Fatty acid profile and beef quality of Nellore and Angus bulls fed whole shelled corn

This study aimed to evaluate the quality traits and fatty acid profile of beef from Nellore and Angus bulls fed whole shelled corn (WSC) and ground corn plus maize silage (GC) diets. Eighteen Nellore and 18 Angus young bulls [381 ± 12 kg initial body weight (BW) and an average age of 20 ± 1.9 months] were used in a completely randomized design using a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement and were slaughtered at a final BW of 451.5 kg and 545.5 kg, respectively. Twenty–four hours after slaughter, samples of longissimus thoracis muscle were collected for the analysis of lipid oxidation, color, fatty acid profile, shear force, and cooking loss. There was no effect of diet × breed interaction on meat color, lipid oxidation, shear force, and cooking loss. Angus beef had lower shear force (p < 0.05) than Nellore beef and had a greater concentration of linoleic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (p < 0.01). Beef of bulls fed WSC tended to have greater concentration of CLA C18:2c9t11 (p = 0.09), greater concentration of CLA C18:2t10c12 (p = 0.01), and PUFA (p = 0.05), and consequently, higher oxidation levels. Angus bulls produced beef with greater tenderness and PUFA concentration. The results of fatty acid show a possible change in biohydrogenation when animals are fed the WSC diet, reducing lipogenesis, as this diet increases the C18:2t10c12 content.

Fatty acid profile and beef quality of Nellore and Angus bulls fed whole shelled corn

This study aimed to evaluate the quality traits and fatty acid profile of beef from Nellore and Angus bulls fed whole shelled corn (WSC) and ground corn plus maize silage (GC) diets. Eighteen Nellore and 18 Angus young bulls [381 ± 12 kg initial body weight (BW) and an average age of 20 ± 1.9 months] were used in a completely randomized design using a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement and were slaughtered at a final BW of 451.5 kg and 545.5 kg, respectively. Twenty­four hours after slaughter, samples of longissimus thoracis muscle were collected for the analysis of lipid oxidation, color, fatty acid profile, shear force, and cooking loss. There was no effect of diet × breed interaction on meat color, lipid oxidation, shear force, and cooking loss. Angus beef had lower shear force (p < 0.05) than Nellore beef and had a greater concentration of linoleic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (p < 0.01). Beef of bulls fed WSC tended to have greater concentration of CLA C18:2c9t11 (p = 0.09), greater concentration of CLA C18:2t10c12 (p = 0.01), and PUFA (p = 0.05), and consequently, higher oxidation levels. Angus bulls produced beef with greater tenderness and PUFA concentration. The results of fatty acid show a possible change in biohydrogenation when animals are fed the WSC diet, reducing lipogenesis, as this diet increases the C18:2t10c12 content.

Reference gene selection for quantitative PCR in liver, skeletal muscle, and jejunum of Bos indicus cattle

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the stability of candidate reference genes and select the genes that can be used for normalizing realtime polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the liver, skeletal muscle, and jejunum tissues of Nellore or Nellore × Angus steers fed different diets. Fourteen purebred and 14 crossbred steers were used, in which half of the animals of each genetic group received a diet containing whole shelled corn (WSC) and the other half whole shelled corn and sugarcane bagasse (WSCB). Stability was analyzed by the RefFinder program. To validate the selection of candidate reference genes, the expression of target genes was evaluated using the different groups of reference genes. The most stable genes were 18S, ACTB, and CASC3 for skeletal muscle; HMBS, ACTB, and 18S for the liver; and GAPDH, ACTB, and CASC3 for the jejunum, regardless of breed and diet provided. Possible errors caused in data analyses were clarified comparing the more and less stable genes as reference for normalization of the target genes FASN, ACOX, SCD1, MGAM, and SLC2A1. The use of the more stable and less stable sets of reference genes may lead to different conclusions in respect to the expression profile of the target studied gene. The selection of more suitable reference genes for each experiment is of utmost importance to ensure the reliability of gene expression studies so that they can be applied in practice.(AU)

