Resumo
In Brazil today there are large areas of grassland in some stage of degradation due to inadequate handling, particularly with regard to lack of use of phosphate fertilizer. This study aimed to evaluate the productivity and bromatologic composition of three species of tropical forages under the residual effect of phosphorus fertilization. The randomized block design was applied in a 3x5x2 factorial scheme with three forages (Panicum maximum cvs. Tanzania and Mombaça and Brachiaria sp. cv. Mulato), five P rates (0, 40, 80, 120 and 240 kg ha-1), and two cuts (October and November of 2007) with three replicates. The deployment of pasture was held in September 2005, and the area remained under constant grazing and management, with regular cleaning and mowing for two years. In October and November of 2007, the following parameters were evaluated - fresh matter yield (FM), dry matter yield (DM) and contents of crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), hemicellulose (HEM) and mineral matter (MM). Phosphorus fertilization until the maximum dose of 240 kg ha-1 did not promote residual effect on yield and chemical composition of Tanzania, Mombaça and Mulato grasses after two years of application in oxisol, with P fertilizer higher than 4.2 mg dm3, whose averages for the accumulation of DM and CP, NDF and ADF were 9.7 Mg ha-1, 11.8%, 77.8% and 41.3%, respectively.(AU)
Atualmente no Brasil existem grandes áreas de pastagens em algum estágio de degradação devido ao manejo inadequado, especialmente no que se refere à falta de uso de fertilizantes fosfatados. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a produtividade e a composição bromatológica de três espécies de forrageiras tropicais sob o efeito residual da adubação fosfatada. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 3x5x2, com três forrageiras (Panicum maximum cvs. Tanzania e Mombaça e Brachiaria sp. cv. Mulato), cinco doses de P (0, 40, 80, 120 e 240 kg ha-1), e dois cortes (Outubro e Novembro de 2007), com três repetições. A implantação de pastagens foi realizada em setembro de 2005, a área permaneceu sob pastejo e manejo constante, com roçadas e limpeza periódicas por dois anos. Em Outubro e Novembro de 2007, os seguintes parâmetros foram avaliados: produção de matéria verde (MV), produção de matéria seca (MS) e os teores de proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), hemicelulose (HEM) e matéria mineral (MM). A adubação fosfatada até a dose de 240 kg ha-1 não promoveu efeito residual sobre a produção e composição bromatológica das gramíneas Tanzania, Mombaça e Mulato, após dois anos de aplicação em Latossolo Vermelho, cujo o teor de P seja maior que 4,2 mg dm3, resultando em acúmulo de MS e PB, FDN e FDA que foram 9,7 Mg ha-1, 11,8, 77,8 e 41,3%,respectivamente.(AU)
Assuntos
Panicum/química , Brachiaria/química , Resíduos Químicos , Fertilizantes/análise , Fosfatos/análise , PastagensResumo
In Brazil today there are large areas of grassland in some stage of degradation due to inadequate handling, particularly with regard to lack of use of phosphate fertilizer. This study aimed to evaluate the productivity and bromatologic composition of three species of tropical forages under the residual effect of phosphorus fertilization. The randomized block design was applied in a 3x5x2 factorial scheme with three forages (Panicum maximum cvs. Tanzania and Mombaça and Brachiaria sp. cv. Mulato), five P rates (0, 40, 80, 120 and 240 kg ha-1), and two cuts (October and November of 2007) with three replicates. The deployment of pasture was held in September 2005, and the area remained under constant grazing and management, with regular cleaning and mowing for two years. In October and November of 2007, the following parameters were evaluated - fresh matter yield (FM), dry matter yield (DM) and contents of crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), hemicellulose (HEM) and mineral matter (MM). Phosphorus fertilization until the maximum dose of 240 kg ha-1 did not promote residual effect on yield and chemical composition of Tanzania, Mombaça and Mulato grasses after two years of application in oxisol, with P fertilizer higher than 4.2 mg dm3, whose averages for the accumulation of DM and CP, NDF and ADF were 9.7 Mg ha-1, 11.8%, 77.8% and 41.3%, respectively.
