G2), with twin pregnancies (n=30). Blood samples were collected from all ewes at different times: immediately before fixed-time artificial insemination (AI); on day 30, 90, 120, 130, and 140 of pregnancy; immediately after delivery; and at 24h and 48h postpartum. Statistical analysis compared the two groups at different times (P<0.05). Mild, normocytic, and hypochromic anemia was detected in all ewes from AI time and throughout pregnancy from both groups, but did not prove to be of clinical relevance. In the peripartum stage (from the 140th day of pregnancy to 48h postpartum), the ewes with twin pregnancies (G2) exhibited higher erythrogram values and neutrophil: lymphocyte ratio than did ewes with single pregnancies (G1). This indicated a greater hematopoietic adaptation in the body during the development of two fetuses. Except for the eosinophil numbers, all leukogram parameters were influenced by pregnancy in a similar way in both groups, and was characterized mainly by leukocytosis with neutrophilia during peripartum due to the high presence of endogenous cortisol at delivery. Thus, these findings showed that pregnancy was a stressful physiological event that increased the leukocyte count with a slight alteration in the erythrogram of Dorper ewes.

O sistema hematopoiético sofre mudanças durante a gestação para atender o desenvolvimento fetal e as necessidades maternas. Este estudo comparou os parâmetros hematológicos entre ovelhas com gestação simples e gemelar durante a prenhez, parto e pós-parto. O estudo foi realizado em 60 ovelhas Dorper prenhes, saudáveis, divididas em dois grupos experimentais: Grupo 1 (G1) com gestação simples (n = 30); e Grupo 2 (G2) com gestação gemelar (n = 30). Amostras de sangue foram colhidos de todas as ovelhas em diferentes momentos: imediatamente antes da inseminação artificial em tempo fixo (IA); nos dias 30, 90, 120, 130 e 140 de gestação; imediatamente após o parto; e às 24h e 48h pós-parto. A análise estatística comparou os dois grupos nos diferentes momentos (P < 0,05). Anemia leve, normocítica e hipocrômica foi detectada desde a IA e ao longo da gestação, nas ovelhas de ambos os grupos, mas não houve relevância clínica. Na fase periparto (do 140º dia de gestação às 48h pós-parto), as ovelhas com gestação gemelar (G2) mostraram valores do eritrograma e proporção neutrófilos: linfócitos mais elevados do que as ovelhas com gestação simples (G1). Isso indicou maior adaptação hematopoiética da ovelha para o desenvolvimento de dois fetos. Com exceção do número de eosinófilos, todos os parâmetros do leucograma foram influenciados pela gestação de forma semelhante em ambos os grupos, e foi caracterizada principalmente por leucocitose com neutrofilia no periparto devido ao alto nível de cortisol endógeno no parto. Assim, os achados mostraram que a gestação foi um evento fisiológico estressante que aumentou a contagem de leucócitos com leve alteração no eritrograma de ovelhas Dorper.

Comparison of hematological parameters between single and twin pregnancies in Dorper ewes during gestation, lambing, and postpartum / Comparação dos parâmetros hematológicos entre ovelhas Dorper de gestação simples e gemelar durante a prenhez, parto e pós-parto

The hematopoietic system changes during the pregnancy to carry fetal development and maternal needs. This study compared the hematological parameters between ewes with single and twin pregnancies during gestation, delivery, and postpartum. The experiment was conducted on 60 healthy pregnant Dorper ewes that were divided into two experimental groups: Group 1 (G1), with single pregnancies (n=30), and Group 2 (G2), with twin pregnancies (n=30). Blood samples were collected from all ewes at different times: immediately before fixed-time artificial insemination (AI); on day 30, 90, 120, 130, and 140 of pregnancy; immediately after delivery; and at 24h and 48h postpartum. Statistical analysis compared the two groups at different times (P<0.05). Mild, normocytic, and hypochromic anemia was detected in all ewes from AI time and throughout pregnancy from both groups, but did not prove to be of clinical relevance. In the peripartum stage (from the 140th day of pregnancy to 48h postpartum), the ewes with twin pregnancies (G2) exhibited higher erythrogram values and neutrophil: lymphocyte ratio than did ewes with single pregnancies (G1). This indicated a greater hematopoietic adaptation in the body during the development of two fetuses. Except for the eosinophil numbers, all leukogram parameters were influenced by pregnancy in a similar way in both groups, and was characterized mainly by leukocytosis with neutrophilia during peripartum due to the high presence of endogenous cortisol at delivery. Thus, these findings showed that pregnancy was a stressful physiological event that increased the leukocyte count with a slight alteration in the erythrogram of Dorper ewes.(AU)

