In vitro bacterial probiotic selection from Nannostomus beckfordi, an Amazon ornamental fish / [Seleção in vitro de bactérias probióticas do peixe ornamental Amazônico Nannostomus beckfordi]

This study aimed to isolate and select in vitro bacteria with probiotic potential for the Amazon ornamental fish Nannostomus beckfordi. For isolate, twelve fish underwent surgery procedure to remove their intestinal tract, macerate and then inoculate in the plate petri containing de Man Rugosa Sharped Agar (MRS). After bacterial growth (48 hours at 35ºC), selected strains were inoculated in MRS broth and submitted to resistance test with NaCl (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0%), pH (4, 5, 6, 8 and 9) and bile salts (5% w/v). Inhibition test against pathogenic bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Streptococcus agalactiae and Aeromonas Jandaei was also performed. Within the isolated strains group (23 strains), only six (S1, S2, S3, S4, S5 and S6) showed probiotic potential. Strains S1 and S6 showed the greater resistance for NaCl (0.5% and 1%) and pH (5 and 6), but only S1 obtained better results to resist the bile salts. Even against pathogenic bacteria, the S1 showed the best results with inhibition halos greater than 9 mm. In the end, this bacterial strain (S1) was identified as Enterococcus faecium 11037CHB. Thus, this is the first report regarding isolated autochthonous bacterium E. faecium with probiotic potential of N. beckfordi.

O objetivo deste estudo foi isolar e selecionar in vitro bactérias com potencial probiótico do peixe ornamental Amazônico Nannostomus beckfordi. Para o isolamento, retirou-se o intestino de 12 espécimes, que foram macerados, homogeneizados e semeados em placa de petri contento Ágar Man Rogosa e Sharpe (MRS). Posteriormente ao crescimento bacteriano (48 horas a 35ºC), as cepas selecionadas foram mantidas em caldo MRS e submetidas a testes de resistência a NaCl (0,5, 1,0, 1,5, 2,0 e 2,5 e 3,0%), pH (4, 5, 6, 8 e 9) e sais biliares (5% p/v). O antagonismo foi realizado frente as bactérias patogênicas Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Streptococcus agalactiae e Aeromonas jandaei. Das cepas isoladas (23 cepas), apenas seis (C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 e C6) apresentaram potencial probiótico. As cepas C1 e C6 tiveram maior resistência (p<0,05) para o NaCl (0,5 e 1%) e pH (5 a 6), na presença de sais biliares somente a C1 teve a melhor resistência de crescimento. Para o antagonismo frente as bactérias patogênicas, a C1 apresentou halo de inibição maior que 9 mm. Sendo esta cepa bactéria (C1) identificada como Enterococcus faecium 11037 CHB. Portanto, este é o primeiro relato do isolamento da bactéria autóctone E. faecium em N. beckfordi com potencial probiótico.

Growth and survival of the native oyster Crassostrea gasar cultured under different stocking densities in two grow-out systems in tropical climate / [Crescimento e sobrevivência da ostra nativa Crassostrea gasar cultivada em diferentes densidades em dois sistemas em clima tropical]

Survival and growth of the native oyster Crassostrea gasar along the juvenile and adult phases were evaluated in three different stocking densities [low (D), medium (2D) and high (3D)] and in two grow-out systems (fixed and floating system). The fixed system consisted of a rack made with PVC, fixed from the bottom with wood sticks. The floating system consisted of floating bags suspended by a rack made with PVC and maintained submerged from the seawater surface by eight floats. Survival and shell height of oysters cultured after 30, 60 and 90 days were registered in each phase and in each grow-out system. Results showed that the grow-out system did not affect survival and growth of C. gasar in the juvenile and adult phases. The tested densities affected the survival of oysters cultured over time in both phases but did not affect oyster growth. At times analyzed, it was observed positive growth in juvenile oysters grow after 90 days of culture. However, in the adult phase, no growth was observed after 90 days of culture. Oyster yield was higher in the density 3D, in both juvenile and adult phases. These findings contributed to the development of the oyster C. gasar culture.(AU)

A sobrevivência e o crescimento da ostra nativa Crassostrea gasar nas fases juvenil e adulta foram avaliados sob três diferentes densidades de estocagem [baixa (D), média (2D) e alta (3D)] e dois sistemas de engorda (fixo e flutuante). O sistema fixo consistiu em uma mesa de PVC, fixada na parte inferior com varas de madeira. O sistema flutuante consistiu em travesseiros flutuantes suspensos por uma mesa de PVC e mantidas submersas da superfície da água do mar por oito flutuadores. Registraram-se sobrevivência e altura da concha de ostras cultivadas após 30, 60 e 90 dias, em cada fase (juvenil e adulta) e em cada sistema (fixo e flutuante). Os resultados mostraram que o sistema de engorda não afetou a sobrevivência e o crescimento de C. gasar nas fases juvenil e adulta. As densidades testadas afetaram a sobrevivência das ostras ao longo do tempo, em ambas as fases, mas não afetaram o crescimento em altura. Nos tempos analisados, ostras juvenis apresentaram crescimento após 90 dias de cultivo. Porém, na fase adulta, não foi observado crescimento após 90 dias de cultivo. A produção de ostras, foi maior na densidade 3D, nas fases juvenil e adulta. Os presentes achados contribuíram para o desenvolvimento do cultivo da ostra C. gasar.(AU)