Fatty acid profile and beef quality of Nellore and Angus bulls fed whole shelled corn

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to evaluate the quality traits and fatty acid profile of beef from Nellore and Angus bulls fed whole shelled corn (WSC) and ground corn plus maize silage (GC) diets. Eighteen Nellore and 18 Angus young bulls [381 ± 12 kg initial body weight (BW) and an average age of 20 ± 1.9 months] were used in a completely randomized design using a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement and were slaughtered at a final BW of 451.5 kg and 545.5 kg, respectively. Twentyfour hours after slaughter, samples of longissimus thoracis muscle were collected for the analysis of lipid oxidation, color, fatty acid profile, shear force, and cooking loss. There was no effect of diet × breed interaction on meat color, lipid oxidation, shear force, and cooking loss. Angus beef had lower shear force (p 0.05) than Nellore beef and had a greater concentration of linoleic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (p 0.01). Beef of bulls fed WSC tended to have greater concentration of CLA C18:2c9t11 (p = 0.09), greater concentration of CLA C18:2t10c12 (p = 0.01), and PUFA (p = 0.05), and consequently, higher oxidation levels. Angus bulls produced beef with greater tenderness and PUFA concentration. The results of fatty acid show a possible change in biohydrogenation when animals are fed the WSC diet, reducing lipogenesis, as this diet increases the C18:2t10c12 content.

Intake, physiological parameters and behavior of Angus and Nellore bulls subjected to heat stress / Consumo, parâmetros fisiológicos e comportamento de tourinhos Angus e Nelore submetidos a estresse por calor

Genetics differences between breeds may determine the tolerance to high temperature, effect dry matter intake and consequently cattle performance. The effect of temperature and humidity index (THI) on diurnal, nocturnal and daily intake, water intake, physiologic parameters and behavior of Nellore (B. indicus) and Angus (B. taurus) bulls were evaluated. Eight Angus and eight Nellore young bulls (337±7.4 kg and 16 months of age) were allocated in two climate-controlled rooms for 32 days. In the period 1, all bulls were housed in thermoneutral conditions (TN, THI = 72.6) for 10 days. In period 2 (10 days), four Angus and four Nellore bulls were subjected to low heat stress (LHS, THI = 76.4) in daytime, and four Angus and four Nellore bulls were subjected to high heat stress (HHS, THI = 81.5) in daytime. The diurnal and daily dry matter intake (DMI) of Nellore were not affected (P>0.05) by heat stress. However, Angus bulls decreased diurnal DMI by 24% and daily DMI decreased (P 0.05) by 15% on HHS. In TN Angus bulls had higher (P 0.05) daily DMI (36.2 g/kg of BW) than Nellore (29.1 g/kg of BW), but in HHS they had similar (P>0.05) daily DMI (31.6 and 30.2 g/kg of BW, respectively). We observed an increase (P 0.05) in respiratory frequency, but water intake was not affected (P>0.05) by heat stress. The heart rate decreased (P 0.05) with heat stress. No differences were found (P>0.05) in feeding behavior. Therefore, THI stress threshold should distinct for Angus and Nellore bulls. The use of feed intake information may improve the prediction of thermic discomfort on specific climate condition.(AU)

