Epidemiological aspects of surgical diseases of the genital tract in a population of 12.320 breeding bulls (1982-2007) in the state of goias, brazil / Aspectos epidemiológicos de enfermidades cirúrgicas do aparelho genital de touros em uma população de 12.320 reprodutores (1982-2007) no estado de goiás, brasil

The genital tract of bulls might be affected by diseases that result in coeundi impotence leading to decrease of reproductive efficiency. Anatomic, breed and handling aspects are considered predisponent factors to genital injuries. In this study, it was considered 12,320 bulls evaluated between 1982 and 2007. From these, 898 (7.29%) bulls had some reproductive tract disease corrected surgically, diagnosed by specific clinical examination of the genitalia or service capacity test. At the same time, questionnaire was applied in order to obtain information related to genital diseases epidemiology. From 898 ill bulls, 741 (82.52%) were Bos indicus, 133 (14.81) were Bos taurus and 24 (2.67%) were crossbred bulls. It was observed that 570 (63.50%) were 60 months-old, 220 (24.5%) were between 40 and 60 months-old and 108 (12.0%) were 40 months-old. Among the diagnosed diseases, independent of breed, age and handling, it was identified 728 (81%) cases of acropostitis-fimosis, 46 (5.20%) penis deviation, 23 (2.60%) gland fibropapilloma, 14 (1.60%) preputial abscesses and 11 (1.20%) penile fractures. From 417 visited farms, 256 (61.50%) treated the disease empirically, ignoring previous diagnosis. Thus, it can be concluded that handling and breed characteristics were the main predisposing factors related for the etiopathogeny of reproductive tract diseases.KEY WORDS: Bovine, epidemio

O aparelho genital do touro pode ser acometido por enfermidades que resultam em impotência coeundi, levando à queda na eficiência reprodutiva. Aspectos anatômicos, raciais e manejo são considerados fatores predisponentes de injúrias à genitália. Neste estudo, catalogaram-se 12.320 touros entre 1982 e 2007, sendo que, destes, 898 (7,29%) eram portadores de alguma enfermidade cirúrgica no aparelho reprodutor, diagnosticados pelo exame clínico específico da genitália ou por meio do teste de capacidade de serviço. Concomitantemente, aplicou-se questionário para obtenção de informações relacionadas à epidemiologia das enfermidades genitais. Dos 898 touros enfermos, 741 (82,52%) eram zebuínos, 133 (14,81%) taurinos e 24 (2,67%) mestiços. Observou-se que 570 (63,5%) possuíam idade igual ou superior a 60 meses, 220 (24,5%) entre 40 e 60; e 108 (12,0%) inferior a 40 meses. Dentre as enfermidades diagnosticadas, registraram-se 728 (81%) casos de acropostite-fimose, 46 (5,20%) desvios penianos, 23 (2,60%) fibropapiloma de glande, 14 (1,60%) abscessos prepuciais e 11 (1,20%) fraturas penianas. Dos 417 produtores rurais visitados, 256 (61,50%) efetuavam, empiricamente, tratamento das enfermidades, ignorando a importância do diagnóstico. Concluiu-se que o manejo e a característica racial foram os principais fatores predisponentes relacionados à etiopatogenia das enfermidades do aparelho repr

Colpocitology and serum concentrations of progesterone in nuliparous goats submmited to artificial photoperiods / Colpocitologia e concentrações séricas de progesterona em cabras nulíparas submetidas ao fotoperíodo artificial