Antimicrobial activity of the edible mushroom Pleurotus eryngii(DC. ) Quél grown in liquid medium

Edible mushrooms have a number of medicinal properties and this study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial activity of Pleurotus eryngiiDPUA1816 in metabolic broths after being grown in submerged cultivation. Mycelial fragments of pure P. eryngiiculture was inoculated in sweet potato culture medium and incubated at 150 rpm for 15 days at 25°C. Pleurotuseryngiiwas also cultivated for 18 days under the same conditions, the mycelial biomass was separated by filtration for quantification. The supernatant was used in the diffusion test in agar and performed against Escherichia coliCCCD-E005, Staphylococcus aureus CCCD-S009, Pseudomonas aeruginosaCCCD-P004, Candida albicansCCCD-CC001, Candida parapsilosis CCCD-CC004 and Candida tropicalisCCCD-CC002. The samples showed no inhibitory activity against bacteria, however they showed some activity againstC. albicans(12.17 mm), C. parapsilosis(27.67 mm) and C. tropicalis(13.67 mm). After being cultivated for 18 days, P. eryngiiwas able to inhibit all yeasts after 12 days of culture, with an inhibition halo of 29.33 mm at 16 days against C. parapsilosis. This study demonstrates the antifungal potential filtered liquids from P.eryngiicultivated in purple-skinned sweet potato culture medium, which suggests the possibility of the use of this species by the pharmaceutical industry as a natural source of biological action.

Antimicrobial activity of the edible mushroom Pleurotus eryngii(DC. ) Quél grown in liquid medium

Edible mushrooms have a number of medicinal properties and this study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial activity of Pleurotus eryngiiDPUA1816 in metabolic broths after being grown in submerged cultivation. Mycelial fragments of pure P. eryngiiculture was inoculated in sweet potato culture medium and incubated at 150 rpm for 15 days at 25°C. Pleurotuseryngiiwas also cultivated for 18 days under the same conditions, the mycelial biomass was separated by filtration for quantification. The supernatant was used in the diffusion test in agar and performed against Escherichia coliCCCD-E005, Staphylococcus aureus CCCD-S009, Pseudomonas aeruginosaCCCD-P004, Candida albicansCCCD-CC001, Candida parapsilosis CCCD-CC004 and Candida tropicalisCCCD-CC002. The samples showed no inhibitory activity against bacteria, however they showed some activity againstC. albicans(12.17 mm), C. parapsilosis(27.67 mm) and C. tropicalis(13.67 mm). After being cultivated for 18 days, P. eryngiiwas able to inhibit all yeasts after 12 days of culture, with an inhibition halo of 29.33 mm at 16 days against C. parapsilosis. This study demonstrates the antifungal potential filtered liquids from P.eryngiicultivated in purple-skinned sweet potato culture medium, which suggests the possibility of the use of this species by the pharmaceutical industry as a natural source of biological action.(AU)

Bactérias zoonóticas isoladas de Passeriformes silvestres recuperados do tráfico de animais no estado do Ceará/Brasil / Zoonotic bacteria isolated from wild Passeriformes recovered from animal trafficking in the State of Ceará/Brazil

A ordem dos Passeriformes é uma das mais pressionadas pelas ações antrópicas, especialmente as relativas ao tráfico de animais, que, devido às más condições de manejo e higiênico-sanitárias, favorecem a infecção dos espécimes por patógenos virulentos e zoonóticos, como cepas de Escherichia coli e Salmonella spp., cujo isolamento em suabes cloacais, bem como a análise dos genes de virulência das cepas de E. coli foram objetivos do estudo. Para isso, 120 Passeriformes silvestres nativos, recebidos pelo Cetas/CE, foram avaliados individualmente. As cepas isoladas foram submetidas a teste de disco difusão para determinação da sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos. Em etapa posterior, foi realizada PCR para a detecção de oito genes de virulência dos principais patotipos diarreiogênicos de E. coli. Quanto aos resultados, nenhuma cepa de Salmonella spp. foi isolada, no entanto a ocorrência de E. coli foi de 40,8%. Foi observada elevada resistência, principalmente aos antimicrobianos tetraciclina, ampicilina e sulfazotrim, ocorrendo multirresistência em 42,8% das cepas. Pela análise molecular, foram diagnosticados quatro entre os nove genes pesquisados, com a identificação de EPEC típicas, EPEC atípicas, ETEC, EHEC e EAEC. Os resultados apontam para a importância de Passeriformes como possíveis disseminadores de zoonoses.(AU)

