Defense responses of wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L) against brown spot as a result of possible elicitors application / Resposta de defesa das plantas de trigo (Triticum aestivum L) contra a mancha marrom diante da aplicação de possíveis elicitores

The objective of this research was to evaluate the response of wheat plants to the application of possible elicitor compounds against Bipolaris sorokiniana pathogen. This response was measured through the quantification of antioxidant enzymes, malondialdehyde and flavonoids, evaluation of the severity of brown spot disease and productivity in wheat, greenhouse and field crops. The treatments consisted of suspensions of endophytic fungi Aspergillus japonicus and Trichoderma tomentosum, salicylic acid, acibenzolar-S-methyl and fungicide. In the field trials, in 2015 and 2016, the development of the disease was lower and productivity was higher in all treatments, with emphasis on the fungicide. However, endophytic fungi suspensions demonstrated potential as growth promoters, disease severity reducers and protective antioxidant response activators, as they promoted significant increase in superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione and flavonoid enzymes.(AU)

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a resposta de plantas de trigo diante da aplicação de possíveis compostos elicitores perante o patógeno Bipolaris sorokiniana. Tal resposta foi examinada por meio da quantificação de enzimas antioxidantes, malondialdeído e flavonoides, da análise da severidade da doença mancha marrom e da produtividade na cultura do trigo, em casa de vegetação e em campo. Os tratamentos consistiram em suspensões de fungos endofíticos Aspergillus japonicus e Trichoderma tomentosum, ácido salicílico, acibenzolar-S-metil e fungicida. Nos ensaios em campo, em 2015 e 2016, o desenvolvimento da doença foi menor e a produtividade foi superior em todos os tratamentos, com destaque para o fungicida. No entanto, as suspensões de fungos endofíticos demonstraram potencial como promotores de crescimento, redutores da severidade da doença e ativadores de resposta antioxidante protetora, pois promoveram o aumento significativo das enzimas superóxido dismutase e catalase, das glutationas e flavonoides.(AU)

Defense responses of wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L) against brown spot as a result of possible elicitors application / Resposta de defesa das plantas de trigo (Triticum aestivum L) contra a mancha marrom diante da aplicação de possíveis elicitores

The objective of this research was to evaluate the response of wheat plants to the application of possible elicitor compounds against Bipolaris sorokiniana pathogen. This response was measured through the quantification of antioxidant enzymes, malondialdehyde and flavonoids, evaluation of the severity of brown spot disease and productivity in wheat, greenhouse and field crops. The treatments consisted of suspensions of endophytic fungi Aspergillus japonicus and Trichoderma tomentosum, salicylic acid, acibenzolar-S-methyl and fungicide. In the field trials, in 2015 and 2016, the development of the disease was lower and productivity was higher in all treatments, with emphasis on the fungicide. However, endophytic fungi suspensions demonstrated potential as growth promoters, disease severity reducers and protective antioxidant response activators, as they promoted significant increase in superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione and flavonoid enzymes.(AU)

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a resposta de plantas de trigo diante da aplicação de possíveis compostos elicitores perante o patógeno Bipolaris sorokiniana. Tal resposta foi examinada por meio da quantificação de enzimas antioxidantes, malondialdeído e flavonoides, da análise da severidade da doença mancha marrom e da produtividade na cultura do trigo, em casa de vegetação e em campo. Os tratamentos consistiram em suspensões de fungos endofíticos Aspergillus japonicus e Trichoderma tomentosum, ácido salicílico, acibenzolar-S-metil e fungicida. Nos ensaios em campo, em 2015 e 2016, o desenvolvimento da doença foi menor e a produtividade foi superior em todos os tratamentos, com destaque para o fungicida. No entanto, as suspensões de fungos endofíticos demonstraram potencial como promotores de crescimento, redutores da severidade da doença e ativadores de resposta antioxidante protetora, pois promoveram o aumento significativo das enzimas superóxido dismutase e catalase, das glutationas e flavonoides.(AU)

Reclamation status of a degraded pasture based on soil health indicators

Pasture degradation is a concern, especially in susceptible sandy soils for which strategies to recover them must be developed. Microbiological and biochemical soil health indicators are useful in the guindace of soil management practices and sustainable soil use. We assessed the success of threePanicum maximum Jacq. cultivars in the reclamation of a pasture in a sandy Typic Acrudox in the northwest of the state of Paraná, Brazil, based on soil health indicators. On a formerly degraded pasture withUrochloa brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) R.D. Webster, a trial with threeP. maximum (cv. Massai, Tanzânia, or Mombaça) was conducted. Lime and phosphate were applied at set-up, and mineral N and K as topdressing. A remnant of degraded pasture adjacent to the trial was used as control. Twenty-three chemical, physical, microbiological and biochemical attributes were assessed for the 0-10 cm topsoil. The procedures for reclamation improved most of the indicators of soil health in relation to the degraded pasture, such as soil P, mineral N, microbial biomass C, ammonification rate, dehydrogenase activity and acid phosphatase. CO2 evolution decreased, whereas microbial biomass C increased in the pasture under reclamation, resulting in a lower metabolic quotient (qCO2) that points to a decrease in metabolic stress of the microbial community. The reclamation of the pasture withP. maximum, especially cv. Mombaça, were evidenced by improvements in the microbiological and biochemical soil health indicators, showing a recovery of processes related to C, N and P cycling in the soil.