Diferenças genéticas entre raças podem determinar a tolerância a temperaturas elevadas, afetar o consumo de alimentos e consequentemente o desempenho de bovinos. Avaliou-se o efeito do índice de temperatura e umidade (ITU) sobre o consumo diurno, noturno e diário de matéria seca (MS), ingestão diária de água, parâmetros fisiológicos e comportamento de tourinhos da raça Nelore (Bos indicus) e da raça Angus (Bos taurus). Foram utilizados oito tourinhos da raça Nelore e da raça oito Angus (337 ± 7,4 kg e 16 meses de idade) alocados em duas salas climatizadas por 32 dias. No primeiro período, todos os tourinhos foram alojados em condições de termoneutralidade (TN, ITU = 72,6) por 10 dias. No segundo período (10 dias) quatro tourinhos da raça Angus e quatro da raça Nelore foram submetidos a baixo estresse por calor (BEC, ITU = 76,4) durante o dia e quatro tourinhos Angus e quatro Nelore foram submetidos a alto estresse por calor (AEC, ITU = 81,5) durante o dia. O consumo diurno e diário de matéria seca (MS) dos animais da raça Nelore não foi afetado (P> 0,05) pelo estresse calórico. No entanto, os tourinhos da raça Angus reduziram o CMS diurno em 24% e a CMS diário reduziu (P 0,05) em 15% sob AEC. No TN, os animais da raça Angus apresentaram maior (P 0,05) CMS diário (36,2 g / kg de PC) que os da raça Nelore (29,1 g / kg do PC), mas em AEC eles tiveram (P> 0,05) CMS semelhantes (31,6 e 30,2 g / kg do PC, respectivamente). Observou-se aumento (P <0,05) na frequência respiratória, mas a ingestão de água não foi afetada (P> 0,05) pelo estresse calórico. A Frequência cardíaca diminuiu (P <0,05) com o estresse calórico. Não foi observado efeito do ITU (P> 0,05) sobre o comportamento alimentar. Portanto,recomenda-se o uso de intervalos distintos de ITU para indicar segurança térmica em tourinhos das raças Angus e Nelore.(AU)

Intake, physiological parameters and behavior of Angus and Nellore bulls subjected to heat stress / Consumo, parâmetros fisiológicos e comportamento de tourinhos Angus e Nelore submetidos a estresse por calor

Genetics differences between breeds may determine the tolerance to high temperature, effect dry matter intake and consequently cattle performance. The effect of temperature and humidity index (THI) on diurnal, nocturnal and daily intake, water intake, physiologic parameters and behavior of Nellore (B. indicus) and Angus (B. taurus) bulls were evaluated. Eight Angus and eight Nellore young bulls (337±7.4 kg and 16 months of age) were allocated in two climate-controlled rooms for 32 days. In the period 1, all bulls were housed in thermoneutral conditions (TN, THI = 72.6) for 10 days. In period 2 (10 days), four Angus and four Nellore bulls were subjected to low heat stress (LHS, THI = 76.4) in daytime, and four Angus and four Nellore bulls were subjected to high heat stress (HHS, THI = 81.5) in daytime. The diurnal and daily dry matter intake (DMI) of Nellore were not affected (P>0.05) by heat stress. However, Angus bulls decreased diurnal DMI by 24% and daily DMI decreased (P 0.05) by 15% on HHS. In TN Angus bulls had higher (P 0.05) daily DMI (36.2 g/kg of BW) than Nellore (29.1 g/kg of BW), but in HHS they had similar (P>0.05) daily DMI (31.6 and 30.2 g/kg of BW, respectively). We observed an increase (P 0.05) in respiratory frequency, but water intake was not affected (P>0.05) by heat stress. The heart rate decreased (P 0.05) with heat stress. No differences were found (P>0.05) in feeding behavior. Therefore, THI stress threshold should distinct for Angus and Nellore bulls. The use of feed intake information may improve the prediction of thermic discomfort on specific climate condition.