The order Passeriformes is one of the most pressured by anthropic actions, especially those related to animal trafficking. Due to poor sanitary and hygienic conditions, the infection of the specimens is favored by virulent and zoonotic pathogens such as strains of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp., whose isolation in cloacal swabs as well as the analysis of the virulence genes of E. coli strains were the objectives of the study. For this, 120 native wild Passeriformes, received by CETAS/CE were individually evaluated. The isolated strains were submitted to diffusion disc test to determine sensitivity to antimicrobials. In a later stage, PCR was performed for the detection of eight virulence genes from the main E. coli diarrhoeagenic pathogens. Regarding the results, no strain of Salmonella spp. was isolated; however, the occurrence of E. coli was 40.8%. High resistance was observed, mainly to the antimicrobials Tetracycline, Ampicillin and Sulfazotrim, with multi-resistance in 42.8% of the strains. By molecular analysis, four of the nine genes were diagnosed, identifying typical EPEC, atypical EPEC, ETEC, EHEC and EAEC. The results point to the importance of Passeriformes as possible disseminators of zoonoses.(AU)

Bactérias zoonóticas isoladas de Passeriformes silvestres recuperados do tráfico de animais no estado do Ceará/Brasil / Zoonotic bacteria isolated from wild Passeriformes recovered from animal trafficking in the State of Ceará/Brazil

A ordem dos Passeriformes é uma das mais pressionadas pelas ações antrópicas, especialmente as relativas ao tráfico de animais, que, devido às más condições de manejo e higiênico-sanitárias, favorecem a infecção dos espécimes por patógenos virulentos e zoonóticos, como cepas de Escherichia coli e Salmonella spp., cujo isolamento em suabes cloacais, bem como a análise dos genes de virulência das cepas de E. coli foram objetivos do estudo. Para isso, 120 Passeriformes silvestres nativos, recebidos pelo Cetas/CE, foram avaliados individualmente. As cepas isoladas foram submetidas a teste de disco difusão para determinação da sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos. Em etapa posterior, foi realizada PCR para a detecção de oito genes de virulência dos principais patotipos diarreiogênicos de E. coli. Quanto aos resultados, nenhuma cepa de Salmonella spp. foi isolada, no entanto a ocorrência de E. coli foi de 40,8%. Foi observada elevada resistência, principalmente aos antimicrobianos tetraciclina, ampicilina e sulfazotrim, ocorrendo multirresistência em 42,8% das cepas. Pela análise molecular, foram diagnosticados quatro entre os nove genes pesquisados, com a identificação de EPEC típicas, EPEC atípicas, ETEC, EHEC e EAEC. Os resultados apontam para a importância de Passeriformes como possíveis disseminadores de zoonoses.(AU)

The order Passeriformes is one of the most pressured by anthropic actions, especially those related to animal trafficking. Due to poor sanitary and hygienic conditions, the infection of the specimens is favored by virulent and zoonotic pathogens such as strains of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp., whose isolation in cloacal swabs as well as the analysis of the virulence genes of E. coli strains were the objectives of the study. For this, 120 native wild Passeriformes, received by CETAS/CE were individually evaluated. The isolated strains were submitted to diffusion disc test to determine sensitivity to antimicrobials. In a later stage, PCR was performed for the detection of eight virulence genes from the main E. coli diarrhoeagenic pathogens. Regarding the results, no strain of Salmonella spp. was isolated; however, the occurrence of E. coli was 40.8%. High resistance was observed, mainly to the antimicrobials Tetracycline, Ampicillin and Sulfazotrim, with multi-resistance in 42.8% of the strains. By molecular analysis, four of the nine genes were diagnosed, identifying typical EPEC, atypical EPEC, ETEC, EHEC and EAEC. The results point to the importance of Passeriformes as possible disseminators of zoonoses.(AU)

Caracterização nutricional das folhas de Moringa oleifera (MOL) para frangos de corte / Chemical and nutritional characterization of moringa oleifera leaves for broilers

Objetivou-se determinar os valores energéticos e nutricionais das folhas de Moringa oleifera (MOL) para frangos de corte. Utilizaram-se 90 pintos machos, Cobb-500, com 14 dias de idade, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições de três aves. Os tratamentos consistiram de: uma dieta referência e quatro dietas com substituição de 10%, 20%, 30% e 40% da dieta referência pelas folhas de MOL. O período experimental teve duração de oito dias, utilizando-se a metodologia de coleta total de excretas. Foram determinados os valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA), aparente corrigida para o nitrogênio (EMAn), coeficiente de metabolizabilidade aparente da matéria seca (CMAMS), da proteína bruta (CMAPB) e da energia bruta (CMAEB). Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e à análise de regressão a 5% de probabilidade. Houve efeito quadrático das variáveis à medida que a moringa era adicionada à ração referência. Na derivação das equações de regressão, o nível que proporcionou os melhores valores de EMA, EMAn e CMEB foi de 37,7% de substituição. O farelo de folhas MOL apresentou médias de 3140kcal/kg de EMA, 2845kcal/kg de EMAn, 76,92% de CMAEB, 76,63% de CMAMS e 73,42% de CMAPB.(AU)