O sistema hematopoiético sofre mudanças durante a gestação para atender o desenvolvimento fetal e as necessidades maternas. Este estudo comparou os parâmetros hematológicos entre ovelhas com gestação simples e gemelar durante a prenhez, parto e pós-parto. O estudo foi realizado em 60 ovelhas Dorper prenhes, saudáveis, divididas em dois grupos experimentais: Grupo 1 (G1) com gestação simples (n = 30); e Grupo 2 (G2) com gestação gemelar (n = 30). Amostras de sangue foram colhidos de todas as ovelhas em diferentes momentos: imediatamente antes da inseminação artificial em tempo fixo (IA); nos dias 30, 90, 120, 130 e 140 de gestação; imediatamente após o parto; e às 24h e 48h pós-parto. A análise estatística comparou os dois grupos nos diferentes momentos (P < 0,05). Anemia leve, normocítica e hipocrômica foi detectada desde a IA e ao longo da gestação, nas ovelhas de ambos os grupos, mas não houve relevância clínica. Na fase periparto (do 140º dia de gestação às 48h pós-parto), as ovelhas com gestação gemelar (G2) mostraram valores do eritrograma e proporção neutrófilos: linfócitos mais elevados do que as ovelhas com gestação simples (G1). Isso indicou maior adaptação hematopoiética da ovelha para o desenvolvimento de dois fetos. Com exceção do número de eosinófilos, todos os parâmetros do leucograma foram influenciados pela gestação de forma semelhante em ambos os grupos, e foi caracterizada principalmente por leucocitose com neutrofilia no periparto devido ao alto nível de cortisol endógeno no parto. Assim, os achados mostraram que a gestação foi um evento fisiológico estressante que aumentou a contagem de leucócitos com leve alteração no eritrograma de ovelhas Dorper.(AU)

Comparison of hematological parameters between single and twin pregnancies in Dorper ewes during gestation, lambing, and postpartum / Comparação dos parâmetros hematológicos entre ovelhas Dorper de gestação simples e gemelar durante a prenhez, parto e pós-parto

ABSTRACT: The hematopoietic system changes during the pregnancy to carry fetal development and maternal needs. This study compared the hematological parameters between ewes with single and twin pregnancies during gestation, delivery, and postpartum. The experiment was conducted on 60 healthy pregnant Dorper ewes that were divided into two experimental groups: Group 1 (G1), with single pregnancies (n=30), and Group 2 (G2), with twin pregnancies (n=30). Blood samples were collected from all ewes at different times: immediately before fixed-time artificial insemination (AI); on day 30, 90, 120, 130, and 140 of pregnancy; immediately after delivery; and at 24h and 48h postpartum. Statistical analysis compared the two groups at different times (P<0.05). Mild, normocytic, and hypochromic anemia was detected in all ewes from AI time and throughout pregnancy from both groups, but did not prove to be of clinical relevance. In the peripartum stage (from the 140th day of pregnancy to 48h postpartum), the ewes with twin pregnancies (G2) exhibited higher erythrogram values and neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio than did ewes with single pregnancies (G1). This indicated a greater hematopoietic adaptation in the body during the development of two fetuses. Except for the eosinophil numbers, all leukogram parameters were influenced by pregnancy in a similar way in both groups, and was characterized mainly by leukocytosis with neutrophilia during peripartum due to the high presence of endogenous cortisol at delivery. Thus, these findings showed that pregnancy was a stressful physiological event that increased the leukocyte count with a slight alteration in the erythrogram of Dorper ewes.

RESUMO: O sistema hematopoiético sofre mudanças durante a gestação para atender o desenvolvimento fetal e as necessidades maternas. Este estudo comparou os parâmetros hematológicos entre ovelhas com gestação simples e gemelar durante a prenhez, parto e pós-parto. O estudo foi realizado em 60 ovelhas Dorper prenhes, saudáveis, divididas em dois grupos experimentais: Grupo 1 (G1) com gestação simples (n = 30); e Grupo 2 (G2) com gestação gemelar (n = 30). Amostras de sangue foram colhidos de todas as ovelhas em diferentes momentos: imediatamente antes da inseminação artificial em tempo fixo (IA); nos dias 30, 90, 120, 130 e 140 de gestação; imediatamente após o parto; e às 24h e 48h pós-parto. A análise estatística comparou os dois grupos nos diferentes momentos (P < 0,05). Anemia leve, normocítica e hipocrômica foi detectada desde a IA e ao longo da gestação, nas ovelhas de ambos os grupos, mas não houve relevância clínica. Na fase periparto (do 140º dia de gestação às 48h pós-parto), as ovelhas com gestação gemelar (G2) mostraram valores do eritrograma e proporção neutrófilos: linfócitos mais elevados do que as ovelhas com gestação simples (G1). Isso indicou maior adaptação hematopoiética da ovelha para o desenvolvimento de dois fetos. Com exceção do número de eosinófilos, todos os parâmetros do leucograma foram influenciados pela gestação de forma semelhante em ambos os grupos, e foi caracterizada principalmente por leucocitose com neutrofilia no periparto devido ao alto nível de cortisol endógeno no parto. Assim, os achados mostraram que a gestação foi um evento fisiológico estressante que aumentou a contagem de leucócitos com leve alteração no eritrograma de ovelhas Dorper.

