Floral and reproductive biology and pollinators of Campomanesia guazumifolia (Cambess.) O. Berg., neglected species

Studies on the Myrtaceae family are mainly distributed in floristic surveys, reproductive studies of plant communities or related to family taxonomy. Based on this, the objective of the present study was to elucidate aspects of floral and reproductive biology and, of floral visitors from Campomanesia guazumifolia (Cambess.) O. Berg., a neglected species. Information was obtained on floral morphology and morphometry, anthesis, nectary, and structures attractive to pollinators, characterization of pollinators, receptiveness of stigma and maturing of the androecium components, and characterization of the reproductive system. Sete-capote tree has hermaphrodite flowers, and the floral opening occurs mainly during the daytime. Pollen grains was the main resource offered to pollinators. The flowers had mellow sweet odor, attracting mainly native bees and Apis melifera, which was characterized as effective pollinators. The species presents high reproductive efficiency and could be considered self-compatible; however, fertilization also occurs by cross-pollination.

Floral and reproductive biology and pollinators of Campomanesia guazumifolia (Cambess.) O. Berg., neglected species / Floral and reproductive biology and pollinators of Campomanesia guazumifolia (Cambess.) O. Berg., neglected species

The aim of the study was to elucidate aspects of floral and reproductive biology and floral visitors of this species. Information was obtained on floral morphology and morphometry, anthesis, nectary, and structures attractive to pollinators, characterization of pollinators, receptiveness of stigma and maturing of the androecium components, and characterization of the reproductive system. Sete-capoteiro tree has hermaphrodite flowers, and the floral opening occurs mainly during the night period, however, it also occurs in the morning. Pollen grains was the main resource offered to pollinators. The flowers had mellow sweet odor, attracting mainly native bees and Apis melifera, which was characterized as effective pollinators. The species presents high reproductive efficiency and could be considered self-compatible; however, fertilization also occurs by cross-pollination.

Studies on the Myrtaceae family are mainly distributed in floristic surveys, reproductive studies of plant communities or related to family taxonomy. Based on this, the objective of the present study was to elucidate aspects of floral and reproductive biology and, of floral visitors from Campomanesia guazumifolia (Cambess.) O. Berg., a neglected species. Information was obtained on floral morphology and morphometry, anthesis, nectary, and structures attractive to pollinators, characterization of pollinators, receptiveness of stigma and maturing of the androecium components, and characterization of the reproductive system. Sete-capote tree has hermaphrodite flowers, and the floral opening occurs mainly during the daytime. Pollen grains was the main resource offered to pollinators. The flowers had mellow sweet odor, attracting mainly native bees and Apis melifera, which was characterized as effective pollinators. The species presents high reproductive efficiency and could be considered self-compatible; however, fertilization also occurs by cross-pollination.

Floral and reproductive biology and pollinators of Campomanesia guazumifolia (Cambess.) O. Berg., neglected species

Studies on the Myrtaceae family are mainly distributed in floristic surveys, reproductive studies of plant communities or related to family taxonomy. Based on this, the objective of the present study was to elucidate aspects of floral and reproductive biology and, of floral visitors from Campomanesia guazumifolia (Cambess.) O. Berg., a neglected species. Information was obtained on floral morphology and morphometry, anthesis, nectary, and structures attractive to pollinators, characterization of pollinators, receptiveness of stigma and maturing of the androecium components, and characterization of the reproductive system. Sete-capote tree has hermaphrodite flowers, and the floral opening occurs mainly during the daytime. Pollen grains was the main resource offered to pollinators. The flowers had mellow sweet odor, attracting mainly native bees and Apis melifera, which was characterized as effective pollinators. The species presents high reproductive efficiency and could be considered self-compatible; however, fertilization also occurs by cross-pollination.(AU)

Desempenho fisiológico de sementes de Zea mays matricondicionadas em diferentes temperaturas / Physiological performance of Zea mays seeds matriconditioned at different temperatures