This study aimed to determine the energy and nutritional value of the leaves of Moringa oleifera (MOL) for broilers. We used 90 male chicks, Cobb-500, with 14 days of age in a completely randomized design with five treatments and six repetitions of three birds. The treatments were: reference diet and 4 diets with substitution of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% of the diet by reference sheet MOL. The trial lasted eight days, using the method of total excreta collection. The apparent metabolizable energy (AME), apparent corrected for nitrogen (AMEn), apparent metabolizable coefficient of dry matter (AMCDM), crude protein (AMCCP) and gross energy (AMCGE). The results were submitted to analysis of variance and regression analysis at 5% probability. There was a quadratic effect of the variables as the moringa was added to the reference diet. In the derivation of the regression equations the level that provided the best values of AME, AMEn, AMCGE was 37.7% substitution. The leaves meal MOL presented average 3140kcal / kg of AME, 2845kcal / kg AMEn, 76.92% of AMCGE, 76.63% of AMCDM and 73.42% of AMCCP.(AU)

Serogroup identification, phenotypic detection of hemolysis and extended spectrum beta-lactamases of Escherichia coli isolated from psittacine of illegal wildlife trade in Fortaleza, Brazil / Identificação de sorogrupo e detecção fenotípica de betalactamase de espectro estendido e produção de hemolisina em Escherichia coli isoladas de psitacídeos do tráfico de animais silvestres em Fortaleza-CE

This study aimed to identify serogroups of Escherichia coli important for human health in isolates from psittacine of illegal wildlife trade in Ceará State. In addition, hemolysis and production of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBL) was assessed in the isolates. A total of 78 E. coli strains isolated from different Psittaciformes species from a wildlife rehabilitation center in Fortaleza, Brazil. The isolates used in this study were previously identified and stored. Serogroup identification was performed using polyvalent sera for EPEC (O55, O111, O119, O114, O125, O86, O126, O127, O128), EIEC (O136, O124) and EHEC (O157). ESBL detection was performed with double disk synergy method. For hemolysis detection, isolates were inoculated in blood agar base enriched with ovine blood. Only 31 (39.7%) isolates were seropositive and the most frequent were O127, O114, O128 and O111. There was no agglutination for serogroups O55, O124, O136 or O157. Considering both seropositive and seronegative isolates, 9 (11.5%) and 35 (44.9%) presented hemolysis and ESBL production, respectively. In conclusion, the investigated psittacine from illegal wildlife trade hosted ESBL-producing E. coli strains and some belong to important serogroups often linked to severe human infections.(AU)

Este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar sorogrupos de E. coli importantes para a saúde humana, oriundos de psitacídeos provenientes do tráfico no estado do Ceará, assim como detectar atividade hemolítica e produção de betalactamase de espectro estendido (ESBL). Foram testadas 78 cepas de Escherichia coli provenientes de psitaciformes do Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres, Fortaleza, CE. Para a identificação dos sorogrupos, utilizaram-se soros polivalentes EPEC (O55, O111, O119, O114, O125, O86, O126, O127, O128), EIEC (O136, O124) e EHEC (O157). Para detecção de ESBL, as cepas foram submetidas ao método de aproximação de disco e, para a detecção de hemolisina, foram plaqueadas em ágar sangue base enriquecido com sangue de carneiro. No geral, 31 (39,7%) das amostras foram soropositivas. Os sorogrupos mais frequentemente detectados foram O127, O114, O128 e O111. Não houve positividade para os sorogrupos O55, O124, O136 e O157. Considerando-se as amostras sororreagentes e não sororreagentes, observou-se que nove (11,5%) e 35 (44,9%) cepas de E. coli apresentaram produção de hemolisinas e de ESBL, respectivamente. Em conclusão, constatou-se que psitacídeos provenientes do tráfico de animais silvestres albergam cepas de E. coli produtoras de ESBL e providas de importantes sorogrupos implicados em graves infecções humanas.(AU)

Caracterização nutricional das folhas de Moringa oleifera (MOL) para frangos de corte / Chemical and nutritional characterization of moringa oleifera leaves for broilers

Objetivou-se determinar os valores energéticos e nutricionais das folhas de Moringa oleifera (MOL) para frangos de corte. Utilizaram-se 90 pintos machos, Cobb-500, com 14 dias de idade, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições de três aves. Os tratamentos consistiram de: uma dieta referência e quatro dietas com substituição de 10%, 20%, 30% e 40% da dieta referência pelas folhas de MOL. O período experimental teve duração de oito dias, utilizando-se a metodologia de coleta total de excretas. Foram determinados os valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA), aparente corrigida para o nitrogênio (EMAn), coeficiente de metabolizabilidade aparente da matéria seca (CMAMS), da proteína bruta (CMAPB) e da energia bruta (CMAEB). Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e à análise de regressão a 5% de probabilidade. Houve efeito quadrático das variáveis à medida que a moringa era adicionada à ração referência. Na derivação das equações de regressão, o nível que proporcionou os melhores valores de EMA, EMAn e CMEB foi de 37,7% de substituição. O farelo de folhas MOL apresentou médias de 3140kcal/kg de EMA, 2845kcal/kg de EMAn, 76,92% de CMAEB, 76,63% de CMAMS e 73,42% de CMAPB.(AU)