Teeth wear of piglets in lactation phase: performance and injuries / Desgaste dentário de leitões em fase de lactação: aspectos de desempenho e lesões

Piglets are born with a total of eight teeth and on the second day of life, teeth wear management is carried out to avoid lesions on the sows' ceilings and on the faces of the piglets. For this, an electric wearer is used that only wears the apex of the teeth. In this experiment, a comparison of twelve litters divided into: a control group (CG) was performed, which the intact teeth were kept; with the management of tooth wear and treatment group (TG),. The animals were followed from the first day of life until weaning. The weighing was carried out on the respective days of life: second, seventh, fourteenth and twenty-first. It was observed that the fights between piglets and for the ceilings did not present significant difference, on the other hand the injuries caused by the teeth and the dirt injuries had significant difference with greater presence in the group without wear. In the comparison of the piglets’ daily weight gain, there was noted that no significant difference between two groups was observed, which can state that the non-wear of the teeth does not interfere in the daily weight gain, however it was concluded that the animals without wear (CG) had a higher incidence of dirt lesions.

Os leitões nascem com total de oito dentes e no segundo dia de vida é realizado o manejo de desgaste de dentes para evitar lesões nos tetos das matrizes e nas faces dos leitões. Para isso, usa-se desgastador elétrico, que faz o desgaste somente do ápice dos dentes. Neste experimento, realizou-se a comparação de doze leitegadas divididas em: grupo controle (GC), cujos animais se mantiveram com os dentes íntegros; e grupo tratamento (GT), cujos leitões tiveram o desgaste de dentes. Os animais foram acompanhados do primeiro dia de vida até a desmame, quando ocorreu a pesagem nos seguintes dias de vida: segundo, sétimo, décimo quarto e vigésimo primeiro. Observou-se que as brigas entre leitões e pelos tetos não apresentaram diferença significativa, por outro lado, as lesões causadas pelos dentes e as lesões de sujeira tiveram diferença significativa, com maior presença no GC. A comparação do ganho de peso diário (GPD) dos leitões dos dois grupos revelou que não houve diferença significativa, por isso se pode afirmar que o não desgaste dos dentes não interferiu no GPD, entretanto, foi possível concluir que os animais sem desgaste (GC) apresentaram maior ocorrência de lesões de sujeira.

Teeth wear of piglets in lactation phase: performance and injuries / Desgaste dentário de leitões em fase de lactação: aspectos de desempenho e lesões

Piglets are born with a total of eight teeth and on the second day of life, teeth wear management is carried out to avoid lesions on the sows' ceilings and on the faces of the piglets. For this, an electric wearer is used that only wears the apex of the teeth. In this experiment, a comparison of twelve litters divided into: a control group (CG) was performed, which the intact teeth were kept; with the management of tooth wear and treatment group (TG),. The animals were followed from the first day of life until weaning. The weighing was carried out on the respective days of life: second, seventh, fourteenth and twenty-first. It was observed that the fights between piglets and for the ceilings did not present significant difference, on the other hand the injuries caused by the teeth and the dirt injuries had significant difference with greater presence in the group without wear. In the comparison of the piglets daily weight gain, there was noted that no significant difference between two groups was observed, which can state that the non-wear of the teeth does not interfere in the daily weight gain, however it was concluded that the animals without wear (CG) had a higher incidence of dirt lesions.(AU)

Os leitões nascem com total de oito dentes e no segundo dia de vida é realizado o manejo de desgaste de dentes para evitar lesões nos tetos das matrizes e nas faces dos leitões. Para isso, usa-se desgastador elétrico, que faz o desgaste somente do ápice dos dentes. Neste experimento, realizou-se a comparação de doze leitegadas divididas em: grupo controle (GC), cujos animais se mantiveram com os dentes íntegros; e grupo tratamento (GT), cujos leitões tiveram o desgaste de dentes. Os animais foram acompanhados do primeiro dia de vida até a desmame, quando ocorreu a pesagem nos seguintes dias de vida: segundo, sétimo, décimo quarto e vigésimo primeiro. Observou-se que as brigas entre leitões e pelos tetos não apresentaram diferença significativa, por outro lado, as lesões causadas pelos dentes e as lesões de sujeira tiveram diferença significativa, com maior presença no GC. A comparação do ganho de peso diário (GPD) dos leitões dos dois grupos revelou que não houve diferença significativa, por isso se pode afirmar que o não desgaste dos dentes não interferiu no GPD, entretanto, foi possível concluir que os animais sem desgaste (GC) apresentaram maior ocorrência de lesões de sujeira.(AU)

Electrocardiographic aspects of singleton pregnancy and neonatal period in American Miniature horse breed