The aim of present work was to evaluate the changes of cervico-vaginal epithelial cells and progesterone levels of nuliparous goats submitted to artificial photoperiod, in Middle-West of Brazil. Seventh Alpine and six crossbreed nuliparous goats were used, distributed in two groups: control (GC), maintained at isolated stall and submitted to natural light for the time of the year, and treated (GT), submitted to an alternate regime among natural and artificial light, for 24 hours and 35 uninterrupted days. Cérvico-vaginal content was collected, prepared on glass slides and differential cellular counts were carried out on Papanicolau smears. The progesterone concentration in blood serum was measurement by ELISA. Parabasal were the most frequent cell type present, followed by intermediate cells, mainly in the end of metaestrus and diestrus. Superficial cornified cells were present during proestrus and estrus. The cellular profile and progesterone concentrations oscillated in agreement with estrus cycle phase in control animals, but confuse on the begin of experimental period for treated animals. Cytological evaluation of cervico-vaginal content could be of value for a hormonal bioassay of estrus cycle of goats submitted to artificial photoperiod just after the adaptation period.  KEY WORDS: Artificial photoperiod, caprine, hormone, vaginal cytology.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar as alterações celulares do epitélio cérvico-vaginal e as concentrações de progesterona sérica em cabras nulíparas expostas ao fotoperíodo artificial, na região Centro-Oeste do Brasil. Dezessete cabras da raça Alpina e seis mestiças, nulíparas, foram aleatoriamente distribuídas em grupo-controle (GC), mantido em galpão isolado e submetido ao regime de luz natural para a época do ano, e grupo tratado (GT), submetido ao regime alternado entre luz natural e artificial, por 24 horas durante 35 dias ininterruptos. Realizou-se colheita de conteúdo cérvico-vaginal para preparo de esfregaços, que foram corados pelo método Papanicolau. A concentração sérica de progesterona foi mensurada por enzimaimunoensaio. Verificou-se predomínio de células parabasais, seguido de células intermediárias, principalmente no final do metaestro e diestro. Células superficiais queratinizadas foram relacionadas às fases de proestro e estro. O perfil celular acompanhou as oscilações das concentrações séricas de progesterona, as quais sofreram modificações de acordo com a fase do ciclo estral nos animais-controle, mas com um período confuso no início da exposição à luz artificial, nos animais tratados. O estudo das modificações celulares do epitélio cérvico-vaginal pode ser valioso como um bioensaio hormonal do ciclo estral em cabras submetidas ao fotoperíodo artific

Culling causes in confined holland breed cows in a population of 2083 bovines (20002003) / Causas de descarte de vacas da raça holandesa confinadas em uma população de 2.083 bovinos (20002003)

Aiming to investigate the main factors of culling in Holstein cows under intensive management, it was obtained datas from 2.083 Holstein breed of five properties from the Goias State and one propriety from Sao Paulo State, in the period between January of 2000 and January of 2003. The obtained information were ranked in categories, after calculating the respective frequency in percentage. It was culled 296 animals (14.2%) during the studied period. Eighty two (27.7%) of them occurred for alterations on the reproductive system, 55 (18.5%) for diseases in the locomotor system, 51 (17.2%) due to the alterations of the mammary gland, seven (2.6%) for the occurrence of digestive problems, three (2.6%) for metabolic diseases, two (0.7%) due to respiratory infirmities, one (0.7%) for photossensibility and 95 (32%) for several reasons. It was considered indispensable the adoption of effective actions for the control of the reproductive, locomotor and of the mammary gland disorders for the maintenance of the animals in the flock and, consecutively, for the profitability of this business.KEY WORDS: Confinement, cows, culling causes.

Avaliaram-se causas de descarte de vacas Holandesas manejadas intensivamente, em cinco propriedades rurais, em um rebanho de 2.083 animais, no período compreendido entre janeiro de 2000 a janeiro de 2003. As informações obtidas foram classificadas em categorias, procedendo-se ao cálculo da respectiva freqüência em percentuais. Foram descartados 296 animais (14,2%) durante o período estudado, sendo que 82 (27,7%) descartes ocorreram em virtude de alterações no sistema reprodutor, 55 (18,5%) por problemas no sistema locomotor, 51 (17,2%) em decorrência de enfermidades na glândula mamária, 7 (2,6%) pela ocorrência de problemas digestivos, 3 (2,6%) por doenças metabólicas, 2 (0,7%) em razão de doenças respiratórias, 1 (0,7%) em conseqüência de fotossensibilização e 95 (32%) por motivos diversos, como idade avançada e comercialização. Considerou-se indispensável a adoção de medidas efetivas no controle dos distúrbios reprodutivos, locomotores e da glândula mamária para a manutenção dos animais no rebanho e, conseqüentemente, da lucratividade do negócio.PALAVRAS-CHAVES: Causas de descarte, confinamento, vacas.