This study aimed to determine the energy and nutritional value of the leaves of Moringa oleifera (MOL) for broilers. We used 90 male chicks, Cobb-500, with 14 days of age in a completely randomized design with five treatments and six repetitions of three birds. The treatments were: reference diet and 4 diets with substitution of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% of the diet by reference sheet MOL. The trial lasted eight days, using the method of total excreta collection. The apparent metabolizable energy (AME), apparent corrected for nitrogen (AMEn), apparent metabolizable coefficient of dry matter (AMCDM), crude protein (AMCCP) and gross energy (AMCGE). The results were submitted to analysis of variance and regression analysis at 5% probability. There was a quadratic effect of the variables as the moringa was added to the reference diet. In the derivation of the regression equations the level that provided the best values of AME, AMEn, AMCGE was 37.7% substitution. The leaves meal MOL presented average 3140kcal / kg of AME, 2845kcal / kg AMEn, 76.92% of AMCGE, 76.63% of AMCDM and 73.42% of AMCCP.(AU)

Isolation and antimicrobial resistance profiles of enterobacteria from nestling grey-breasted parakeets (Pyrrhura griseipectus)

The psittacine Pyrrhura griseipectus is a threatened species currently only found in Ceará State, Brazil. A microbiological survey was conducted to determine the composition of the enteric microbiota of this species, as well as the phenotypic profiles of antimicrobial susceptibility presented by the isolates. Cloacal swabs were collected from individual birds and submitted to microbiological processing. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were evaluated using the disk diffusion method. Bacteria of the genus Escherichia, Proteus, Citrobacter, Pantoea, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Morganella, Hafnia, Enterobacter, and Serratia were isolated. The most frequently isolated species were Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis and Proteus vulgaris, corresponding to 36.1%, 26.4%, and 8.3%, respectively. Isolates were more frequently resistant to azithromycin and tetracycline, while Escherichia coli was the main species presenting multidrug resistance. In conclusion, free-living grey-breasted parakeets may harbor enterobacteria with high antimicrobial resistance rates.(AU)

Serogroup identification, phenotypic detection of hemolysis and extended spectrum beta-lactamases of Escherichia coli isolated from psittacine of illegal wildlife trade in Fortaleza, Brazil / Identificação de sorogrupo e detecção fenotípica de betalactamase de espectro estendido e produção de hemolisina em Escherichia coli isoladas de psitacídeos do tráfico de animais silvestres em Fortaleza-CE

This study aimed to identify serogroups of Escherichia coli important for human health in isolates from psittacine of illegal wildlife trade in Ceará State. In addition, hemolysis and production of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBL) was assessed in the isolates. A total of 78 E. coli strains isolated from different Psittaciformes species from a wildlife rehabilitation center in Fortaleza, Brazil. The isolates used in this study were previously identified and stored. Serogroup identification was performed using polyvalent sera for EPEC (O55, O111, O119, O114, O125, O86, O126, O127, O128), EIEC (O136, O124) and EHEC (O157). ESBL detection was performed with double disk synergy method. For hemolysis detection, isolates were inoculated in blood agar base enriched with ovine blood. Only 31 (39.7%) isolates were seropositive and the most frequent were O127, O114, O128 and O111. There was no agglutination for serogroups O55, O124, O136 or O157. Considering both seropositive and seronegative isolates, 9 (11.5%) and 35 (44.9%) presented hemolysis and ESBL production, respectively. In conclusion, the investigated psittacine from illegal wildlife trade hosted ESBL-producing E. coli strains and some belong to important serogroups often linked to severe human infections.(AU)

Este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar sorogrupos de E. coli importantes para a saúde humana, oriundos de psitacídeos provenientes do tráfico no estado do Ceará, assim como detectar atividade hemolítica e produção de betalactamase de espectro estendido (ESBL). Foram testadas 78 cepas de Escherichia coli provenientes de psitaciformes do Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres, Fortaleza, CE. Para a identificação dos sorogrupos, utilizaram-se soros polivalentes EPEC (O55, O111, O119, O114, O125, O86, O126, O127, O128), EIEC (O136, O124) e EHEC (O157). Para detecção de ESBL, as cepas foram submetidas ao método de aproximação de disco e, para a detecção de hemolisina, foram plaqueadas em ágar sangue base enriquecido com sangue de carneiro. No geral, 31 (39,7%) das amostras foram soropositivas. Os sorogrupos mais frequentemente detectados foram O127, O114, O128 e O111. Não houve positividade para os sorogrupos O55, O124, O136 e O157. Considerando-se as amostras sororreagentes e não sororreagentes, observou-se que nove (11,5%) e 35 (44,9%) cepas de E. coli apresentaram produção de hemolisinas e de ESBL, respectivamente. Em conclusão, constatou-se que psitacídeos provenientes do tráfico de animais silvestres albergam cepas de E. coli produtoras de ESBL e providas de importantes sorogrupos implicados em graves infecções humanas.(AU)

Isolation and antimicrobial resistance profiles of enterobacteria from nestling grey-breasted parakeets (Pyrrhura griseipectus)