Background: During pregnancy, cardiovascular adaptations occur in order to meet maternal demands and adequate supportfor fetal development, but they are still unclear in the equine species, especially in the American Miniature horse breed.The main hemodynamic changes that occur during pregnancy are increased heart rate, cardiac output, and blood volume.It is necessary to use the reference values for the miniature breeds, in addition to the age range and reproductive condition,so the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of pregnancy on electrocardiographic (ECG) parameters in maresand also of age in newborns foals of American Miniature horse breed.Materials, Methods & Results: Ten American Miniature Horse mares, between 7 and 19 years old (12.14 ± 4.05 years),116.85 ± 24.09 kg of body weight were used in the experiment. All these mares were pluriparous, with 5.9 ± 3.5 of births,minimum of 2, and maximum of 12 foaling times. They were maintained in common social group in an indoor house stablewith straw bed, with access to an outdoor paddock for several h per day. Twice a day they were fed with hay. Mineral supplements and water were available ad libitum. The ECG were obtained in 10 pregnant mares and in 10 neonates. All femaleswere examined at a representative time of each trimester of pregnancy, at 30, 210, 300 days before and 21 days after delivery.Neonates were examined on different times: first 24 h after delivery, weekly on the 7th, 14th, 21st, 28th and 35th days of age.The ECG parameters considered were the heart rate and rhythm, duration and intervals (P, PR, QRS, QT, T) and amplitude(P, R, S, T) of ECG waves. The mean of pregnancy duration was 319.4 ± 4.97 days. Heart Rate (HR) varied between 51 to59 bpm during pregnancy and 56 bpm on the 21st day after delivery. Comparing the clinical parameters of pregnant mares,non-pregnant mares and foal a difference was found for HR, Respiration Rate (RR) and...

Electrocardiographic aspects of singleton pregnancy and neonatal period in American Miniature horse breed

Background: During pregnancy, cardiovascular adaptations occur in order to meet maternal demands and adequate supportfor fetal development, but they are still unclear in the equine species, especially in the American Miniature horse breed.The main hemodynamic changes that occur during pregnancy are increased heart rate, cardiac output, and blood volume.It is necessary to use the reference values for the miniature breeds, in addition to the age range and reproductive condition,so the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of pregnancy on electrocardiographic (ECG) parameters in maresand also of age in newborns foals of American Miniature horse breed.Materials, Methods & Results: Ten American Miniature Horse mares, between 7 and 19 years old (12.14 ± 4.05 years),116.85 ± 24.09 kg of body weight were used in the experiment. All these mares were pluriparous, with 5.9 ± 3.5 of births,minimum of 2, and maximum of 12 foaling times. They were maintained in common social group in an indoor house stablewith straw bed, with access to an outdoor paddock for several h per day. Twice a day they were fed with hay. Mineral supplements and water were available ad libitum. The ECG were obtained in 10 pregnant mares and in 10 neonates. All femaleswere examined at a representative time of each trimester of pregnancy, at 30, 210, 300 days before and 21 days after delivery.Neonates were examined on different times: first 24 h after delivery, weekly on the 7th, 14th, 21st, 28th and 35th days of age.The ECG parameters considered were the heart rate and rhythm, duration and intervals (P, PR, QRS, QT, T) and amplitude(P, R, S, T) of ECG waves. The mean of pregnancy duration was 319.4 ± 4.97 days. Heart Rate (HR) varied between 51 to59 bpm during pregnancy and 56 bpm on the 21st day after delivery. Comparing the clinical parameters of pregnant mares,non-pregnant mares and foal a difference was found for HR, Respiration Rate (RR) and...(AU)

Estudo clínico e anatomopatológico da urolitíase em cordeiros confinados submetidos à dieta com diferentes concentrações de fósforo / Clinical and anatomopathological study of urolithiasis in feedlot lambs subjected to diets with different phosphorus concentrations

A urolitíase obstrutiva é frequente na ovinocultura e possui etiologia multifatorial, porém o manejo nutricional inadequado é considerado o mais relevante para sua ocorrência. Os objetivos deste estudo foram verificar a influência de duas dietas com diferentes proporções e concentrações de cálcio (Ca) e fósforo (P) no desenvolvimento da urolitíase obstrutiva, e descrever os achados clínicos e anatomopatológicos do sistema urinário de ovinos. Utilizaram-se 30 cordeiros, machos, mestiços das raças Santa Inês e Ile de France, que foram aleatoriamente distribuídos em dois grupos: Grupo 1 (G1, n=15) - Ca:P de 1,9:1 e 0,42% de P; Grupo 2 (G2, n=15) - Ca:P de 1,5:1 e 0,65% de P. As dietas foram fornecidas por 90 dias consecutivos com feno de Coast-cross, farelo de soja, trigo e milho, e água ad libitum. Após o diagnóstico da doença, os cordeiros foram submetidos ao tratamento clínico e cirúrgico, quando necessário. A urolitíase foi detectada em 36,7% (11/30) dos cordeiros, sendo 26,7% assintomáticos e 10% (3/30) apresentaram obstrução uretral. Um cordeiro foi desobstruído após amputação do processo uretral e sondagem uretral; outro foi a óbito por ruptura vesical e uroperitôneo; outro foi sacrificado após uretrostomia perineal e cistostomia sem sucesso. Em ambos os grupos, as alterações histopatológicas renais mais frequentes foram congestão vascular, dilatação e degeneração tubular. A presença de proteínas na luz tubular foi mais pronunciada no G2. As dietas fornecidas, ricas em concentrado, embora com relação Ca:P adequadas, provocaram a calculogênese, o que comprovou que o excesso de minerais e pouca quantidade de volumoso podem causar a enfermidade no rebanho.