Anatomic-pathological study of digital dermatitis wounds in cattle / Estudo anatomopatológico de lesões de dermatite digital em bovinos

This essay had the scope of characterizing anatomic-pathological aspects of digital dermatitis wounds in distinct development phases. The essay was carried out from August 2004 and November 2005, using 40 cows distributed in four groups of ten animals each. Group I (GI) consisted of clinically healthy animals, and groups II (GII), III (GIII) and IV (GIV), consisted of animals bearing wounds in initial, erosive and proliferative phases, respectively. In GII histological observations were corneal stratus thickening, necrosis, hiperplasia, acanthosis, espongiosis and hyperqueratosis. In GIII it was observed hyperemia, ulcers, granulation tissue, hemorrhage and, microscopically, corneal layer thickening, paraqueratosis and multifocal necrosis. In GIV lesions of verrucous aspect, presence of fur, papillary projections were observed macroscopically, and, at histological examination, destruction of corneal layer and epidermis along with necrosis in all samples from the group.  Concerning the microbiota, fungi were not observed in any group. As for bacteria, mixed flora was observed, especially spirochetes, in GII, GIII e GIV. Finally, it was concluded that histological alterations in distinct phases of digital dermatitis may commonly be present, differing in terms of severity. The presence of spiral microorganisms suggests their association with etiopathogenesis. KEY WORDS: Cattle, d

Este trabalho objetivou caracterizar os aspectos anatomopatológicos das lesões de dermatite digital em diferentes fases evolutivas. O estudo ocorreu entre agosto de 2004 e novembro de 2005, utilizando-se quarenta vacas alocadas em quatro grupos, contendo dez animais cada. O grupo I (GI) foi composto por animais clinicamente saudáveis e os grupos II (GII), III (GIII) e IV (GIV), com lesões na fase inicial, erosiva e proliferativa, respectivamente. No GII, à histologia observaram-se espessamento do estrato córneo, necrose tecidual, hiperplasia, acantose, espongiose e hiperqueratose. No GIII, observou-se a presença de hiperemia, úlcera, tecido de granulação, hemorragia e, microscopicamente espessamento, da camada córnea, paraqueratose e necrose multifocal. No GIV, lesões com aspecto verrucoso, presença de pêlos, projeções papilares foram observadas macroscopicamente e, ao exame histológico, destruição da camada córnea e da epiderme com necrose tecidual em todas as amostras do grupo. Em relação a microbiota, independente do grupo não se notou a presença de fungos. Quanto às bactérias, registrou-se presença de flora mista, especialmente de espiroquetas no GII, GIII e GIV. Ao final, concluiu-se que alterações histológicas nas diferentes fases da dermatite digital podem estar comumente presentes, diferindo quanto à gravidade. A presença de microorganismos espiralados sugere a associaç

Use of polyamide tie-rap for ovariectomy in standing mares

Ovariectomy is a common surgical spaying method in mares, which it leads to short/medium-term masculinization and improves especially their stamina. This study aimed to assess the economic, clinical and histological aspects of the polyamide tie-rap for haemostasis in surgical sterilization of twelve seven-year-old mares, with or without ovary excision. The equines were spayed with polyamide tie-rap for pedicle preventive haemostasis. The left ovary was excised after mesovarium clamping. The polyamide device was also used in the opposite pedicle, though the ovary was not excised. The mean operating cost was determined, the wound healing was assessed and macroscopic and histological evaluation of the pedicles and ovaries were achieved in the post-op. The mean operating cost of the surgical procedure was US$ 69,44. The ovaries were atrophied and with multifocal necrosis areas, firm irregular nodules and follicles. These nodules were histologically recognized as granulomas. The polyamide tie-rap was efficient in controlling hemorrhage and safe for surgical purpose in the experimental model studied. However, it did not interrupt ovarian activity in the non-excised gland.