The psittacine Pyrrhura griseipectus is a threatened species currently only found in Ceará State, Brazil. A microbiological survey was conducted to determine the composition of the enteric microbiota of this species, as well as the phenotypic profiles of antimicrobial susceptibility presented by the isolates. Cloacal swabs were collected from individual birds and submitted to microbiological processing. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were evaluated using the disk diffusion method. Bacteria of the genus Escherichia, Proteus, Citrobacter, Pantoea, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Morganella, Hafnia, Enterobacter, and Serratia were isolated. The most frequently isolated species were Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis and Proteus vulgaris, corresponding to 36.1%, 26.4%, and 8.3%, respectively. Isolates were more frequently resistant to azithromycin and tetracycline, while Escherichia coli was the main species presenting multidrug resistance. In conclusion, free-living grey-breasted parakeets may harbor enterobacteria with high antimicrobial resistance rates.

Diferentes fontes de ferro na prevenção da anemia ferropriva e no desempenho de leitões lactentes / Different sources of iron for the prevention of iron deficiency anemia and performance of suckling piglets

Com o objetivo de avaliar o uso de diferentes fontes de ferro na prevenção da anemia ferropriva e no desempenho em leitões lactentes, dividiram-se 202 leitões em cinco tratamentos: FD - aplicação intramuscular de 200mg de ferro dextrano no terceiro dia de idade; T24 - terra à vontade fornecida aos leitões a cada 24 horas do terceiro ao 19º dia; T48 - terra à vontade fornecida aos leitões a cada 24 horas do terceiro ao 10º dia e do 11º ao 19º dia, com intervalo de 48 horas; T72 - terra à vontade fornecida aos leitões a cada 24 horas do terceiro ao 10º dia e do 11º ao 19º dia, com intervalo de 72 horas; SA - suplemento alimentar ultraprecoce rico em ferro quelatado em pó (SAUP) fornecido do terceiro ao 11º dia, com intervalo de 48 horas. O ferro dextrano aplicado no terceiro dia de vida e a suplementação com terra e SAUP foram eficientes para garantir o desempenho de leitões no período de aleitamento e não influenciaram no consumo de ração nem na taxa de viabilidade. As diferentes fontes de ferro estudadas não influenciaram o leucograma e foram eficientes na prevenção da anemia ferropriva e no desempenho dos leitões lactentes. Com relação às concentrações de hemoglobina e hematócrito, os animais suplementados com ferro dextrano apresentaram valores superiores quando comparados aos que recebem terra e SAUP.(AU)

In order to evaluate the use of different sources of iron to prevent iron deficiency anemia and to appraise the performance of suckling piglets, we sorted 202 piglets in five treatments. ID - intramuscular injection of 200mg of iron dextran on the third day of age; T24 - free daily access to land provided to piglets every 24 hours from the third to the nineteenth day; T48 - free daily access to land provided to piglets every 24 hours from the third to the tenth day and from day 11 to day 19 with an interval of 48 hours; T72 - free daily access to land provided to piglets every 24 hours from the third to the tenth day and from day 11 to day 19 with an interval of 72 hours; FS - Food supplement rich in iron-chelating powder (SAUP) available from the third to the eleventh day with an interval of 48 hours. The iron dextran applied on the third day of life as well as the supplementation with land and SAUP were effective to ensure the performance of piglets during the lactation period and did not affect feed intake or the viability rate. The different sources of iron studied did not influence the WBC (White Blood Cell) and succeded in preventing iron deficiency anemia and performance of suckling piglets. Regarding the concentrations of hemoglobin and hematocrit, the animals supplemented with iron dextran showed higher values when compared to those who receive land and SAUP.(AU)

Diferentes fontes de ferro na prevenção da anemia ferropriva e no desempenho de leitões lactentes / Different sources of iron for the prevention of iron deficiency anemia and performance of suckling piglets

Com o objetivo de avaliar o uso de diferentes fontes de ferro na prevenção da anemia ferropriva e no desempenho em leitões lactentes, dividiram-se 202 leitões em cinco tratamentos: FD - aplicação intramuscular de 200mg de ferro dextrano no terceiro dia de idade; T24 - terra à vontade fornecida aos leitões a cada 24 horas do terceiro ao 19º dia; T48 - terra à vontade fornecida aos leitões a cada 24 horas do terceiro ao 10º dia e do 11º ao 19º dia, com intervalo de 48 horas; T72 - terra à vontade fornecida aos leitões a cada 24 horas do terceiro ao 10º dia e do 11º ao 19º dia, com intervalo de 72 horas; SA - suplemento alimentar ultraprecoce rico em ferro quelatado em pó (SAUP) fornecido do terceiro ao 11º dia, com intervalo de 48 horas. O ferro dextrano aplicado no terceiro dia de vida e a suplementação com terra e SAUP foram eficientes para garantir o desempenho de leitões no período de aleitamento e não influenciaram no consumo de ração nem na taxa de viabilidade. As diferentes fontes de ferro estudadas não influenciaram o leucograma e foram eficientes na prevenção da anemia ferropriva e no desempenho dos leitões lactentes. Com relação às concentrações de hemoglobina e hematócrito, os animais suplementados com ferro dextrano apresentaram valores superiores quando comparados aos que recebem terra e SAUP.(AU)

