Growth and reproduction hormones of ruminants subjected to heat stress

The adaptation of the animals, either temperate or tropical climate, is mainly related to physiology and its adaptation to the environment. When subjected to temperature and humidity different from the usual air, these animals found in heat stress difficulty reproduction and production. The endocrine system is one of those responsible for controlling the stress response, and rapid and appropriate growth is one of the elements of greatest economic importance toward meat production, and more producers want to improve, to accelerate the production rate and decreasing production costs. Thus, the aim of this review was to evaluate, through research papers found in the literature, the influence of heat stress on the hormones of growth and reproduction in ruminants. It was observed that even in studies that do not consider the productive performance of the animals, the influence of these parameters is significant in the ambience and the degree of adaptation of the same. However, more research should be conducted in order to evaluate the production of animals of different species under the conditions of different regions, as well as search for alternatives to achieve the best animal production levels, either by finding the best way of introducing exotic breeds, or the possibility of bringing more comfort to the animals in their various productive and reproductive stages.(AU)

Growth and reproduction hormones of ruminants subjected to heat stress

The adaptation of the animals, either temperate or tropical climate, is mainly related to physiology and its adaptation to the environment. When subjected to temperature and humidity different from the usual air, these animals found in heat stress difficulty reproduction and production. The endocrine system is one of those responsible for controlling the stress response, and rapid and appropriate growth is one of the elements of greatest economic importance toward meat production, and more producers want to improve, to accelerate the production rate and decreasing production costs. Thus, the aim of this review was to evaluate, through research papers found in the literature, the influence of heat stress on the hormones of growth and reproduction in ruminants. It was observed that even in studies that do not consider the productive performance of the animals, the influence of these parameters is significant in the ambience and the degree of adaptation of the same. However, more research should be conducted in order to evaluate the production of animals of different species under the conditions of different regions, as well as search for alternatives to achieve the best animal production levels, either by finding the best way of introducing exotic breeds, or the possibility of bringing more comfort to the animals in their various productive and reproductive stages.

Topografia do cone medular em sagui-de-tufos-brancos (Callithrix jacchus) / Medullary conus topography in white-tufted-ear-marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)

Background: The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) belongs to the family Cebidae and Subfamily Callitrichinae, a group formed by the smallest anthropoid primates. It is a very common species and adapts easily to captivity, an aspect that encourages the clandestine capture of these animals and makes them susceptible to wounds resulting from clandestine rearing and inadequate management, so that studies to understand the species are extremely important. With the objective of supplying anatomic bases for the practice of epidural anesthetic, data were studied regarding the topography of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Materials, Methods & Results: The study was carried out at the Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy at the Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), PA, Brazil. Ten adult common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) were used, 5 males and 5 females, with different causes of death. A round workbench magnifying lamp was used to better visualize the dissecation field. Number 15 scalpel blades, surgical pincers and scissors were used to dissect. After fixing in 10% formaldehyde aqueous solution, dissecation was made along the mid dorsal line, from the cranial thoracic region to the tail base to expose the vertebral arches and measure the intervertebral spaces. The vertebral arches were removed, and consequently the spinal dura mater was exposed, that was sectioned longitudinally to expose the spinal chord and identify the lumbar intumescence, the conus medullaris and the cauda equina. The length of the conus medullaris was measured and its skeletopy was established. The body and tail length data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means were compared by the Tukey test at 5% probability. The mean value of the conus medullaris length was 1.4 cm, while the anatomic location of the conus medullaris varied slightly among the animals, but did not pass the limit between L3 for the base and L6 for the apex. […](AU)

Topografia do cone medular em sagui-de-tufos-brancos (Callithrix jacchus) / Medullary conus topography in white-tufted-ear-marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)