Diferenças genéticas entre raças podem determinar a tolerância a temperaturas elevadas, afetar o consumo de alimentos e consequentemente o desempenho de bovinos. Avaliou-se o efeito do índice de temperatura e umidade (ITU) sobre o consumo diurno, noturno e diário de matéria seca (MS), ingestão diária de água, parâmetros fisiológicos e comportamento de tourinhos da raça Nelore (Bos indicus) e da raça Angus (Bos taurus). Foram utilizados oito tourinhos da raça Nelore e da raça oito Angus (337 ± 7,4 kg e 16 meses de idade) alocados em duas salas climatizadas por 32 dias. No primeiro período, todos os tourinhos foram alojados em condições de termoneutralidade (TN, ITU = 72,6) por 10 dias. No segundo período (10 dias) quatro tourinhos da raça Angus e quatro da raça Nelore foram submetidos a baixo estresse por calor (BEC, ITU = 76,4) durante o dia e quatro tourinhos Angus e quatro Nelore foram submetidos a alto estresse por calor (AEC, ITU = 81,5) durante o dia. O consumo diurno e diário de matéria seca (MS) dos animais da raça Nelore não foi afetado (P> 0,05) pelo estresse calórico. No entanto, os tourinhos da raça Angus reduziram o CMS diurno em 24% e a CMS diário reduziu (P 0,05) em 15% sob AEC. No TN, os animais da raça Angus apresentaram maior (P 0,05) CMS diário (36,2 g / kg de PC) que os da raça Nelore (29,1 g / kg do PC), mas em AEC eles tiveram (P> 0,05) CMS semelhantes (31,6 e 30,2 g / kg do PC, respectivamente). Observou-se aumento (P 0,05) pelo estresse calórico. A Frequência cardíaca diminuiu (P 0,05) sobre o comportamento alimentar. Portanto,recomenda-se o uso de intervalos distintos de ITU para indicar segurança térmica em tourinhos das raças Angus e Nelore.

Características de carcaça e cortes comerciais de tourinhos Red Norte suplementados com óleos de fritura e soja terminados em confinamento / Characteristics of carcass and commercial meat cuts of Red Norte young bulls supplemented with fry and soybeans oil finished in feedlot

The objective of this study was to evaluate the characteristic of carcass and commercial meat cuts from Red Norte young bulls finished in feedlot supplemented with fry and soybeans oil. Twenty seven Red Norte animals at initial average weight of 317 ± 33kg were used. The animals received ad libitum feed with concentrate:roughage ratio of 40:60, being: control diet; supplementation with soybeans oil and supplementation with fry oil, during 112 days, from which 28 days were for adaptation, and slaughtered with 481,0; 488,7 e 462,6kg to treatments control, supplemented with soybeans oil and with fry oil respectively. The subcutaneous fat thickness (FT) and longissimus muscle area (LMA) were measured between the 12th e 13th ribs. The supplementation with lipids sources did not influence the final weight, hot carcass weight, cold carcass weight, LMA, FT, losses by cooling, weight and yield of the forequarter, hindquarter and spare ribs cuts. However the carcass dressing was lower to animals supplemented with soybeans oil. The final pH was higher (P<0,01) to carcasses of the animals supplemented with fry oil, and the final temperature (P<0,02) was higher to animals supplemented with lipids than to animals without supplementation. The lipid supplementation used to young bulls in feedlot did not influence the carcass characteristics. However, animals supplemented with fry oil presented DFD meat, whereas animals supplemented with soybeans oil had lower dressing carcass.(AU)

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar as características de carcaça e cortes comerciais de tourinhos Red Norte suplementados com óleos de fritura e de soja terminados em confinamento. Utilizaram-se 27 animais Red Norte com peso corporal inicial médio de 317 ± 33kg. Os animais receberam ração ad libitum com relação volumoso:concentrado 40:60, sendo: dieta controle; suplementados com óleo de soja e suplementados com óleo de fritura, durante 112 dias, sendo 28 dias de adaptação, e abatidos com 481,0; 488,7 e 462,6kg para os tratamentos controle, suplementados com óleo de soja e óleo de fritura respectivamente. A espessura de gordura subcutânea (EGS) e a área de olho de lombo (AOL) foram medidas entre a 12a e 13a costelas. A suplementação com fontes lipídicas não influenciaram o peso final, peso de carcaça quente, peso de carcaça fria, AOL, EGS, perdas por resfriamento, pesos e rendimentos dos cortes dianteiro, traseiro especial e ponta de agulha. Entretanto o rendimento de carcaça foi menor para animais suplementados com óleo de soja. O pH final foi maior (P<0,01) para as carcaças dos animais suplementados com óleo de fritura, e a temperatura final (P<0,02), foi maior para os animais com suplementação lipídica em relação aos animais sem suplementação. A suplementação lipídica utilizada para tourinhos em confinamento não influenciou as características de carcaça. Entretanto, animais suplementados com óleo de fritura apresentaram carne DFD, enquanto os animais suplementados com óleo de soja apresentaram menor rendimento de carcaça.(AU)