Obstructive urolithiasis is common in farmed sheep and has a multifactorial etiology, but inadequate nutritional management is considered the most relevant condition for its occurrence. The objectives of this study were to verify the influence of two diets with different concentrations of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) on the development of obstructive urolithiasis, and to describe the clinical and anatomopathological findings of the urinary system in sheep. Thirty male crossbred Santa Inês and Ile de France lambs were randomly distributed into two groups: Group 1 (G1, n = 15) - Ca: 1.9:1 P and 0.42% P; Group 2 (G2, n = 15) - Ca: P 1.5:1 and 0.65% P. The diets consisting of Coast-cross hay, soybean meal, wheat, and corn were provided for 90 consecutive days with water ad libitum. After the diagnosis of the disease, the lambs were subjected to clinical and surgical treatment, when necessary. Urolithiasis was detected in 36.7% (11/30) of lambs, 26.7% were asymptomatic and 10% (3/30) had urethral obstruction. A lamb was unobstructed after amputation of the urethral process and urethral catheterization, one died of bladder and uroperitoneum rupture, and another was sacrificed after the failure of perineal urethrostomy and cystostomy. The most frequent renal histopathological changes were vascular congestion, dilation, and tubular degeneration. Proteins in the tubular lumen were more pronounced in G2. The diets were rich in concentrate and had adequate Ca:P ratios, but caused calculogenesis, showing that excess minerals and a small amount of roughage can cause disease in the herd.

Clinical and anatomopathological study of urolithiasis in feedlot lambs subjected to diets with different phosphorus concentrations / Estudo clínico e anatomopatológico da urolitíase em cordeiros confinados submetidos à dieta com diferentes concentrações de fósforo

Obstructive urolithiasis is common in farmed sheep and has a multifactorial etiology, but inadequate nutritional management is considered the most relevant condition for its occurrence. The objectives of this study were to verify the influence of two diets with different concentrations of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) on the development of obstructive urolithiasis, and to describe the clinical and anatomopathological findings of the urinary system in sheep. Thirty male crossbred Santa Inês and Ile de France lambs were randomly distributed into two groups: Group 1 (G1, n = 15) - Ca: 1.9:1 P and 0.42% P; Group 2 (G2, n = 15) - Ca: P 1.5:1 and 0.65% P. The diets consisting of Coast-cross hay, soybean meal, wheat, and corn were provided for 90 consecutive days with water ad libitum. After the diagnosis of the disease, the lambs were subjected to clinical and surgical treatment, when necessary. Urolithiasis was detected in 36.7% (11/30) of lambs, 26.7% were asymptomatic and 10% (3/30) had urethral obstruction. A lamb was unobstructed after amputation of the urethral process and urethral catheterization, one died of bladder and uroperitoneum rupture, and another was sacrificed after the failure of perineal urethrostomy and cystostomy. The most frequent renal histopathological changes were vascular congestion, dilation, and tubular degeneration. Proteins in the tubular lumen were more pronounced in G2. The diets were rich in concentrate and had adequate Ca:P ratios, but caused calculogenesis, showing that excess minerals and a small amount of roughage can cause disease in the herd.

A urolitíase obstrutiva é frequente na ovinocultura e possui etiologia multifatorial, porém o manejo nutricional inadequado é considerado o mais relevante para sua ocorrência. Os objetivos deste estudo foram verificar a influência de duas dietas com diferentes proporções e concentrações de cálcio (Ca) e fósforo (P) no desenvolvimento da urolitíase obstrutiva, e descrever os achados clínicos e anatomopatológicos do sistema urinário de ovinos. Utilizaram-se 30 cordeiros, machos, mestiços das raças Santa Inês e Ile de France, que foram aleatoriamente distribuídos em dois grupos: Grupo 1 (G1, n=15) - Ca:P de 1,9:1 e 0,42% de P; Grupo 2 (G2, n=15) - Ca:P de 1,5:1 e 0,65% de P. As dietas foram fornecidas por 90 dias consecutivos com feno de Coast-cross, farelo de soja, trigo e milho, e água ad libitum. Após o diagnóstico da doença, os cordeiros foram submetidos ao tratamento clínico e cirúrgico, quando necessário. A urolitíase foi detectada em 36,7% (11/30) dos cordeiros, sendo 26,7% assintomáticos e 10% (3/30) apresentaram obstrução uretral. Um cordeiro foi desobstruído após amputação do processo uretral e sondagem uretral; outro foi a óbito por ruptura vesical e uroperitôneo; outro foi sacrificado após uretrostomia perineal e cistostomia sem sucesso. Em ambos os grupos, as alterações histopatológicas renais mais frequentes foram congestão vascular, dilatação e degeneração tubular. A presença de proteínas na luz tubular foi mais pronunciada no G2. As dietas fornecidas, ricas em concentrado, embora com relação Ca:P adequadas, provocaram a calculogênese, o que comprovou que o excesso de minerais e pouca quantidade de volumoso podem causar a enfermidade no rebanho.