Emprego da abraçadeira de náilon na orquiectomia em eqüinos

Em alguns criatórios os métodos de orquiectomia em eqüinos ainda são realizados por leigos e de forma empírica, sem atenção à higiene e a hemostasia preventiva dos vasos que compõem o cordão espermático, resultando muitas vezes em óbito do animal. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a eficácia da abraçadeira de náilon, na orquiectomia em eqüinos, como método hemostático, possíveis complicações pós-operatórias e o custo do procedimento. Foram empregados 24 animais machos não castrados, sem raça definida (SRD), clinicamente saudáveis, com peso corporal variando entre 300 kg e 400 kg e faixa etária entre três a oito anos. Avaliou-se os resultados dos procedimentos cirúrgicos por meio de exames clínicos, hematológicos e a ocorrência de complicações trans e pós-operatórias. Além da presença de edema nos eqüinos de todos os grupos, ocorreu um óbito quando se utilizou o emasculador. A abraçadeira de náilon subjetivamente avaliada mostrou-se resistente a tração exercida no local da aplicação e quando comparada ao uso do emasculador e categute apresentou menor custo e reduziu o tempo de duração do procedimento.

COLPOCITOLOGY AND SERUM CONCENTRATIONS OF PROGESTERONE IN NULIPAROUS GOATS SUBMMITED TO ARTIFICIAL PHOTOPERIODS / COLPOCITOLOGIA E CONCENTRAÇÕES SÉRICAS DE PROGESTERONA EM CABRAS NULÍPARAS SUBMETIDAS AO FOTOPERÍODO ARTIFICIAL

The aim of present work was to evaluate the changes of cervico-vaginal epithelial cells and progesterone levels of nuliparous goats submitted to artificial photoperiod, in Middle-West of Brazil. Seventh Alpine and six crossbreed nuliparous goats were used, distributed in two groups: control (GC), maintained at isolated stall and submitted to natural light for the time of the year, and treated (GT), submitted to an alternate regime among natural and artificial light, for 24 hours and 35 uninterrupted days. Cérvico-vaginal content was collected, prepared on glass slides and differential cellular counts were carried out on Papanicolau smears. The progesterone concentration in blood serum was measurement by ELISA. Parabasal were the most frequent cell type present, followed by intermediate cells, mainly in the end of metaestrus and diestrus. Superficial cornified cells were present during proestrus and estrus. The cellular profile and progesterone concentrations oscillated in agreement with estrus cycle phase in control animals, but confuse on the begin of experimental period for treated animals. Cytological evaluation of cervico-vaginal content could be of value for a hormonal bioassay of estrus cycle of goats submitted to artificial photoperiod just after the adaptation period.  KEY WORDS: Artificial photoperiod, caprine, hormone, vaginal cytology.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar as alterações celulares do epitélio cérvico-vaginal e as concentrações de progesterona sérica em cabras nulíparas expostas ao fotoperíodo artificial, na região Centro-Oeste do Brasil. Dezessete cabras da raça Alpina e seis mestiças, nulíparas, foram aleatoriamente distribuídas em grupo-controle (GC), mantido em galpão isolado e submetido ao regime de luz natural para a época do ano, e grupo tratado (GT), submetido ao regime alternado entre luz natural e artificial, por 24 horas durante 35 dias ininterruptos. Realizou-se colheita de conteúdo cérvico-vaginal para preparo de esfregaços, que foram corados pelo método Papanicolau. A concentração sérica de progesterona foi mensurada por enzimaimunoensaio. Verificou-se predomínio de células parabasais, seguido de células intermediárias, principalmente no final do metaestro e diestro. Células superficiais queratinizadas foram relacionadas às fases de proestro e estro. O perfil celular acompanhou as oscilações das concentrações séricas de progesterona, as quais sofreram modificações de acordo com a fase do ciclo estral nos animais-controle, mas com um período confuso no início da exposição à luz artificial, nos animais tratados. O estudo das modificações celulares do epitélio cérvico-vaginal pode ser valioso como um bioensaio hormonal do ciclo estral em cabras submetidas ao fotoperíodo artific