In order to evaluate the use of different sources of iron to prevent iron deficiency anemia and to appraise the performance of suckling piglets, we sorted 202 piglets in five treatments. ID - intramuscular injection of 200mg of iron dextran on the third day of age; T24 - free daily access to land provided to piglets every 24 hours from the third to the nineteenth day; T48 - free daily access to land provided to piglets every 24 hours from the third to the tenth day and from day 11 to day 19 with an interval of 48 hours; T72 - free daily access to land provided to piglets every 24 hours from the third to the tenth day and from day 11 to day 19 with an interval of 72 hours; FS - Food supplement rich in iron-chelating powder (SAUP) available from the third to the eleventh day with an interval of 48 hours. The iron dextran applied on the third day of life as well as the supplementation with land and SAUP were effective to ensure the performance of piglets during the lactation period and did not affect feed intake or the viability rate. The different sources of iron studied did not influence the WBC (White Blood Cell) and succeded in preventing iron deficiency anemia and performance of suckling piglets. Regarding the concentrations of hemoglobin and hematocrit, the animals supplemented with iron dextran showed higher values when compared to those who receive land and SAUP.(AU)

Transmission of visceral leishmaniasis in dogs in a risk area of the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil / Transmissão da leishmaniose visceral em cães em área de risco da Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has spread rapidly across cities in the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte. The aim of this study was to investigate VL dynamics in a prospective cohort study of dogs in Juatuba, between 2010 and 2011, to confirm the incidence of Leishmania infantum, and to assess possible risk factors associated with infection. An observational and prospective closed cohort study was performed using serology testing in dogs, randomly selected from the whole municipality. All seronegative dogs, or dogs with inconclusive results were monitored using indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) at 6-month intervals. The dog's owners completed a semi-structured questionnaire to assess possible causal factors of seroconversion, and the responses were assessed using logistic regression. The canine incidence coefficient was 206/1,000 dogs per year (CI: 178-238), and a cluster was identified in an area with a high concentration of seropositive dogs, but a low overall canine population. Large dogs were identified as a risk factor and the following variables were identified as protection factors: dogs aged over 4 years, daily peridomicile cleaning, and better socioeconomic conditions. VL is spreading over a large area in Juatuba in a short period of time.(AU)

A leishmaniose visceral (LV) expandiu-se de forma rápida e extensa pelos municípios da Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte. Objetivou-se estudar a dinâmica da LV em uma coorte prospectiva de cães em Juatuba, entre 2010 e 2011, para verificar a incidência e fatores de risco associados à infecção por Leishmania infantum. Foi feito um estudo observacional e prospectivo de coorte fechada por meio de análise sorológica em cães selecionados aleatoriamente em todo o município, com acompanhamento semestral dos resultados soronegativos e indeterminados na imunofluorescência indireta (IFI). Usou-se questionário semiestruturado junto aos proprietários de cães para avaliação da soroconversão e dos fatores determinantes a essa, por meio da regressão logística. O coeficiente de incidência canina foi de 206/1000 cães.ano (IC: 178 - 238), e foi identificado cluster em área com elevada concentração de cães soropositivos, mas com baixa densidade populacional canina. A variável cão de porte grande foi identificada como fator de risco, e as variáveis idade do cão superior a quatro anos, limpeza diária do peridomicílio e melhores condições socioeconômicas como fatores de proteção. A infecção por LV está ocorrendo em curto período de tempo e com ampla distribuição em Juatuba.(AU)

Detecção e avaliação do perfil de sensibilidade antimicrobiana de enterobactérias isoladas de periquitos cara-suja (Pyrrhura griseipectus) em cativeiro / Detection and evaluation of the antimicrobial sensibility profile of enterobacteria isolated from captive Grey-breasted parakeet (Pyrrhura griseipectus)

This study was conducted to detect enterobacteria in captive Grey-breasted parakeet from a commercial breeding located in the state of Ceara. 25 individual cloacal swabs were collected and this material was subjected to microbiological processing to obtain the bacterial isolation, identification, and evaluation of the sensitivity profile to antimicrobials. The bacterial isolation in ten samples was determined, belonging to the genera Enterobacter, Hafnia, Serratia, Escherichia, Pantoea and Klebsiella, in which these last three corresponded to the bacteria most isolated, with respective percentages of 28.6%, 21.4%, and 21.4%. As for the sensitivity profile, antibiotics to which the bacteria showed more resistance were trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (57%), tetracycline (21%), and azithromycin (43%). Thus, it was shown that the parakeets were carriers of Enterobacteriaceae with resistance characteristics.(AU)