Background: The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) belongs to the family Cebidae and Subfamily Callitrichinae, a group formed by the smallest anthropoid primates. It is a very common species and adapts easily to captivity, an aspect that encourages the clandestine capture of these animals and makes them susceptible to wounds resulting from clandestine rearing and inadequate management, so that studies to understand the species are extremely important. With the objective of supplying anatomic bases for the practice of epidural anesthetic, data were studied regarding the topography of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Materials, Methods & Results: The study was carried out at the Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy at the Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), PA, Brazil. Ten adult common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) were used, 5 males and 5 females, with different causes of death. A round workbench magnifying lamp was used to better visualize the dissecation field. Number 15 scalpel blades, surgical pincers and scissors were used to dissect. After fixing in 10% formaldehyde aqueous solution, dissecation was made along the mid dorsal line, from the cranial thoracic region to the tail base to expose the vertebral arches and measure the intervertebral spaces. The vertebral arches were removed, and consequently the spinal dura mater was exposed, that was sectioned longitudinally to expose the spinal chord and identify the lumbar intumescence, the conus medullaris and the cauda equina. The length of the conus medullaris was measured and its skeletopy was established. The body and tail length data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means were compared by the Tukey test at 5% probability. The mean value of the conus medullaris length was 1.4 cm, while the anatomic location of the conus medullaris varied slightly among the animals, but did not pass the limit between L3 for the base and L6 for the apex. […]

Obtenção de oócitos post mortem em Leopardus tigrinus Schreber, 1775: relato de caso / Obtention of post mortem oocytes in Leopardus tigrinus Schreber, 1775: case report

Entre as várias técnicas utilizadas para a preservação e manejo de espécies selvagens, as biotécnicas aplicadas à reprodução são apresentadas como alternativas promissoras na conservação do germoplasma de espécies ameaçadas, além de fornecer dados cada vez mais detalhados sobre a fisiologia reprodutiva dessas espécies. O presente relato pretende demonstrar a aplicabilidade da técnica de fatiamento ovariano (slicing) na recuperação de oócitos post mortem em um exemplar de gato-do-mato-pequeno (Leopardus tigrinus) vítima de atropelamento, observando a quantidade de oócitos e seus respectivos graus morfológicos para uma possível maturação celular. Um total de 88 oócitos foram coletados e estes foram classificados em três graus de acordo com sua conformação. A técnica de corte de ovário foi viável para a recuperação de oócitos na espécie e apresentou um número considerável de coleta com ovários em ótimo estado de conservação, no entanto, sugere-se a realização de estudos adicionais para obter dados complementares.(AU)

Among the various techniques used for the preservation and management of wild species, biotechniques applied to reproduction are presented as promising alternatives in the conservation of the germplasm of endangered species, as well as providing increasingly detailed data on the reproductive physiology of these species. The present report intends to demonstrate the applicability of the slicing technique in the recovery of postmortem oocytes in a small leopard (Leopardus tigrinus), a victim of trampling, observing the amount of oocytes and their respective morphological degrees for possible cell maturation. A total of 88 oocytes were collected and classified into three grades according to their conformation. The ovarian cutting technique was feasible for the recovery of oocytes in the species and presented a considerable number of ovarian collection in excellent condition, however, it is suggested to carry out additional studies to obtain complementary data.(AU)

Obtenção de oócitos post mortem em Leopardus tigrinus Schreber, 1775: relato de caso / Obtention of post mortem oocytes in Leopardus tigrinus Schreber, 1775: case report

Entre as várias técnicas utilizadas para a preservação e manejo de espécies selvagens, as biotécnicas aplicadas à reprodução são apresentadas como alternativas promissoras na conservação do germoplasma de espécies ameaçadas, além de fornecer dados cada vez mais detalhados sobre a fisiologia reprodutiva dessas espécies. O presente relato pretende demonstrar a aplicabilidade da técnica de fatiamento ovariano (slicing) na recuperação de oócitos post mortem em um exemplar de gato-do-mato-pequeno (Leopardus tigrinus) vítima de atropelamento, observando a quantidade de oócitos e seus respectivos graus morfológicos para uma possível maturação celular. Um total de 88 oócitos foram coletados e estes foram classificados em três graus de acordo com sua conformação. A técnica de corte de ovário foi viável para a recuperação de oócitos na espécie e apresentou um número considerável de coleta com ovários em ótimo estado de conservação, no entanto, sugere-se a realização de estudos adicionais para obter dados complementares.