Carcass characteristics of zebu steers receiving different oleaginous grains / Características de carcaça de novilhos zebuínos recebendo diferentes grãos de oleaginosas

This research aimed to evaluate carcass traits of Zebu steers fed different oleaginous grains. Thirty one 23 months old zebu steers with 365 + 37.5 kg of live weight were used. The diets consisted of corn silage and four different concentrates; no additional lipids and three different ground oilseeds sources: soybean, cottonseed and linseed. The diets had concentrate: roughage ratio of 60:40 and were offered ad libitum. The experimental period was of 84 days, preceded by a 28 day adaptation period. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design and the means were compared by Scott-Knott test at 5% level of probability. The CS inclusion of into the diet decreased (p < 0.05) carcass yield of the animals. The hindquarter was heavier (p < 0.05) with the addition of SB to the diet. The spare ribs had the highest performance (p < 0.05) and outside flat was heavier (p < 0.05) when the animals were submitted to CS and FS diets. The CS addition to the diet improved carcass characteristics.

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar as características da carcaça em novilhos Zebuínos alimentados com inclusão de fontes de lipídeos moídas. Utilizaram-se 31 novilhos Zebuínos com idade média inicial de 23 meses e peso vivo inicial de 365 + 37,5 kg. As dietas consistiram em silagem de milho e quatro concentrados, sendo um sem lipídeo adicional (SLA) e três com a inclusão de diferentes grãos de oleaginosas moídas: grão de soja (GS), caroço de algodão (CA) e semente de linhaça (SL). As rações apresentaram relação concentrado: volumoso 60:40 e foram fornecidas ad libitum. O período experimental teve duração de 84 dias sendo precedido de um período de adaptação de 28 dias. O delineamento utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, sendo as médias dos tratamentos comparadas pelo teste Scott & Knott no nível de 5% de probabilidade. Com a inclusão de CA observou-se diminuição (p < 0,05) do rendimento de carcaça dos animais. O traseiro especial foi mais pesado (p < 0,05) com a inclusão GS na dieta. O maior rendimento (p < 0,05) da ponta de agulha e maior peso (p < 0,05) de coxão duro foram verificados com a inclusão de CA e SL na dieta. A inclusão de GS na dieta melhora as características de carcaça.

Carcass characteristics of zebu steers receiving different oleaginous grains / Características de carcaça de novilhos zebuínos recebendo diferentes grãos de oleaginosas

This research aimed to evaluate carcass traits of Zebu steers fed different oleaginous grains. Thirty one 23 months old zebu steers with 365 + 37.5 kg of live weight were used. The diets consisted of corn silage and four different concentrates; no additional lipids and three different ground oilseeds sources: soybean, cottonseed and linseed. The diets had concentrate: roughage ratio of 60:40 and were offered ad libitum. The experimental period was of 84 days, preceded by a 28 day adaptation period. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design and the means were compared by Scott-Knott test at 5% level of probability. The CS inclusion of into the diet decreased (p < 0.05) carcass yield of the animals. The hindquarter was heavier (p < 0.05) with the addition of SB to the diet. The spare ribs had the highest performance (p < 0.05) and outside flat was heavier (p < 0.05) when the animals were submitted to CS and FS diets. The CS addition to the diet improved carcass characteristics.(AU)