Reclamation status of a degraded pasture based on soil health indicators

Pasture degradation is a concern, especially in susceptible sandy soils for which strategies to recover them must be developed. Microbiological and biochemical soil health indicators are useful in the guindace of soil management practices and sustainable soil use. We assessed the success of threePanicum maximum Jacq. cultivars in the reclamation of a pasture in a sandy Typic Acrudox in the northwest of the state of Paraná, Brazil, based on soil health indicators. On a formerly degraded pasture withUrochloa brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) R.D. Webster, a trial with threeP. maximum (cv. Massai, Tanzânia, or Mombaça) was conducted. Lime and phosphate were applied at set-up, and mineral N and K as topdressing. A remnant of degraded pasture adjacent to the trial was used as control. Twenty-three chemical, physical, microbiological and biochemical attributes were assessed for the 0-10 cm topsoil. The procedures for reclamation improved most of the indicators of soil health in relation to the degraded pasture, such as soil P, mineral N, microbial biomass C, ammonification rate, dehydrogenase activity and acid phosphatase. CO2 evolution decreased, whereas microbial biomass C increased in the pasture under reclamation, resulting in a lower metabolic quotient (qCO2) that points to a decrease in metabolic stress of the microbial community. The reclamation of the pasture withP. maximum, especially cv. Mombaça, were evidenced by improvements in the microbiological and biochemical soil health indicators, showing a recovery of processes related to C, N and P cycling in the soil.(AU)

Production of xylanases by an Aspergillus niger strain in wastes grain / Produção de xilanases por uma linhagem de Aspergillus niger em resíduos de grãos

Many fungi are used in order to extract products from their metabolism through bioprocesses capable of minimizing adverse effects caused by agro-industrial wastes in the environment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the xylanase production by an Aspergillus niger strain, using agro-industrial wastes as substrate. Brewers spent grain was the best inducer of xylanase activity. Higher levels of xylanase were obtained when the fungus was grown in liquid Vogel medium, pH 5.0, at 30؛C, during 5 days. The temperature for optimum activity was 50؛C and optimum pH 5.0. The enzyme was stable at 50؛C, with a half-life of 240 min. High pH stability was verified from pH 4.5 to 7.0. These characteristics exhibited by A. niger xylanase turn this enzyme attractive for some industrial applications, such as in feed and food industries. Additionally, the use of brewers spent grain, an abundantly available and low-cost residue, as substrate for xylanase production can not only add value and decrease the amount of this waste, but also reduce xylanase production cost.(AU)

Muitos fungos sمo utilizados com a finalidade de extrair produtos de seu metabolismo, por meio de bioprocessos capazes de minimizar efeitos nocivos que resيduos agroindustriais causam ao meio ambiente. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a produçمo de xilanases por uma linhagem de Aspergillus niger, empregando resيduos agroindustriais como substrato. O bagaço de malte foi o melhor resيduo indutor da atividade xilanلsica. Maiores nيveis de xilanases foram obtidos quando o fungo foi cultivado em meio lيquido de Vogel, pH 5,0, a 30؛C, durante cinco dias. A temperatura َtima estabelecida para a atividade xilanلsica foi a de 50؛C e o pH َtimo 5,0. A enzima foi estلvel a 50؛C, apresentando uma meia vida de 240 min. Elevada estabilidade enzimلtica foi verificada entre os pH 4,5 e 7,0. As caracterيsticas bioquيmicas exibidas pela xilanase produzida por A. niger tornam esta enzima atraente para determinadas aplicaçُes industriais, como as indْstrias de raçمo animal e alimentيcia. Adicionalmente, a utilizaçمo do bagaço de malte, um resيduo disponيvel em abundância e de baixo custo como substrato para a produçمo de xilanases poderل nمo somente adicionar valor a este resيduo, como também reduzir os custos de produçمo destas enzimas.(AU)

Filamentous fungi and agro-industrial residues selection for enzyme production of biotechnological interest / Seleção de fungos filamentosos e de resíduos agroindustriais para a produção de enzimas de interesse biotecnológico

Many fungal enzymes have relevant applications in different industrial areas. The objective of this work was to select fungi producing hydrolytic enzymes, as well as establish agro-industrial wastes capable of inducing higher production levels. Xylanase, endoglucanase, amylase and poligalacturonase activities were determined by incubating the culture filtrates with their respective substrates. Subsequently, the reducing sugars determination was carried out using 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid reagent.The protein determination was performed according the modified Bradford method. Among the fungal strains evaluated, Aspergillus niger J4 showed higher levels of xylanase production (8.73 ± 0.34 U/ml) and this was greatest when brewers spent grain was used as substrate (9.80 ± 0.02 U/ml). Penicillium miczynskii produced the highest levels of endoglucanasic activity (0.13 ± 0.03 U/ml), which, in turn, was favored in the pineapple peel presence (0.18 ± 0.02 U/ml). In relation to amylase, A. niger J26 was selected as the best producer strain (6.10 ± 0.30 U/ml) with wheat bran as the best substrate for their production (7.32 ± 0.14 U/ml). Penicillium verruculosum exhibited the highest level of poligalacturonase activity (8.65 ± 0.12 U/ml)), especially when grown in orange peel presence (10.32 ± 0.10 U/ml). These wastes use in these enzymes production may not only reduce their production cos