Transmission of visceral leishmaniasis in dogs in a risk area of the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil / Transmissão da leishmaniose visceral em cães em área de risco da Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has spread rapidly across cities in the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte. The aim of this study was to investigate VL dynamics in a prospective cohort study of dogs in Juatuba, between 2010 and 2011, to confirm the incidence of Leishmania infantum, and to assess possible risk factors associated with infection. An observational and prospective closed cohort study was performed using serology testing in dogs, randomly selected from the whole municipality. All seronegative dogs, or dogs with inconclusive results were monitored using indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) at 6-month intervals. The dog's owners completed a semi-structured questionnaire to assess possible causal factors of seroconversion, and the responses were assessed using logistic regression. The canine incidence coefficient was 206/1,000 dogs per year (CI: 178-238), and a cluster was identified in an area with a high concentration of seropositive dogs, but a low overall canine population. Large dogs were identified as a risk factor and the following variables were identified as protection factors: dogs aged over 4 years, daily peridomicile cleaning, and better socioeconomic conditions. VL is spreading over a large area in Juatuba in a short period of time.(AU)

A leishmaniose visceral (LV) expandiu-se de forma rápida e extensa pelos municípios da Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte. Objetivou-se estudar a dinâmica da LV em uma coorte prospectiva de cães em Juatuba, entre 2010 e 2011, para verificar a incidência e fatores de risco associados à infecção por Leishmania infantum. Foi feito um estudo observacional e prospectivo de coorte fechada por meio de análise sorológica em cães selecionados aleatoriamente em todo o município, com acompanhamento semestral dos resultados soronegativos e indeterminados na imunofluorescência indireta (IFI). Usou-se questionário semiestruturado junto aos proprietários de cães para avaliação da soroconversão e dos fatores determinantes a essa, por meio da regressão logística. O coeficiente de incidência canina foi de 206/1000 cães.ano (IC: 178 - 238), e foi identificado cluster em área com elevada concentração de cães soropositivos, mas com baixa densidade populacional canina. A variável cão de porte grande foi identificada como fator de risco, e as variáveis idade do cão superior a quatro anos, limpeza diária do peridomicílio e melhores condições socioeconômicas como fatores de proteção. A infecção por LV está ocorrendo em curto período de tempo e com ampla distribuição em Juatuba.(AU)

Detecção e avaliação do perfil de sensibilidade antimicrobiana de enterobactérias isoladas de periquitos cara-suja (Pyrrhura griseipectus) em cativeiro / Detection and evaluation of the antimicrobial sensibility profile of enterobacteria isolated from captive Grey-breasted parakeet (Pyrrhura griseipectus)

This study was conducted to detect enterobacteria in captive Grey-breasted parakeet from a commercial breeding located in the state of Ceara. 25 individual cloacal swabs were collected and this material was subjected to microbiological processing to obtain the bacterial isolation, identification, and evaluation of the sensitivity profile to antimicrobials. The bacterial isolation in ten samples was determined, belonging to the genera Enterobacter, Hafnia, Serratia, Escherichia, Pantoea and Klebsiella, in which these last three corresponded to the bacteria most isolated, with respective percentages of 28.6%, 21.4%, and 21.4%. As for the sensitivity profile, antibiotics to which the bacteria showed more resistance were trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (57%), tetracycline (21%), and azithromycin (43%). Thus, it was shown that the parakeets were carriers of Enterobacteriaceae with resistance characteristics.(AU)

Detecção e avaliação do perfil de sensibilidade antimicrobiana de enterobactérias isoladas de periquitos cara-suja (Pyrrhura griseipectus) em cativeiro

ABSTRACT This study was conducted to detect enterobacteria in captive Grey-breasted parakeet from a commercial breeding located in the state of Ceara. 25 individual cloacal swabs were collected and this material was subjected to microbiological processing to obtain the bacterial isolation, identification, and evaluation of the sensitivity profile to antimicrobials. The bacterial isolation in ten samples was determined, belonging to the genera Enterobacter, Hafnia, Serratia, Escherichia, Pantoea and Klebsiella, in which these last three corresponded to the bacteria most isolated, with respective percentages of 28.6%, 21.4%, and 21.4%. As for the sensitivity profile, antibiotics to which the bacteria showed more resistance were trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (57%), tetracycline (21%), and azithromycin (43%). Thus, it was shown that the parakeets were carriers of Enterobacteriaceae with resistance characteristics.

Detecção e avaliação do perfil de sensibilidade antimicrobiana de enterobactérias isoladas de periquitos cara-suja (Pyrrhura griseipectus) em cativeiro

ABSTRACT This study was conducted to detect enterobacteria in captive Grey-breasted parakeet from a commercial breeding located in the state of Ceara. 25 individual cloacal swabs were collected and this material was subjected to microbiological processing to obtain the bacterial isolation, identification, and evaluation of the sensitivity profile to antimicrobials. The bacterial isolation in ten samples was determined, belonging to the genera Enterobacter, Hafnia, Serratia, Escherichia, Pantoea and Klebsiella, in which these last three corresponded to the bacteria most isolated, with respective percentages of 28.6%, 21.4%, and 21.4%. As for the sensitivity profile, antibiotics to which the bacteria showed more resistance were trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (57%), tetracycline (21%), and azithromycin (43%). Thus, it was shown that the parakeets were carriers of Enterobacteriaceae with resistance characteristics.