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar as características da carcaça em novilhos Zebuínos alimentados com inclusão de fontes de lipídeos moídas. Utilizaram-se 31 novilhos Zebuínos com idade média inicial de 23 meses e peso vivo inicial de 365 + 37,5 kg. As dietas consistiram em silagem de milho e quatro concentrados, sendo um sem lipídeo adicional (SLA) e três com a inclusão de diferentes grãos de oleaginosas moídas: grão de soja (GS), caroço de algodão (CA) e semente de linhaça (SL). As rações apresentaram relação concentrado: volumoso 60:40 e foram fornecidas ad libitum. O período experimental teve duração de 84 dias sendo precedido de um período de adaptação de 28 dias. O delineamento utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, sendo as médias dos tratamentos comparadas pelo teste Scott & Knott no nível de 5% de probabilidade. Com a inclusão de CA observou-se diminuição (p < 0,05) do rendimento de carcaça dos animais. O traseiro especial foi mais pesado (p < 0,05) com a inclusão GS na dieta. O maior rendimento (p < 0,05) da ponta de agulha e maior peso (p < 0,05) de coxão duro foram verificados com a inclusão de CA e SL na dieta. A inclusão de GS na dieta melhora as características de carcaça.(AU)

Características de carcaça e cortes comerciais de tourinhos Red Norte suplementados com óleos de fritura e soja terminados em confinamento / Characteristics of carcass and commercial meat cuts of Red Norte young bulls supplemented with fry and soybeans oil finished in feedlot

The objective of this study was to evaluate the characteristic of carcass and commercial meat cuts from Red Norte young bulls finished in feedlot supplemented with fry and soybeans oil. Twenty seven Red Norte animals at initial average weight of 317 ± 33kg were used. The animals received ad libitum feed with concentrate:roughage ratio of 40:60, being: control diet; supplementation with soybeans oil and supplementation with fry oil, during 112 days, from which 28 days were for adaptation, and slaughtered with 481,0; 488,7 e 462,6kg to treatments control, supplemented with soybeans oil and with fry oil respectively. The subcutaneous fat thickness (FT) and longissimus muscle area (LMA) were measured between the 12th e 13th ribs. The supplementation with lipids sources did not influence the final weight, hot carcass weight, cold carcass weight, LMA, FT, losses by cooling, weight and yield of the forequarter, hindquarter and spare ribs cuts. However the carcass dressing was lower to animals supplemented with soybeans oil. The final pH was higher (P<0,01) to carcasses of the animals supplemented with fry oil, and the final temperature (P<0,02) was higher to animals supplemented with lipids than to animals without supplementation. The lipid supplementation used to young bulls in feedlot did not influence the carcass characteristics. However, animals supplemented with fry oil presented DFD meat, whereas animals supplemented with soybeans oil had lower dressing carcass.

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar as características de carcaça e cortes comerciais de tourinhos Red Norte suplementados com óleos de fritura e de soja terminados em confinamento. Utilizaram-se 27 animais Red Norte com peso corporal inicial médio de 317 ± 33kg. Os animais receberam ração ad libitum com relação volumoso:concentrado 40:60, sendo: dieta controle; suplementados com óleo de soja e suplementados com óleo de fritura, durante 112 dias, sendo 28 dias de adaptação, e abatidos com 481,0; 488,7 e 462,6kg para os tratamentos controle, suplementados com óleo de soja e óleo de fritura respectivamente. A espessura de gordura subcutânea (EGS) e a área de olho de lombo (AOL) foram medidas entre a 12a e 13a costelas. A suplementação com fontes lipídicas não influenciaram o peso final, peso de carcaça quente, peso de carcaça fria, AOL, EGS, perdas por resfriamento, pesos e rendimentos dos cortes dianteiro, traseiro especial e ponta de agulha. Entretanto o rendimento de carcaça foi menor para animais suplementados com óleo de soja. O pH final foi maior (P<0,01) para as carcaças dos animais suplementados com óleo de fritura, e a temperatura final (P<0,02), foi maior para os animais com suplementação lipídica em relação aos animais sem suplementação. A suplementação lipídica utilizada para tourinhos em confinamento não influenciou as características de carcaça. Entretanto, animais suplementados com óleo de fritura apresentaram carne DFD, enquanto os animais suplementados com óleo de soja apresentaram menor rendimento de carcaça.