Atualmente no Brasil existem grandes áreas de pastagens em algum estágio de degradação devido ao manejo inadequado, especialmente no que se refere à falta de uso de fertilizantes fosfatados. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a produtividade e a composição bromatológica de três espécies de forrageiras tropicais sob o efeito residual da adubação fosfatada. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 3x5x2, com três forrageiras (Panicum maximum cvs. Tanzania e Mombaça e Brachiaria sp. cv. Mulato), cinco doses de P (0, 40, 80, 120 e 240 kg ha-1), e dois cortes (Outubro e Novembro de 2007), com três repetições. A implantação de pastagens foi realizada em setembro de 2005, a área permaneceu sob pastejo e manejo constante, com roçadas e limpeza periódicas por dois anos. Em Outubro e Novembro de 2007, os seguintes parâmetros foram avaliados: produção de matéria verde (MV), produção de matéria seca (MS) e os teores de proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), hemicelulose (HEM) e matéria mineral (MM). A adubação fosfatada até a dose de 240 kg ha-1 não promoveu efeito residual sobre a produção e composição bromatológica das gramíneas Tanzania, Mombaça e Mulato, após dois anos de aplicação em Latossolo Vermelho, cujo o teor de P seja maior que 4,2 mg dm3, resultando em acúmulo de MS e PB, FDN e FDA que foram 9,7 Mg ha-1, 11,8, 77,8 e 41,3%,respectivamente.
Assuntos
Brachiaria/química , Fertilizantes/análise , Fosfatos/análise , Panicum/química , Resíduos Químicos , PastagensResumo
Objetivou-se avaliar as características morfogênicas e estruturais do capim-Tanzânia (Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia) consorciado com Estilosantes Campo Grande (Stylosanthes capitata e Stylosanthes macrocephala) ou adubado com nitrogênio. O pasto foi manejado sob lotação contínua e taxa de lotação variável. Foi utilizado delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas, com três repetições. Os tratamentos foram: capim-Tanzânia + Estilosantes; capim-Tanzânia + 75 Kg N.ha.ano-1; capim-Tanzânia + 150 Kg N.ha.ano-1 e capim-Tanzânia + 225 Kg N.ha.ano-1. Foram utilizados ureia e nitrato de amônia como fonte de nitrogênio. As avaliações morfogênicas foram realizadas na primavera e no verão. Foram avaliados 15 perfilhos por piquete, duas vezes por semana, durante quatro semanas por estação em estudo. As características morfogênicas, exceto a taxa de alongamento foliar (TAlF), não foram influenciadas pela adubação nitrogenada ou consórcio com Estilosantes. Os maiores valores para esta variável foram observados na primavera, nas pastagens adubadas. Desta forma, conclui-se que a adubação nitrogenada influencia a taxa de alongamento foliar (TAlF) do capim-Tanzânia, e este quando é cultivado em consórcio com o Estilosantes Campo Grande apresenta características morfogênicas semelhantes quando adubado com nitrogênio, à excessão da taxa de alongamento foliar.(AU)
This study aimed to study morphogenic and structural characteristics of Tanzania grass (Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania) intercropped with Estilosantes Campo Grande (Stylosanthes capitata and Stylosanthes macrocephala) or fertilized with nitrogen. The pasture was managed under continuous stocking and variable stocking rate. Were used a randomized complete blocks with split plots and three replications. The treatments were: Tanzania grass + Stylosanthes; Tanzania grass + 75 Kg N.ha. year-1; Tanzania grass + 150Kg N.ha.year-1; Tanzania grass + 225 Kg N.ha.year-1. Were used urea and ammonium nitrate as nitrogen source. The morphogenetic evaluations were conducted in the spring and summer. Were evaluated 15 tillers per paddock, twice a week for four weeks per season in study. The morphogenic characteristics were not affected by nitrogen fertilization or consortium, except the leaf elongation rate (LER). The highest values for this variable were observed in the spring in the fertilized pastures. Therefore, it is concluded that nitrogen fertilization influences the leaf elongation rate (LER) of Tanzania grass, and this one when is intercropped with Stylosanthes Campo Grande show morphogenic characteristics similar when fertilized with nitrogen, except for rate leaf elongation.(AU)
Assuntos
Panicum , Morfogênese , Nitrogênio/administração & dosagem , FertilizantesResumo
It was evaluated the intake behavior of Nellore steers in system without shade (WS), and silvopastoral system (SP) maintained in star grass (Cynodon plectostachyus) in summer and winter. Twentyfour Nellore steers were used (12 in each system), mean age 18 months and weight of 294.5 kg. The design was completely randomized with two seasons, two treatments, 24 hours and 12 repetitions. The observations were conducted in three days, for 24 hours, with an interval of 15 minutes, with effect of the hour on the grazing behavior (GRAZ) with a maximum of 52.1% and lying ruminating (LYRUM) with a minimum of 12.3%, both at 14h. The lying idle (LYIDL) was influenced by hour with a minimum of 11,6%at 14h, and by season, with 23.9% in summer, and 13.9%, in winter. However, the standing ruminating (STRUM), without effect of hour, was affected by the interaction of season x system in summer (9.43%) and (6.19%), and winter (4.36%) and (8.27%), respectively, for SP and WS. Standing idle (OCEMP) was influenced by hour, with maximum 15.8% at 14h, and an interaction of system x season, in summer (20.10%) and (8.82%); and winter (9.05%) and (8.44%), respectively, for SP and WS. The SP system has changed the environment that affected the animal intake behavior.