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF SURGICAL DISEASES OF THE GENITAL TRACT IN A POPULATION OF 12.320 BREEDING BULLS (1982-2007) IN THE STATE OF GOIAS, BRAZIL / ASPECTOS EPIDEMIOLÓGICOS DE ENFERMIDADES CIRÚRGICAS DO APARELHO GENITAL DE TOUROS EM UMA POPULAÇÃO DE 12.320 REPRODUTORES (1982-2007) NO ESTADO DE GOIÁS, BRASIL

  The genital tract of bulls might be affected by diseases that result in coeundi impotence leading to decrease of reproductive efficiency. Anatomic, breed and handling aspects are considered predisponent factors to genital injuries. In this study, it was considered 12,320 bulls evaluated between 1982 and 2007. From these, 898 (7.29%) bulls had some reproductive tract disease corrected surgically, diagnosed by specific clinical examination of the genitalia or service capacity test. At the same time, questionnaire was applied in order to obtain information related to genital diseases epidemiology. From 898 ill bulls, 741 (82.52%) were Bos indicus, 133 (14.81) were Bos taurus and 24 (2.67%) were crossbred bulls. It was observed that 570 (63.50%) were 60 months-old, 220 (24.5%) were between 40 and 60 months-old and 108 (12.0%) were 40 months-old. Among the diagnosed diseases, independent of breed, age and handling, it was identified 728 (81%) cases of acropostitis-fimosis, 46 (5.20%) penis deviation, 23 (2.60%) gland fibropapilloma, 14 (1.60%) preputial abscesses and 11 (1.20%) penile fractures. From 417 visited farms, 256 (61.50%) treated the disease empirically, ignoring previous diagnosis. Thus, it can be concluded that handling and breed characteristics were the main predisposing factors related for the etiopathogeny of reproductive tract diseases.KEY WORDS: Bovine, epidemio

O aparelho genital do touro pode ser acometido por enfermidades que resultam em impotência coeundi, levando à queda na eficiência reprodutiva. Aspectos anatômicos, raciais e manejo são considerados fatores predisponentes de injúrias à genitália. Neste estudo, catalogaram-se 12.320 touros entre 1982 e 2007, sendo que, destes, 898 (7,29%) eram portadores de alguma enfermidade cirúrgica no aparelho reprodutor, diagnosticados pelo exame clínico específico da genitália ou por meio do teste de capacidade de serviço. Concomitantemente, aplicou-se questionário para obtenção de informações relacionadas à epidemiologia das enfermidades genitais. Dos 898 touros enfermos, 741 (82,52%) eram zebuínos, 133 (14,81%) taurinos e 24 (2,67%) mestiços. Observou-se que 570 (63,5%) possuíam idade igual ou superior a 60 meses, 220 (24,5%) entre 40 e 60; e 108 (12,0%) inferior a 40 meses. Dentre as enfermidades diagnosticadas, registraram-se 728 (81%) casos de acropostite-fimose, 46 (5,20%) desvios penianos, 23 (2,60%) fibropapiloma de glande, 14 (1,60%) abscessos prepuciais e 11 (1,20%) fraturas penianas. Dos 417 produtores rurais visitados, 256 (61,50%) efetuavam, empiricamente, tratamento das enfermidades, ignorando a importância do diagnóstico. Concluiu-se que o manejo e a característica racial foram os principais fatores predisponentes relacionados à etiopatogenia das enfermidades do aparelho repr

Use of polyamide tie-rap for ovariectomy in standing mares

Ovariectomy is a common surgical spaying method in mares, which it leads to short/medium-term masculinization and improves especially their stamina. This study aimed to assess the economic, clinical and histological aspects of the polyamide tie-rap for haemostasis in surgical sterilization of twelve seven-year-old mares, with or without ovary excision. The equines were spayed with polyamide tie-rap for pedicle preventive haemostasis. The left ovary was excised after mesovarium clamping. The polyamide device was also used in the opposite pedicle, though the ovary was not excised. The mean operating cost was determined, the wound healing was assessed and macroscopic and histological evaluation of the pedicles and ovaries were achieved in the post-op. The mean operating cost of the surgical procedure was US$ 69,44. The ovaries were atrophied and with multifocal necrosis areas, firm irregular nodules and follicles. These nodules were histologically recognized as granulomas. The polyamide tie-rap was efficient in controlling hemorrhage and safe for surgical purpose in the experimental model studied. However, it did not interrupt ovarian activity in the non-excised gland.