Muitas enzimas produzidas por fungos têm relevantes aplicações em diferentes áreas industriais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi selecionar fungos filamentosos produtores de enzimas hidrolíticas, bem como estabelecer os resíduos agroindustriais capazes de induzir maiores níveis de produção. As atividades xilanásica, endoglucanásica, amilásica e poligalacturonásica foram determinadas incubandose os filtrados de cultura com seus respectivos substratos. Posteriormente, a determinação de açúcares redutores foi realizada utilizando-se o reagente ácido 3,5-dinitrosalicílico. A determinação de proteínas foi realizada segundo o método de Bradford modificado. Dentre as linhagens fúngicas avaliadas, Aspergillus niger J4 apresentou maiores níveis de produção de xilanases (8,73 ± 0,34 U/mL) e esta foi maior quando o bagaço de malte foi utilizado como substrato (9,80 ± 0,02 U/mL). Penicillium miczynskii produziu os índices mais elevados de atividade endoglucanásica (0,13 ± 0,03 U/mL), sendo está última favorecida na presença de casca de abacaxi (0,18 ± 0,02 U/mL). Em relação à amilase, A. niger J26 foi selecionada como a melhor linhagem produtora (6,10 ± 0,30 U/mL), sendo o farelo de trigo estabelecido como o melhor substrato indutor de sua produção (7,32 ± 0,14 U/mL). Penicillium verruculosum exibiu os maiores níveis de atividade poligalacturonásica (8,65 ± 0,12 U/mL), especialmente quando cu

Filamentous fungi and agro-industrial residues selection for enzyme production of biotechnological interest / Seleção de fungos filamentosos e de resíduos agroindustriais para a produção de enzimas de interesse biotecnológico

Many fungal enzymes have relevant applications in different industrial areas. The objective of this work was to select fungi producing hydrolytic enzymes, as well as establish agro-industrial wastes capable of inducing higher production levels. Xylanase, endoglucanase, amylase and poligalacturonase activities were determined by incubating the culture filtrates with their respective substrates. Subsequently, the reducing sugars determination was carried out using 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid reagent.The protein determination was performed according the modified Bradford method. Among the fungal strains evaluated, Aspergillus niger J4 showed higher levels of xylanase production (8.73 ± 0.34 U/ml) and this was greatest when brewers spent grain was used as substrate (9.80 ± 0.02 U/ml). Penicillium miczynskii produced the highest levels of endoglucanasic activity (0.13 ± 0.03 U/ml), which, in turn, was favored in the pineapple peel presence (0.18 ± 0.02 U/ml). In relation to amylase, A. niger J26 was selected as the best producer strain (6.10 ± 0.30 U/ml) with wheat bran as the best substrate for their production (7.32 ± 0.14 U/ml). Penicillium verruculosum exhibited the highest level of poligalacturonase activity (8.65 ± 0.12 U/ml)), especially when grown in orange peel presence (10.32 ± 0.10 U/ml). These wastes use in these enzymes production may not only reduce their production cos

Muitas enzimas produzidas por fungos têm relevantes aplicações em diferentes áreas industriais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi selecionar fungos filamentosos produtores de enzimas hidrolíticas, bem como estabelecer os resíduos agroindustriais capazes de induzir maiores níveis de produção. As atividades xilanásica, endoglucanásica, amilásica e poligalacturonásica foram determinadas incubandose os filtrados de cultura com seus respectivos substratos. Posteriormente, a determinação de açúcares redutores foi realizada utilizando-se o reagente ácido 3,5-dinitrosalicílico. A determinação de proteínas foi realizada segundo o método de Bradford modificado. Dentre as linhagens fúngicas avaliadas, Aspergillus niger J4 apresentou maiores níveis de produção de xilanases (8,73 ± 0,34 U/mL) e esta foi maior quando o bagaço de malte foi utilizado como substrato (9,80 ± 0,02 U/mL). Penicillium miczynskii produziu os índices mais elevados de atividade endoglucanásica (0,13 ± 0,03 U/mL), sendo está última favorecida na presença de casca de abacaxi (0,18 ± 0,02 U/mL). Em relação à amilase, A. niger J26 foi selecionada como a melhor linhagem produtora (6,10 ± 0,30 U/mL), sendo o farelo de trigo estabelecido como o melhor substrato indutor de sua produção (7,32 ± 0,14 U/mL). Penicillium verruculosum exibiu os maiores níveis de atividade poligalacturonásica (8,65 ± 0,12 U/mL), especialmente quando cu