Avaliou-se o comportamento ingestivo de novilhos anelorados, em sistema sem sombra (SS), e em sistema silvipastoril (SP) mantidos em grama estrela (Cynodon plectostachyus) no verão e inverno. Foram utilizados 24 novilhos anelorados (12 em cada sistema), com média de 18 meses e peso de 294,5 kg. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado com duas estações, dois tratamentos, 24h e 12 repetições. As observações foram realizadas em três dias, durante 24h, com intervalo de 15 min., com efeito da hora para os comportamentos pastando (PAST) com máxima de 52,1% e ruminando deitado (RUDEIT) com mínima de 12,3%, ambos às 14h. O ócio deitado (OCDEIT) foi influenciado pela hora e estação, em que nas horas com mínima de 11,6% às 14h enquanto no verão (23,9%) e inverno (13,9%). Ruminando em pé (RUEMP), sem efeito da hora, porém sofreu interação estação x sistema, no verão (9,43%) e (6,19%); e inverno (4,36%) e (8,27%), respectivamente, para SP e SS. O ócio em pé (OCEMP) sofreu efeito da hora, com máxima de 15,8% às 14h, e interação estação x sistema, no verão (20,10%) e (8,82%); e inverno (9,05%) e (8,44%), respectivamente, para SP e SS. O sistema SP alterou o ambiente afetando o comportamento ingestivo animal.
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Estações do Ano , Bovinos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , MicroclimaResumo
It was evaluated the intake behavior of Nellore steers in system without shade (WS), and silvopastoral system (SP) maintained in star grass (Cynodon plectostachyus) in summer and winter. Twenty-four Nellore steers were used (12 in each system), mean age 18 months and weight of 294.5 kg. The design was completely randomized with two seasons, two treatments, 24 hours and 12 repetitions. The observations were conducted in three days, for 24 hours, with an interval of 15 minutes, with effect of the hour on the grazing behavior (GRAZ) with a maximum of 52.1% and lying ruminating (LYRUM) with a minimum of 12.3%, both at 14h. The lying idle (LYIDL) was influenced by hour with a minimum of 11,6%at 14h, and by season, with 23.9% in summer, and 13.9%, in winter. However, the standing ruminating (STRUM), without effect of hour, was affected by the interaction of season x system in summer (9.43%) and (6.19%), and winter (4.36%) and (8.27%), respectively, for SP and WS. Standing idle (OCEMP) was influenced by hour, with maximum 15.8% at 14h, and an interaction of system x season, in summer (20.10%) and (8.82%); and winter (9.05%) and (8.44%), respectively, for SP and WS. The SP system has changed the environment that affected the animal intake behavior.
It was evaluated the intake behavior of Nellore steers in system without shade (WS), and silvopastoral system (SP) maintained in star grass (Cynodon plectostachyus) in summer and winter. Twenty-four Nellore steers were used (12 in each system), mean age 18 months and weight of 294.5 kg. The design was completely randomized with two seasons, two treatments, 24 hours and 12 repetitions. The observations were conducted in three days, for 24 hours, with an interval of 15 minutes, with effect of the hour on the grazing behavior (GRAZ) with a maximum of 52.1% and lying ruminating (LYRUM) with a minimum of 12.3%, both at 14h. The lying idle (LYIDL) was influenced by hour with a minimum of 11,6%at 14h, and by season, with 23.9% in summer, and 13.9%, in winter. However, the standing ruminating (STRUM), without effect of hour, was affected by the interaction of season x system in summer (9.43%) and (6.19%), and winter (4.36%) and (8.27%), respectively, for SP and WS. Standing idle (OCEMP) was influenced by hour, with maximum 15.8% at 14h, and an interaction of system x season, in summer (20.10%) and (8.82%); and winter (9.05%) and (8.44%), respectively, for SP and WS. The SP system has changed the environment that affected the animal intake behavior.