Emprego da abraçadeira de náilon na orquiectomia em eqüinos

Em alguns criatórios os métodos de orquiectomia em eqüinos ainda são realizados por leigos e de forma empírica, sem atenção à higiene e a hemostasia preventiva dos vasos que compõem o cordão espermático, resultando muitas vezes em óbito do animal. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a eficácia da abraçadeira de náilon, na orquiectomia em eqüinos, como método hemostático, possíveis complicações pós-operatórias e o custo do procedimento. Foram empregados 24 animais machos não castrados, sem raça definida (SRD), clinicamente saudáveis, com peso corporal variando entre 300 kg e 400 kg e faixa etária entre três a oito anos. Avaliou-se os resultados dos procedimentos cirúrgicos por meio de exames clínicos, hematológicos e a ocorrência de complicações trans e pós-operatórias. Além da presença de edema nos eqüinos de todos os grupos, ocorreu um óbito quando se utilizou o emasculador. A abraçadeira de náilon subjetivamente avaliada mostrou-se resistente a tração exercida no local da aplicação e quando comparada ao uso do emasculador e categute apresentou menor custo e reduziu o tempo de duração do procedimento.

Use of polyamide tie-rap for ovariectomy in standing mares

Ovariectomy is a common surgical spaying method in mares, which it leads to short/medium-term masculinization and improves especially their stamina. This study aimed to assess the economic, clinical and histological aspects of the polyamide tie-rap for haemostasis in surgical sterilization of twelve seven-year-old mares, with or without ovary excision. The equines were spayed with polyamide tie-rap for pedicle preventive haemostasis. The left ovary was excised after mesovarium clamping. The polyamide device was also used in the opposite pedicle, though the ovary was not excised. The mean operating cost was determined, the wound healing was assessed and macroscopic and histological evaluation of the pedicles and ovaries were achieved in the post-op. The mean operating cost of the surgical procedure was US$ 69,44. The ovaries were atrophied and with multifocal necrosis areas, firm irregular nodules and follicles. These nodules were histologically recognized as granulomas. The polyamide tie-rap was efficient in controlling hemorrhage and safe for surgical purpose in the experimental model studied. However, it did not interrupt ovarian activity in the non-excised gland.

Emprego da abraçadeira de náilon na orquiectomia em eqüinos

Em alguns criatórios os métodos de orquiectomia em eqüinos ainda são realizados por leigos e de forma empírica, sem atenção à higiene e a hemostasia preventiva dos vasos que compõem o cordão espermático, resultando muitas vezes em óbito do animal. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a eficácia da abraçadeira de náilon, na orquiectomia em eqüinos, como método hemostático, possíveis complicações pós-operatórias e o custo do procedimento. Foram empregados 24 animais machos não castrados, sem raça definida (SRD), clinicamente saudáveis, com peso corporal variando entre 300 kg e 400 kg e faixa etária entre três a oito anos. Avaliou-se os resultados dos procedimentos cirúrgicos por meio de exames clínicos, hematológicos e a ocorrência de complicações trans e pós-operatórias. Além da presença de edema nos eqüinos de todos os grupos, ocorreu um óbito quando se utilizou o emasculador. A abraçadeira de náilon subjetivamente avaliada mostrou-se resistente a tração exercida no local da aplicação e quando comparada ao uso do emasculador e categute apresentou menor custo e reduziu o tempo de duração do procedimento.