O uso de sementes de alta qualidade reflete diretamente sobre o resultado final do plantio, estabelecimento da cultura e produtividade. A velocidade de entrada de água nas sementes e a temperatura são fatores cruciais no processo germinativo. Por isso, objetivou-se quantificar o ganho de água de sementes de milho submetidas a matricondicionamento sob quatro temperaturas (10; 15; 20 e 25 °C), bem como, avaliar a qualidade fisiológica destas sementes em função da pré-hidratação controlada. Foram usadas sementes C1, sem tratamento químico, de dois lotes do híbrido de milho 30F53YH. A curva do teor de água foi determinada a partir de oito repetições de duzentas sementes via análise de regressão da porcentagem de teor de água em função dos intervalos de tempo de, 2; 4; 6; 10; 14; 18 e; 24 horas de embebição. Em sequência, vários testes foram realizados para identificar a qualidade fisiológica das sementes. Ao final das 24 horas de avaliação, ambos os lotes apresentaram maior porcentagem de umidade quando matricondicionadas à temperatura de 25°C. Os resultados permitiram concluir que a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de milho foi afetada pela hidratação controlada e que as maiores temperaturas de embebição proporcionam a expressão de maior vigor nas plântulas e inferindo que a técnica de matricondicionamento se mostrou eficaz para realizar o condicionamento osmótico de sementes...

The use of high quality seeds reflects directly on crop establishment and productivity. The speed of seed water intake, as well as, temperature during this process is the main factor to have success during germination. The objective of this study was quantifying water uptake from corn seeds during matriconditioning under four temperatures (10, 15, 20 and 25 °C) and seeds without treatment (control) also evaluate physiological quality of those. C1 seed, without chemical treatment, from two different lots of 30F53YH hybrid corn was used. The water content curve was determined from eight replication, of two hundred seeds each, by weighing in intervals of 2; 4; 6; 10; 14; 18; and 24 hours of soaking. In sequence various tests aiming identify physiological seeds quality was developed. With 24-hour evaluation, both group of seeds had higher moisture content when matriconditioned at 25°C. The results allowed concluding that the physiological quality of corn seeds was affected by matriconditioning and the higher imbibition temperatures provided the expression of greater vigor in corn seedlings, being useful for this specie.

Desempenho fisiológico de sementes de Zea mays matricondicionadas em diferentes temperaturas / Physiological performance of Zea mays seeds matriconditioned at different temperatures

O uso de sementes de alta qualidade reflete diretamente sobre o resultado final do plantio, estabelecimento da cultura e produtividade. A velocidade de entrada de água nas sementes e a temperatura são fatores cruciais no processo germinativo. Por isso, objetivou-se quantificar o ganho de água de sementes de milho submetidas a matricondicionamento sob quatro temperaturas (10; 15; 20 e 25 °C), bem como, avaliar a qualidade fisiológica destas sementes em função da pré-hidratação controlada. Foram usadas sementes C1, sem tratamento químico, de dois lotes do híbrido de milho 30F53YH. A curva do teor de água foi determinada a partir de oito repetições de duzentas sementes via análise de regressão da porcentagem de teor de água em função dos intervalos de tempo de, 2; 4; 6; 10; 14; 18 e; 24 horas de embebição. Em sequência, vários testes foram realizados para identificar a qualidade fisiológica das sementes. Ao final das 24 horas de avaliação, ambos os lotes apresentaram maior porcentagem de umidade quando matricondicionadas à temperatura de 25°C. Os resultados permitiram concluir que a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de milho foi afetada pela hidratação controlada e que as maiores temperaturas de embebição proporcionam a expressão de maior vigor nas plântulas e inferindo que a técnica de matricondicionamento se mostrou eficaz para realizar o condicionamento osmótico de sementes...(AU)

The use of high quality seeds reflects directly on crop establishment and productivity. The speed of seed water intake, as well as, temperature during this process is the main factor to have success during germination. The objective of this study was quantifying water uptake from corn seeds during matriconditioning under four temperatures (10, 15, 20 and 25 °C) and seeds without treatment (control) also evaluate physiological quality of those. C1 seed, without chemical treatment, from two different lots of 30F53YH hybrid corn was used. The water content curve was determined from eight replication, of two hundred seeds each, by weighing in intervals of 2; 4; 6; 10; 14; 18; and 24 hours of soaking. In sequence various tests aiming identify physiological seeds quality was developed. With 24-hour evaluation, both group of seeds had higher moisture content when matriconditioned at 25°C. The results allowed concluding that the physiological quality of corn seeds was affected by matriconditioning and the higher imbibition temperatures provided the expression of greater vigor in corn seedlings, being useful for this specie.(AU)