Among the various techniques used for the preservation and management of wild species, biotechniques applied to reproduction are presented as promising alternatives in the conservation of the germplasm of endangered species, as well as providing increasingly detailed data on the reproductive physiology of these species. The present report intends to demonstrate the applicability of the slicing technique in the recovery of postmortem oocytes in a small leopard (Leopardus tigrinus), a victim of trampling, observing the amount of oocytes and their respective morphological degrees for possible cell maturation. A total of 88 oocytes were collected and classified into three grades according to their conformation. The ovarian cutting technique was feasible for the recovery of oocytes in the species and presented a considerable number of ovarian collection in excellent condition, however, it is suggested to carry out additional studies to obtain complementary data.

Anatomic bases for brachial plexus block of capuching (Sapajus libidinosus) / Bases anatômicas para o bloqueio anestésico do plexo braquial de macacos-prego (Sapajus libidinosus)

Background: In captivity, capuchin monkeys compete for space and rank. Fights can result in traumas, especially to the limbs, requiring interventions that are often outpatient. Local anesthesia as a tool in these procedures, as an aid to chemical restraint, is very relevant for small outpatient surgeries, or even for pain relief. Knowledge of peripheral nerve anatomy is essential to perform local anesthesia. Thus the objective of the present study was to determine, by anatomical studies of the brachial plexus region, the best access pathways for anesthetic blocking of the nerve. Materials, Methods & Results: Seven adult capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus) were used, weighing 2-3 kg, fixed and preserved in formaldehyde aqueous solution at 10%. In five of these animals the supraclavicular, infraclavicular and axillar regions were dissected to visualize the muscles, clavicle and bracchial plexus nerves. An analogical pachymeter was used to measure the depth of the plexus in relation to the cranial and caudal clavicle face and axillary fossa, comparing the length of two hypodermic needles (13x4.5 mm and 15x5 mm). Simulation of the anesthetic block was tested in two animals: before dissecting an acrylic varnish solution was injected using a syringe and 13x4.5 mm needle in the supraclavicular, infraclavicular regions and axillary fossa. To assess the positioning points of the [...](AU)

Anatomic bases for brachial plexus block of capuching (Sapajus libidinosus) / Bases anatômicas para o bloqueio anestésico do plexo braquial de macacos-prego (Sapajus libidinosus)

Background: In captivity, capuchin monkeys compete for space and rank. Fights can result in traumas, especially to the limbs, requiring interventions that are often outpatient. Local anesthesia as a tool in these procedures, as an aid to chemical restraint, is very relevant for small outpatient surgeries, or even for pain relief. Knowledge of peripheral nerve anatomy is essential to perform local anesthesia. Thus the objective of the present study was to determine, by anatomical studies of the brachial plexus region, the best access pathways for anesthetic blocking of the nerve. Materials, Methods & Results: Seven adult capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus) were used, weighing 2-3 kg, fixed and preserved in formaldehyde aqueous solution at 10%. In five of these animals the supraclavicular, infraclavicular and axillar regions were dissected to visualize the muscles, clavicle and bracchial plexus nerves. An analogical pachymeter was used to measure the depth of the plexus in relation to the cranial and caudal clavicle face and axillary fossa, comparing the length of two hypodermic needles (13x4.5 mm and 15x5 mm). Simulation of the anesthetic block was tested in two animals: before dissecting an acrylic varnish solution was injected using a syringe and 13x4.5 mm needle in the supraclavicular, infraclavicular regions and axillary fossa. To assess the positioning points of the [...]