Use of polyamide tie-rap for ovariectomy in standing mares

Ovariectomy is a common surgical spaying method in mares, which it leads to short/medium-term masculinization and improves especially their stamina. This study aimed to assess the economic, clinical and histological aspects of the polyamide tie-rap for haemostasis in surgical sterilization of twelve seven-year-old mares, with or without ovary excision. The equines were spayed with polyamide tie-rap for pedicle preventive haemostasis. The left ovary was excised after mesovarium clamping. The polyamide device was also used in the opposite pedicle, though the ovary was not excised. The mean operating cost was determined, the wound healing was assessed and macroscopic and histological evaluation of the pedicles and ovaries were achieved in the post-op. The mean operating cost of the surgical procedure was US$ 69,44. The ovaries were atrophied and with multifocal necrosis areas, firm irregular nodules and follicles. These nodules were histologically recognized as granulomas. The polyamide tie-rap was efficient in controlling hemorrhage and safe for surgical purpose in the experimental model studied. However, it did not interrupt ovarian activity in the non-excised gland.

Use of polyamide tie-rap for ovariectomy in standing mares

Ovariectomy is a common surgical spaying method in mares, which it leads to short/medium-term masculinization and improves especially their stamina. This study aimed to assess the economic, clinical and histological aspects of the polyamide tie-rap for haemostasis in surgical sterilization of twelve seven-year-old mares, with or without ovary excision. The equines were spayed with polyamide tie-rap for pedicle preventive haemostasis. The left ovary was excised after mesovarium clamping. The polyamide device was also used in the opposite pedicle, though the ovary was not excised. The mean operating cost was determined, the wound healing was assessed and macroscopic and histological evaluation of the pedicles and ovaries were achieved in the post-op. The mean operating cost of the surgical procedure was US$ 69,44. The ovaries were atrophied and with multifocal necrosis areas, firm irregular nodules and follicles. These nodules were histologically recognized as granulomas. The polyamide tie-rap was efficient in controlling hemorrhage and safe for surgical purpose in the experimental model studied. However, it did not interrupt ovarian activity in the non-excised gland.

Use of polyamide tie-rap for ovariectomy in standing mares

Ovariectomy is a common surgical spaying method in mares, which it leads to short/medium-term masculinization and improves especially their stamina. This study aimed to assess the economic, clinical and histological aspects of the polyamide tie-rap for haemostasis in surgical sterilization of twelve seven-year-old mares, with or without ovary excision. The equines were spayed with polyamide tie-rap for pedicle preventive haemostasis. The left ovary was excised after mesovarium clamping. The polyamide device was also used in the opposite pedicle, though the ovary was not excised. The mean operating cost was determined, the wound healing was assessed and macroscopic and histological evaluation of the pedicles and ovaries were achieved in the post-op. The mean operating cost of the surgical procedure was US$ 69,44. The ovaries were atrophied and with multifocal necrosis areas, firm irregular nodules and follicles. These nodules were histologically recognized as granulomas. The polyamide tie-rap was efficient in controlling hemorrhage and safe for surgical purpose in the experimental model studied. However, it did not interrupt ovarian activity in the non-excised gland.

ANATOMIC-PATHOLOGICAL STUDY OF DIGITAL DERMATITIS WOUNDS IN CATTLE / ESTUDO ANATOMOPATOLÓGICO DE LESÕES DE DERMATITE DIGITAL EM BOVINOS

This essay had the scope of characterizing anatomic-pathological aspects of digital dermatitis wounds in distinct development phases. The essay was carried out from August 2004 and November 2005, using 40 cows distributed in four groups of ten animals each. Group I (GI) consisted of clinically healthy animals, and groups II (GII), III (GIII) and IV (GIV), consisted of animals bearing wounds in initial, erosive and proliferative phases, respectively. In GII histological observations were corneal stratus thickening, necrosis, hiperplasia, acanthosis, espongiosis and hyperqueratosis. In GIII it was observed hyperemia, ulcers, granulation tissue, hemorrhage and, microscopically, corneal layer thickening, paraqueratosis and multifocal necrosis. In GIV lesions of verrucous aspect, presence of fur, papillary projections were observed macroscopically, and, at histological examination, destruction of corneal layer and epidermis along with necrosis in all samples from the group.  Concerning the microbiota, fungi were not observed in any group. As for bacteria, mixed flora was observed, especially spirochetes, in GII, GIII e GIV. Finally, it was concluded that histological alterations in distinct phases of digital dermatitis may commonly be present, differing in terms of severity. The presence of spiral microorganisms suggests their association with etiopathogenesis. KEY WORDS: Cattle, d