Floral, reproductive and pollinators biology of Myrcianthes pungens (Berg) Legrand, neglected species

Studies related to floral biology are essential for the understanding of the ecological relations between different species, and the beginning of breeding programs. In this way, the aim of the study was to elucidate aspects of floral and reproductive biology and floral visitors of this species. Information about floral morphology and morphometry, anthesis, nectaries and pollinator attractive structures, characterization of floral visitors, receptivity of androcytic stigma and maturation, in vitro pollen storage and germination, and characterization of the reproductive system were obtained. The guabiju tree has hermaphrodite flowers, and the floral opening occurs mainly during the night, but also in the morning. Anthers are the main attractive structure to the pollinating insects, releasing fetid odor, attracting mainly flies and wasps characterized as occasional pollinators, and moths characterized as effective pollinators. For the germination of pollen, it is recommend using it without desiccation, collected in post-anthesis, and for the culture medium the use of 11% of sucrose and 7% of boric acid. Pollen presents recalcitrant behavior, so even when stored in refrigerator, freezer, liquid nitrogen and natural environment lose viability in less than 30 days. It presents high reproductive efficiency, and can be considered self-compatible; however, fertilization also occurs by cross-pollination.

Floral, reproductive and pollinators biology of Myrcianthes pungens (Berg) Legrand, neglected species

Studies related to floral biology are essential for the understanding of the ecological relations between different species, and the beginning of breeding programs. In this way, the aim of the study was to elucidate aspects of floral and reproductive biology and floral visitors of this species. Information about floral morphology and morphometry, anthesis, nectaries and pollinator attractive structures, characterization of floral visitors, receptivity of androcytic stigma and maturation, in vitro pollen storage and germination, and characterization of the reproductive system were obtained. The guabiju tree has hermaphrodite flowers, and the floral opening occurs mainly during the night, but also in the morning. Anthers are the main attractive structure to the pollinating insects, releasing fetid odor, attracting mainly flies and wasps characterized as occasional pollinators, and moths characterized as effective pollinators. For the germination of pollen, it is recommend using it without desiccation, collected in post-anthesis, and for the culture medium the use of 11% of sucrose and 7% of boric acid. Pollen presents recalcitrant behavior, so even when stored in refrigerator, freezer, liquid nitrogen and natural environment lose viability in less than 30 days. It presents high reproductive efficiency, and can be considered self-compatible; however, fertilization also occurs by cross-pollination.(AU)

Formas de armazenamento de sementes de araçazeiro / Forms of storage of araçazeiro seeds

Na flora arbórea brasileira destaca-se o araçazeiro, fruteira nativa da família Myrtaceae com grande potencial de produção. Na propagação predomina o uso de sementes, pois apresenta grande homogeneidade no padrão das mudas obtidas, relacionado a apomixia e curto período juvenil. Entretanto, é necessário adotar técnicas de armazenamento que garantam a viabilidade por maior período de tempo. Neste sentido, o trabalhou objetivou avaliar formas de conservação da viabilidade de sementes de araçazeiro amarelo cv. Ya-Cy por período de 12 meses. Adotou-se delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado (DIC), em bifatorial 12 X 5 (tempo x formas de armazenamento), com quatro repetições de 100 sementes. Foram avaliadas a porcentagem de germinação (G %), índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG) e tempo médio de germinação (TMG). Recomendou-se o uso de recipientes como eppendorf® ou material tetrapak® para armazenar sementes de araçazeiro Ya-Cy, visando conservar sua viabilidade e vigor até os 330 dias. Utilização de gordura animal não foi recomendada para armazenamento de sementes de araçazeiro Ya-Cy.