Resumo
O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar os efeitos de doses crescentes de nitrogênio sobre as características morfogênicas, estruturais e produtivas das gramíneas Panicum maximum cvs. Mombaça e Tanzânia, e Brachiaria sp. Mulato. O experimento foi conduzido em condições de campo. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 3x4, com três forrageiras (Panicum maximum cvs. Tanzânia e Mombaça e Brachiaria sp. cv. Mulato), quatro doses de N (0, 40, 80 e 160 kg ha-1), com três repetições. Foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: produção de massa verde (PMV), produção de massa seca (PMS), altura de planta, porcentagem de massa seca, folhas por perfilho, taxa de acúmulo de massa seca (TAMS) e eficiência de uso de nitrogênio (EUN). Os capins Mombaça e Tanzânia apresentaram resultados semelhantes, e ambos foram superiores ao capim Mulato quanto à produção de matéria verde e seca. As três espécies forrageiras responderam a aplicação de nitrogênio, com aumento na produção de MS, MV, TAMS, altura e número de perfilhos. A eficiência máxima no uso do N foi obtida com a dose de 120 kg ha-1.
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of increasing doses of nitrogen on the morphogenesis, structural and productive grass Panicum maximum cvs. Mombaca and Tanzania, and Brachiaria sp. Mulato. The experiment was conducted under field conditions. The experimental design was randomized blocks in a 3x4 factorial design with three forages (Panicum maximum cvs. Tanzania and Mombaca and Brachiaria sp. cv. Mulato), four N rates (0, 40, 80 and 160 kg ha-1) with three replications. Were evaluated the following parameters: fresh matter production (FMP), dry matter production (DMP), plant height, percentage of dry matter, leaves per tiller, dry matter accumulation rate (DMAR) and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). Grasses Mombasa and Tanzania showed similar results, and both were superior to Mulato grass for the production of fresh and dry matter. The three species responded to nitrogen application, with an increase in FMP, DMP, DMAR, height and number of tillers. The maximum efficiency in use of N was obtained with a dose of 120 kg ha-1.
Assuntos
Brachiaria/efeitos dos fármacos , Desenvolvimento Vegetal/efeitos dos fármacos , Panicum/efeitos dos fármacos , Nitrogênio/administração & dosagemResumo
It was evaluated the intake behavior of Nellore steers in system without shade (WS), and silvopastoral system (SP) maintained in star grass (Cynodon plectostachyus) in summer and winter. Twenty-four Nellore steers were used (12 in each system), mean age 18 months and weight of 294.5 kg. The design was completely randomized with two seasons, two treatments, 24 hours and 12 repetitions. The observations were conducted in three days, for 24 hours, with an interval of 15 minutes, with effect of the hour on the grazing behavior (GRAZ) with a maximum of 52.1% and lying ruminating (LYRUM) with a minimum of 12.3%, both at 14h. The lying idle (LYIDL) was influenced by hour with a minimum of 11,6%at 14h, and by season, with 23.9% in summer, and 13.9%, in winter. However, the standing ruminating (STRUM), without effect of hour, was affected by the interaction of season x system in summer (9.43%) and (6.19%), and winter (4.36%) and (8.27%), respectively, for SP and WS. Standing idle (OCEMP) was influenced by hour, with maximum 15.8% at 14h, and an interaction of system x season, in summer (20.10%) and (8.82%); and winter (9.05%) and (8.44%), respectively, for SP and WS. The SP system has changed the environment that affected the animal intake behavior.
It was evaluated the intake behavior of Nellore steers in system without shade (WS), and silvopastoral system (SP) maintained in star grass (Cynodon plectostachyus) in summer and winter. Twenty-four Nellore steers were used (12 in each system), mean age 18 months and weight of 294.5 kg. The design was completely randomized with two seasons, two treatments, 24 hours and 12 repetitions. The observations were conducted in three days, for 24 hours, with an interval of 15 minutes, with effect of the hour on the grazing behavior (GRAZ) with a maximum of 52.1% and lying ruminating (LYRUM) with a minimum of 12.3%, both at 14h. The lying idle (LYIDL) was influenced by hour with a minimum of 11,6%at 14h, and by season, with 23.9% in summer, and 13.9%, in winter. However, the standing ruminating (STRUM), without effect of hour, was affected by the interaction of season x system in summer (9.43%) and (6.19%), and winter (4.36%) and (8.27%), respectively, for SP and WS. Standing idle (OCEMP) was influenced by hour, with maximum 15.8% at 14h, and an interaction of system x season, in summer (20.10%) and (8.82%); and winter (9.05%) and (8.44%), respectively, for SP and WS. The SP system has changed the environment that affected the animal intake behavior.