Renal profile and urinary fractional excretion of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium of lambs fed with different contents of phosphorus / Perfil renal e excreção fracionada urinária de cálcio, fósforo e magnésio de cordeiros alimentados com teores diferentes de fósforo

Obstructive urolithiasis is common in confined sheep, and a predominant factor predisposing animals to this condition is nutritional management. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of phosphorus (P) on urinalysis, serum urea and creatinine, and serum and urine concentrations of calcium (Ca), P, and magnesium (Mg), as well as to establish the fractional excretion (FE) of these elements in confined lambs. Thirty male Santa Inês x Ile de France sheep at four months of age were divided into two groups according to the diet: Group 1 (G1, n = 15), with 0.43% P in their feed; and Group 2 (G2, n = 15) with 0.65% P. The diets consisting of 10% Coast-cross hay and 90% of a concentrate of soybean meal, wheat, and crushed corn were provided for 90 consecutive days, with water ad libitum. The time points (M) of blood and urine collection were determined as M0, immediately before the beginning of the diet, and at 15-day intervals: M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, and M6. Phosphorous-rich diets favored the appearance of triple phosphate crystals in both groups, causing calculogenesis in more than one third of the animals (11/30), emphasizing the relevance of conducting laboratory tests to aid in urolithiasis diagnosis. In addition, FE revealed an increased renal excretion of excess minerals in the diet, and therefore a greater predisposition for stone formation in relation to nutritional management.

A urolitíase obstrutiva é frequente em ovinos confinados, sendo o manejo nutricional um dos fatores predispo-nentes mais importantes à formação dos cálculos. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o efeito da alimentação, com diferentes concentrações de fósforo (P), sobre a urinálise, ureia e creatinina séricas, concentração de cálcio (Ca), P e magnésio (Mg) séri-cos e urinários, bem como estabelecer a excreção fracionada (EF) desses elementos em cordeiros confinados. Utilizaram-se 30 ovinos machos, não castrados, Santa Inês x Ile de France, com quatro meses de idade, que foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com a dieta: Grupo 1 (G1, n = 15), com 0,43% de P; e Grupo 2 (G2, n = 15) com 0,65% de P. As dietas foram for-necidas por 90 dias consecutivos, com 10% de feno de Coast-cross; 90% de concentrado composto por farelo de soja, trigo e milho triturado; água ad libitum. Os momentos (M) de colheita de sangue e urina foram determinados como M0, imediata-mente antes do início da dieta, e em intervalos de 15 dias nos momentos M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M6. As dietas ricas em fós-foro favoreceram o aparecimento de cristal fosfato triplo em ambos os grupos, o que provocou a calculogênese em um terço dos animais (11/30). Ressaltou-se a relevância da execução de exames laboratoriais para auxílio diagnóstico de urolitíase. Além disso, a EF comprovou a maior excreção renal dos minerais em excesso na dieta, que mostrou a maior predisposição para for-mação dos cálculos conforme o manejo nutricional.

Renal profile and urinary fractional excretion of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium of lambs fed with different contents of phosphorus / Perfil renal e excreção fracionada urinária de cálcio, fósforo e magnésio de cordeiros alimentados com teores diferentes de fósforo

Obstructive urolithiasis is common in confined sheep, and a predominant factor predisposing animals to this condition is nutritional management. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of phosphorus (P) on urinalysis, serum urea and creatinine, and serum and urine concentrations of calcium (Ca), P, and magnesium (Mg), as well as to establish the fractional excretion (FE) of these elements in confined lambs. Thirty male Santa Inês x Ile de France sheep at four months of age were divided into two groups according to the diet: Group 1 (G1, n = 15), with 0.43% P in their feed; and Group 2 (G2, n = 15) with 0.65% P. The diets consisting of 10% Coast-cross hay and 90% of a concentrate of soybean meal, wheat, and crushed corn were provided for 90 consecutive days, with water ad libitum. The time points (M) of blood and urine collection were determined as M0, immediately before the beginning of the diet, and at 15-day intervals: M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, and M6. Phosphorous-rich diets favored the appearance of triple phosphate crystals in both groups, causing calculogenesis in more than one third of the animals (11/30), emphasizing the relevance of conducting laboratory tests to aid in urolithiasis diagnosis. In addition, FE revealed an increased renal excretion of excess minerals in the diet, and therefore a greater predisposition for stone formation in relation to nutritional management.(AU)