Este trabalho objetivou caracterizar os aspectos anatomopatológicos das lesões de dermatite digital em diferentes fases evolutivas. O estudo ocorreu entre agosto de 2004 e novembro de 2005, utilizando-se quarenta vacas alocadas em quatro grupos, contendo dez animais cada. O grupo I (GI) foi composto por animais clinicamente saudáveis e os grupos II (GII), III (GIII) e IV (GIV), com lesões na fase inicial, erosiva e proliferativa, respectivamente. No GII, à histologia observaram-se espessamento do estrato córneo, necrose tecidual, hiperplasia, acantose, espongiose e hiperqueratose. No GIII, observou-se a presença de hiperemia, úlcera, tecido de granulação, hemorragia e, microscopicamente espessamento, da camada córnea, paraqueratose e necrose multifocal. No GIV, lesões com aspecto verrucoso, presença de pêlos, projeções papilares foram observadas macroscopicamente e, ao exame histológico, destruição da camada córnea e da epiderme com necrose tecidual em todas as amostras do grupo. Em relação a microbiota, independente do grupo não se notou a presença de fungos. Quanto às bactérias, registrou-se presença de flora mista, especialmente de espiroquetas no GII, GIII e GIV. Ao final, concluiu-se que alterações histológicas nas diferentes fases da dermatite digital podem estar comumente presentes, diferindo quanto à gravidade. A presença de microorganismos espiralados sugere a associaç

CULLING CAUSES IN CONFINED HOLLAND BREED COWS IN A POPULATION OF 2083 BOVINES (20002003) / CAUSAS DE DESCARTE DE VACAS DA RAÇA HOLANDESA CONFINADAS EM UMA POPULAÇÃO DE 2.083 BOVINOS (20002003)

Aiming to investigate the main factors of culling in Holstein cows under intensive management, it was obtained datas from 2.083 Holstein breed of five properties from the Goias State and one propriety from Sao Paulo State, in the period between January of 2000 and January of 2003. The obtained information were ranked in categories, after calculating the respective frequency in percentage. It was culled 296 animals (14.2%) during the studied period. Eighty two (27.7%) of them occurred for alterations on the reproductive system, 55 (18.5%) for diseases in the locomotor system, 51 (17.2%) due to the alterations of the mammary gland, seven (2.6%) for the occurrence of digestive problems, three (2.6%) for metabolic diseases, two (0.7%) due to respiratory infirmities, one (0.7%) for photossensibility and 95 (32%) for several reasons. It was considered indispensable the adoption of effective actions for the control of the reproductive, locomotor and of the mammary gland disorders for the maintenance of the animals in the flock and, consecutively, for the profitability of this business.KEY WORDS: Confinement, cows, culling causes.

Avaliaram-se causas de descarte de vacas Holandesas manejadas intensivamente, em cinco propriedades rurais, em um rebanho de 2.083 animais, no período compreendido entre janeiro de 2000 a janeiro de 2003. As informações obtidas foram classificadas em categorias, procedendo-se ao cálculo da respectiva freqüência em percentuais. Foram descartados 296 animais (14,2%) durante o período estudado, sendo que 82 (27,7%) descartes ocorreram em virtude de alterações no sistema reprodutor, 55 (18,5%) por problemas no sistema locomotor, 51 (17,2%) em decorrência de enfermidades na glândula mamária, 7 (2,6%) pela ocorrência de problemas digestivos, 3 (2,6%) por doenças metabólicas, 2 (0,7%) em razão de doenças respiratórias, 1 (0,7%) em conseqüência de fotossensibilização e 95 (32%) por motivos diversos, como idade avançada e comercialização. Considerou-se indispensável a adoção de medidas efetivas no controle dos distúrbios reprodutivos, locomotores e da glândula mamária para a manutenção dos animais no rebanho e, conseqüentemente, da lucratividade do negócio.PALAVRAS-CHAVES: Causas de descarte, confinamento, vacas.