Resumo
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of increasing doses of nitrogen on the morphogenesis, structural and productive grass Panicum maximum cvs. Mombaca and Tanzania, and Brachiaria sp. Mulato. The experiment was conducted under field conditions. The experimental design was randomized blocks in a 3x4 factorial design with three forages (Panicum maximum cvs. Tanzania and Mombaca and Brachiaria sp. cv. Mulato), four N rates (0, 40, 80 and 160 kg ha-1) with three replications. Were evaluated the following parameters: fresh matter production (FMP), dry matter production (DMP), plant height, percentage of dry matter, leaves per tiller, dry matter accumulation rate (DMAR) and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). Grasses Mombasa and Tanzania showed similar results, and both were superior to Mulato grass for the production of fresh and dry matter. The three species responded to nitrogen application, with an increase in FMP, DMP, DMAR, height and number of tillers. The maximum efficiency in use of N was obtained with a dose of 120 kg ha-1.
O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar os efeitos de doses crescentes de nitrogênio sobre as características morfogênicas, estruturais e produtivas das gramíneas Panicum maximum cvs. Mombaça e Tanzânia, e Brachiaria sp. Mulato. O experimento foi conduzido em condições de campo. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 3x4, com três forrageiras (Panicum maximum cvs. Tanzânia e Mombaça e Brachiaria sp. cv. Mulato), quatro doses de N (0, 40, 80 e 160 kg ha-1), com três repetições. Foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: produção de massa verde (PMV), produção de massa seca (PMS), altura de planta, porcentagem de massa seca, folhas por perfilho, taxa de acúmulo de massa seca (TAMS) e eficiência de uso de nitrogênio (EUN). Os capins Mombaça e Tanzânia apresentaram resultados semelhantes, e ambos foram superiores ao capim Mulato quanto à produção de matéria verde e seca. As três espécies forrageiras responderam a aplicação de nitrogênio, com aumento na produção de MS, MV, TAMS, altura e número de perfilhos. A eficiência máxima no uso do N foi obtida com a dose de 120 kg ha-1.
Resumo
Objetivou-se avaliar as características morfogênicas e estruturais do capim-Tanzânia (Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia) consorciado com Estilosantes Campo Grande (Stylosanthes capitata e Stylosanthes macrocephala) ou adubado com nitrogênio. O pasto foi manejado sob lotação contínua e taxa de lotação variável. Foi utilizado delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas, com três repetições. Os tratamentos foram: capim-Tanzânia + Estilosantes; capim-Tanzânia + 75 Kg N.ha.ano-1; capim-Tanzânia + 150 Kg N.ha.ano-1 e capim-Tanzânia + 225 Kg N.ha.ano-1. Foram utilizados ureia e nitrato de amônia como fonte de nitrogênio. As avaliações morfogênicas foram realizadas na primavera e no verão. Foram avaliados 15 perfilhos por piquete, duas vezes por semana, durante quatro semanas por estação em estudo. As características morfogênicas, exceto a taxa de alongamento foliar (TAlF), não foram influenciadas pela adubação nitrogenada ou consórcio com Estilosantes. Os maiores valores para esta variável foram observados na primavera, nas pastagens adubadas. Desta forma, conclui-se que a adubação nitrogenada influencia a taxa de alongamento foliar (TAlF) do capim-Tanzânia, e este quando é cultivado em consórcio com o Estilosantes Campo Grande apresenta características morfogênicas semelhantes quando adubado com nitrogênio, à excessão da taxa de alongamento foliar.
This study aimed to study morphogenic and structural characteristics of Tanzania grass (Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania) intercropped with Estilosantes Campo Grande (Stylosanthes capitata and Stylosanthes macrocephala) or fertilized with nitrogen. The pasture was managed under continuous stocking and variable stocking rate. Were used a randomized complete blocks with split plots and three replications. The treatments were: Tanzania grass + Stylosanthes; Tanzania grass + 75 Kg N.ha. year-1; Tanzania grass + 150Kg N.ha.year-1; Tanzania grass + 225 Kg N.ha.year-1. Were used urea and ammonium nitrate as nitrogen source. The morphogenetic evaluations were conducted in the spring and summer. Were evaluated 15 tillers per paddock, twice a week for four weeks per season in study. The morphogenic characteristics were not affected by nitrogen fertilization or consortium, except the leaf elongation rate (LER). The highest values for this variable were observed in the spring in the fertilized pastures. Therefore, it is concluded that nitrogen fertilization influences the leaf elongation rate (LER) of Tanzania grass, and this one when is intercropped with Stylosanthes Campo Grande show morphogenic characteristics similar when fertilized with nitrogen, except for rate leaf elongation.