A urolitíase obstrutiva é frequente em ovinos confinados, sendo o manejo nutricional um dos fatores predispo-nentes mais importantes à formação dos cálculos. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o efeito da alimentação, com diferentes concentrações de fósforo (P), sobre a urinálise, ureia e creatinina séricas, concentração de cálcio (Ca), P e magnésio (Mg) séri-cos e urinários, bem como estabelecer a excreção fracionada (EF) desses elementos em cordeiros confinados. Utilizaram-se 30 ovinos machos, não castrados, Santa Inês x Ile de France, com quatro meses de idade, que foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com a dieta: Grupo 1 (G1, n = 15), com 0,43% de P; e Grupo 2 (G2, n = 15) com 0,65% de P. As dietas foram for-necidas por 90 dias consecutivos, com 10% de feno de Coast-cross; 90% de concentrado composto por farelo de soja, trigo e milho triturado; água ad libitum. Os momentos (M) de colheita de sangue e urina foram determinados como M0, imediata-mente antes do início da dieta, e em intervalos de 15 dias nos momentos M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M6. As dietas ricas em fós-foro favoreceram o aparecimento de cristal fosfato triplo em ambos os grupos, o que provocou a calculogênese em um terço dos animais (11/30). Ressaltou-se a relevância da execução de exames laboratoriais para auxílio diagnóstico de urolitíase. Além disso, a EF comprovou a maior excreção renal dos minerais em excesso na dieta, que mostrou a maior predisposição para for-mação dos cálculos conforme o manejo nutricional.(AU)

Abrupt weaning type combined to stress during late pregnancy in sheep present economic losses on carcass and low testicular development in lambs

This study investigates the combined effect of the progressive or abrupt weaning after the stress during middle and late pregnancy on performance and development of lambs. Twenty-four male lambs were used, born from 18 Santa Ines ewes that were divided into three experimental groups. Pregnant ewes were submitted to the application of Lipolysaccharides E. coli (LPS) during the 70th day of pregnancy (Ig; n=12) or at the 120th day (Fg; n=8). Animals were kept as control (Cg; n=14). Lambs born in a 6 day interval were subjected to two types of weaning (Pw: progressive weaning; Aw: abrupt weaning at 45 days of age). Lamb data, including testicular development, yield carcass and economic cost were analyzed. Means were compared by F test and Student's t test (P<0.05). Fg lambs had the lowest average carcass weight compared with Cg and Fg groups (P<0.05) and lambs from progressive weaning had higher carcass weight in relation to the abrupt weaning process (P<0.05). On carcass yield, no difference was observed on gestation groups for any type of weaning (P>0.05). The highest yields in gross margin was observed for the Cg group and the lowest for Fg (P<0.05), and no difference to Ig group (P>0.05). On lambs testicular weight, Cg average value was higher than Fg (P<0.05), but no difference was observed on scrotal circumference (P>0.05). The combined effect of LPS challenge as a simulated disease process during late pregnancy and abrupt weaning change the testicular weight and the yield carcass, resulting in economic losses.(AU)

Abrupt weaning type combined to stress during late pregnancy in sheep present economic losses on carcass and low testicular development in lambs

This study investigates the combined effect of the progressive or abrupt weaning after the stress during middle and late pregnancy on performance and development of lambs. Twenty-four male lambs were used, born from 18 Santa Ines ewes that were divided into three experimental groups. Pregnant ewes were submitted to the application of Lipolysaccharides E. coli (LPS) during the 70th day of pregnancy (Ig; n=12) or at the 120th day (Fg; n=8). Animals were kept as control (Cg; n=14). Lambs born in a 6 day interval were subjected to two types of weaning (Pw: progressive weaning; Aw: abrupt weaning at 45 days of age). Lamb data, including testicular development, yield carcass and economic cost were analyzed. Means were compared by F test and Student's t test (P0.05). The highest yields in gross margin was observed for the Cg group and the lowest for Fg (P0.05). On lambs’ testicular weight, Cg average value was higher than Fg (P0.05). The combined effect of LPS challenge as a simulated disease process during late pregnancy and abrupt weaning change the testicular weight and the yield carcass, resulting in economic losses.

Termografia infravermelha da superfície ocular como indicador de estresse em suínos na fase de creche / Infrared thermography of the ocular surface as stress indicator for piglets postweaning

Desmama é uma fase crítica na vida do suíno devido a separação materna e a introdução de uma dieta seca. A termografia infravermelha medida na região ocular se mostra como um indicador confiável para a condição de estresse pontual de suínos. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a relação entre medidas de termografia infravermelha da superfície ocular e de cortisol em situações de estresse em leitões na pós desmama. Foram avaliados 66 leitões, uma vez por semana, durante sete semanas, em dois períodos do dia (7h e 15h) com medidas de temperatura superficial ocular, temperatura superficial do dorso e amostras de saliva para determinação de cortisol salivar. A análise estatística contemplou os efeitos fixos de semana e período do dia e sua interação e correlações de Pearson para relação entre termografia ocular, temperatura superficial e cortisol a 5% de significância. Cortisol salivar não diferiu entre os períodos, mas foi superior nas três primeiras semanas após o desmame (P<0,05). Nas duas primeiras semanas após a desmama o cortisol apresentou correlação alta e positiva (P<0,05) com a temperatura ocular máxima (0,89) e a temperatura superficial do dorso (0,80). As duas temperaturas superficiais apresentaram uma associação moderada positiva (r=0,41; P<0,0001) durante todo o período experimental. Este estudo destaca que a temperatura de superfície ocular obtida por meio da termografia infravermelha pode ser um indicador de temperatura de superfície corporal e estado de bem-estar de leitões em fase de creche, além de ser um método não invasivo e de rápida mensuração. Entretanto, mais pesquisas são necessárias para aprofundar a relação entre temperatura ocular e cortisol durante estresse crônico.(AU)