In the Brazilian tree flora stands the araça tree, native fruit of the family Myrtaceae with great potential of production. In the propagation, the use of seeds predominates, since it presents great homogeneity in the pattern of the seedlings obtained, related to apomixis and short juvenile period. However, it is necessary to adopt storage techniques that guarantee the viability for a longer period of time. In this sense, the objective of this work was to evaluate the viability conservation of yellow arachnid cv. Ya-Cy for a period of 12 months. A completely randomized experimental design (DIC) was used in a 12 x 5 two-phase experiment (time x storage forms), with four replicates of 100 seeds. The percentage of germination (G%), germination speed index (IVG) and average germination time (TMG) were evaluated. It is recommended to use containers such as eppendorf® or tetrapak® material to store Ya-Cy arachnid seeds, in order to preserve their viability and vigor until 330 days. Use of animal fat is not recommended for storage of Ya-Cy araçazeiro seeds.

Genetic divergence of native jaboticaba fruit tree (Plinia cauliflora) based on fruit quality / Divergência genética de jaboticabeiras nativas (Plinia cauliflora) com base na qualidade dos frutos

Jaboticaba is a fruit specie widely known in Brazil, with wide commercial acceptance, however it is observed genetic erosion by anthropic action in their habitat. Thus, the objective of this study was to estimate the genetic divergence between native jaboticaba trees, based on physico-chemical characters, as a complementary tool to identify superior genotypes for selection as future cultivar or male parent. To this end, 15 variables were analyzed, linked to physical-chemical and biochemical characteristics of fruits that were harvested in two productive cycles. As a pre-selection, it was adopted the choose of 20% better genotypes that showed the highest frequency of superiority in evaluated characteristics and through genetic divergence select potential parents with their respective subsidiaries hybridizations. The characteristic that has contributed most to the genetic divergence was the equatorial diameter, explaining much of the total variation, thus being the most important component. There were differences among the populations grouped by Tocher method with those obtained with the dendrogram the nearest neighbor clustering method in relation to jaboticabeira plant groups. There was genetic variability among the analyzed jabuticabeira trees, and thus, it is recommended performing hybridization between genotypes 79 with 119 and 96 with 148.(AU)

A jaboticabeira é espécie frutífera nacionalmente conhecida e, com ampla aceitação comercial, contudo, o que se observa é ampla erosão genética ocorrida pela ação antrópica em seus habitats. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar a divergência genética entre plantas de jaboticabeiras nativas, com bases em características físicos e químicos dos frutos, como ferramenta complementar para identificar genótipos superiores para seleção como futuro cultivar ou genitor masculino. Para tal, foram analisadas 15 variáveis ligadas às características físico-químico e bioquímicas que os frutos colhidos apresentaram em dois ciclos produtivos. Como critério de pré-seleção foi adotada a escolha de 20% dos genótipos que apresentaram a maior frequência de superioridade nas características avaliadas e por meio da divergência genética selecionar possíveis genitores com suas respectivas hibridações controladas. A característica que mais contribuiu para a divergência genética foi o diâmetro equatorial explicando grande parte da variação total, sendo assim o componente de maior importância. Houve diferenças entre as populações agrupadas pelo método de Tocher com os obtidos com o dendograma pelo método de agrupamento do vizinho mais próximo em relação aos grupos de plantas de jaboticabeira. Existe variabilidade genética entre as plantas de jaboticabeira analisadas e, dessa forma recomenda-se a realização de hibridação entre os genótipos 79 e 119 e, 96 com 148.(AU)

Formas de armazenamento de sementes de araçazeiro / Forms of storage of araçazeiro seeds