Weaning is a critical phase in pigs' life due to maternal separation and the introduction of a new diet. Infrared thermography measurement taken in the ocular region appears to be a reliable indicator of the stress condition of the pig. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between ocular surface temperature by infrared thermography and cortisol in piglets post weaning. Sixty-six piglets were evaluated once a week, during 7 weeks, in two periods of the day (7am and 15pm) and ocular surface temperature and dorsal surface temperature were collected using a thermographic camera and a laser surface thermometer, respectively. Saliva was also collected to determine salivary cortisol. Statistical analysis included fixed effects of week and period of the day and their interaction, and relationship between thermography, dorsal surface temperature and cortisol were done by Pearson's correlations with 5% significance level. Salivary cortisol did not differ between periods, but it was higher in the first three weeks after weaning (P<0.05). During the first two weeks after weaning cortisol presented high and positive correlation (P<0.05) between ocular surface temperature (0.89) and dorsal surface temperature (0.80). The two superficial temperatures had a moderate and positive association (r=0.41; P<0.0001) during all experiment. This study highlights that the ocular surface temperature obtained through infrared thermography can be a superficial body temperature indicators, besides being a non-invasive and fast method of measurement. However, more research is needed to deepen the relationship between ocular surface temperature and cortisol during chronic stress.(AU)

Termografia infravermelha da superfície ocular como indicador de estresse em suínos na fase de creche / Infrared thermography of the ocular surface as stress indicator for piglets postweaning

Desmama é uma fase crítica na vida do suíno devido a separação materna e a introdução de uma dieta seca. A termografia infravermelha medida na região ocular se mostra como um indicador confiável para a condição de estresse pontual de suínos. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a relação entre medidas de termografia infravermelha da superfície ocular e de cortisol em situações de estresse em leitões na pós desmama. Foram avaliados 66 leitões, uma vez por semana, durante sete semanas, em dois períodos do dia (7h e 15h) com medidas de temperatura superficial ocular, temperatura superficial do dorso e amostras de saliva para determinação de cortisol salivar. A análise estatística contemplou os efeitos fixos de semana e período do dia e sua interação e correlações de Pearson para relação entre termografia ocular, temperatura superficial e cortisol a 5% de significância. Cortisol salivar não diferiu entre os períodos, mas foi superior nas três primeiras semanas após o desmame (P<0,05). Nas duas primeiras semanas após a desmama, o cortisol apresentou correlação alta e positiva (P<0,05) com a temperatura ocular máxima (0,89) e a temperatura superficial do dorso (0,80). As duas temperaturas superficiais apresentaram uma associação moderada positiva (r=0,41; P<0,0001) durante todo o período experimental. Este estudo destaca que a temperatura de superfície ocular obtida por meio da termografia infravermelha pode ser um indicador de temperatura de superfície corporal e estado de bem-estar de leitões em fase de creche, além de ser um método não invasivo e de rápida mensuração. Entretanto, mais pesquisas são necessárias para aprofundar a relação entre temperatura ocular e cortisol durante estresse crônico.(AU)

Weaning is a critical phase in pigs life due to maternal separation and the introduction of a new diet. Infrared thermography measurement taken in the ocular region appears to be a reliable indicator of the stress condition of the pig. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between ocular surface temperature by infrared thermography and cortisol in piglets post weaning. Sixty-six piglets were evaluated once a week, during 7 weeks, in two periods of the day (7am and 15pm) and ocular surface temperature and dorsal surface temperature were collected using a thermographic camera and a laser surface thermometer, respectively. Saliva was also collected to determine salivary cortisol. Statistical analysis included fixed effects of week and period of the day and their interaction, and relationship between thermography, dorsal surface temperature and cortisol were done by Pearsons correlations with 5% significance level. Salivary cortisol did not differ between periods, but it was higher in the first three weeks after weaning (P<0.05). During the first two weeks after weaning cortisol presented high and positive correlation (P<0.05) between ocular surface temperature (0.89) and dorsal surface temperature (0.80). The two superficial temperatures had a moderate and positive association (r=0.41; P<0.0001) during all experiment. This study highlights that the ocular surface temperature obtained through infrared thermography can be a superficial body temperature indicators, besides being a non-invasive and fast method of measurement. However, more research is needed to deepen the relationship between ocular surface temperature and cortisol during chronic stress.(AU)