Na flora arbórea brasileira destaca-se o araçazeiro, fruteira nativa da família Myrtaceae com grande potencial de produção. Na propagação predomina o uso de sementes, pois apresenta grande homogeneidade no padrão das mudas obtidas, relacionado a apomixia e curto período juvenil. Entretanto, é necessário adotar técnicas de armazenamento que garantam a viabilidade por maior período de tempo. Neste sentido, o trabalhou objetivou avaliar formas de conservação da viabilidade de sementes de araçazeiro amarelo cv. Ya-Cy por período de 12 meses. Adotou-se delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado (DIC), em bifatorial 12 X 5 (tempo x formas de armazenamento), com quatro repetições de 100 sementes. Foram avaliadas a porcentagem de germinação (G %), índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG) e tempo médio de germinação (TMG). Recomendou-se o uso de recipientes como eppendorf® ou material tetrapak® para armazenar sementes de araçazeiro Ya-Cy, visando conservar sua viabilidade e vigor até os 330 dias. Utilização de gordura animal não foi recomendada para armazenamento de sementes de araçazeiro Ya-Cy.(AU)

In the Brazilian tree flora stands the araça tree, native fruit of the family Myrtaceae with great potential of production. In the propagation, the use of seeds predominates, since it presents great homogeneity in the pattern of the seedlings obtained, related to apomixis and short juvenile period. However, it is necessary to adopt storage techniques that guarantee the viability for a longer period of time. In this sense, the objective of this work was to evaluate the viability conservation of yellow arachnid cv. Ya-Cy for a period of 12 months. A completely randomized experimental design (DIC) was used in a 12 x 5 two-phase experiment (time x storage forms), with four replicates of 100 seeds. The percentage of germination (G%), germination speed index (IVG) and average germination time (TMG) were evaluated. It is recommended to use containers such as eppendorf® or tetrapak® material to store Ya-Cy arachnid seeds, in order to preserve their viability and vigor until 330 days. Use of animal fat is not recommended for storage of Ya-Cy araçazeiro seeds.(AU)

Genetic divergence of native jaboticaba fruit tree (Plinia cauliflora) based on fruit quality / Divergência genética de jaboticabeiras nativas (Plinia cauliflora) com base na qualidade dos frutos

Jaboticaba is a fruit specie widely known in Brazil, with wide commercial acceptance, however it is observed genetic erosion by anthropic action in their habitat. Thus, the objective of this study was to estimate the genetic divergence between native jaboticaba trees, based on physico-chemical characters, as a complementary tool to identify superior genotypes for selection as future cultivar or male parent. To this end, 15 variables were analyzed, linked to physical-chemical and biochemical characteristics of fruits that were harvested in two productive cycles. As a pre-selection, it was adopted the choose of 20% better genotypes that showed the highest frequency of superiority in evaluated characteristics and through genetic divergence select potential parents with their respective subsidiaries hybridizations. The characteristic that has contributed most to the genetic divergence was the equatorial diameter, explaining much of the total variation, thus being the most important component. There were differences among the populations grouped by Tocher method with those obtained with the dendrogram the nearest neighbor clustering method in relation to jaboticabeira plant groups. There was genetic variability among the analyzed jabuticabeira trees, and thus, it is recommended performing hybridization between genotypes 79 with 119 and 96 with 148.

A jaboticabeira é espécie frutífera nacionalmente conhecida e, com ampla aceitação comercial, contudo, o que se observa é ampla erosão genética ocorrida pela ação antrópica em seus habitats. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar a divergência genética entre plantas de jaboticabeiras nativas, com bases em características físicos e químicos dos frutos, como ferramenta complementar para identificar genótipos superiores para seleção como futuro cultivar ou genitor masculino. Para tal, foram analisadas 15 variáveis ligadas às características físico-químico e bioquímicas que os frutos colhidos apresentaram em dois ciclos produtivos. Como critério de pré-seleção foi adotada a escolha de 20% dos genótipos que apresentaram a maior frequência de superioridade nas características avaliadas e por meio da divergência genética selecionar possíveis genitores com suas respectivas hibridações controladas. A característica que mais contribuiu para a divergência genética foi o diâmetro equatorial explicando grande parte da variação total, sendo assim o componente de maior importância. Houve diferenças entre as populações agrupadas pelo método de Tocher com os obtidos com o dendograma pelo método de agrupamento do vizinho mais próximo em relação aos grupos de plantas de jaboticabeira. Existe variabilidade genética entre as plantas de jaboticabeira analisadas e, dessa forma recomenda-se a realização de hibridação entre os genótipos 79 e 119 e, 96 com 148.