Presence of selected organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in sediments and biota of River Satluj, Pakistan: first report / Presença de pesticidas organoclorados selecionados (OCPs) em sedimentos e biota do Rio Satluj, Paquistão: primeiro relatório

In the developed countries, the use of OCPs (organochlorine pesticides) has been banned. However, in South Asia several of them are still in use. In Pakistan and India a constant addition of OCPs into the atmosphere has been indicated by various researchers. In this study levels of selected organochlorine pesticide residues were assessed in sediment and biota collected from four (4) water reservoirs (3 Barrages & 1 Siphon) on the River Satluj Pakistan, along 231 miles (372 km) of River stretch which was further divided into 12 sampling sites. It was aimed to find out the levels of organochlorine pesticide (OCPs) residues in sediments and from selected fish species (Labeo rohita, Wallagu attu, Cyprinus carpio) of the River Satluj Pakistan. The Organochlorine residues (seven pesticides) present in samples of sediments and biota were investigated through multi residue method, using Gas Chromatograph (GC-ECD).In the current study, the concentration of DDT, was investigated in Wallago attu (0.786-3.987 ppb), Labeo rohita (0.779-4.355 ppb) and Cyprinus carpio (1.234-5.654 ppb). DDE was also found in Cyprinus carpio (1.244-6.322 ppb), Wallag attu (0.877-4.221 ppb) and Labeo rohita (2.112-5.897 ppb). Aldrin was not observed in Labeo rohita and Wallago attu. Currently, lindane and DDE was found predominately high in the sediments of study area at SZ-4 (Panjnad Barrage) ranging (2.238-8.226 ppb) and (4.234-6.876 ppb), respectively. Heaptachlor was found only at SZ-4 (Panjnad Barrage) from the sediments with concentration ranging (0.032-234 ppb). In short all other residues investigated were found below the MCL (maximum concentration level) in all the compartments of the study area set by various agencies like WHO/FAO- Codex Alimenterious.

Nos países desenvolvidos, o uso de OCPs (pesticidas organoclorados) foi proibido. No entanto, no sul da Ásia, vários deles ainda estão em uso. No Paquistão e na Índia, uma adição constante de OCPs na atmosfera foi indicada por vários pesquisadores. Neste estudo, os níveis de resíduos de pesticidas organoclorados selecionados foram avaliados em sedimentos e biota coletados de 4 reservatórios de água (3 barragens e 1 sifão) no rio Satluj, Paquistão, ao longo de 231 milhas (372 km) do trecho do rio, que foi posteriormente dividido em 12 locais de amostragem. O objetivo foi descobrir os níveis de resíduos de pesticidas organoclorados (OCPs) em sedimentos e de espécies de peixes selecionadas (Labeo rohita, Wallagu attu, Cyprinus carpio) do rio Satluj, Paquistão. Os resíduos de organoclorados (7 pesticidas) presentes em amostras de sedimentos e biota foram investigados através do método multirresíduos, utilizando cromatógrafo a gás (GC-ECD). No presente estudo, a concentração de DDT foi investigada em Wallago attu (0,786-3,987 ppb ), Labeo rohita (0,779-4,355 ppb) e Cyprinus carpio (1,234-5,654 ppb). DDE também foi encontrado em Cyprinus carpio (1.244-6.322 ppb), Wallag attu (0.877-4.221 ppb) e Labeo rohita (2.112-5.897 ppb). Aldrin não foi observada em Labeo rohita e Wallago attu. Atualmente, lindano e DDE foram encontrados predominantemente altos nos sedimentos da área de estudo em SZ-4 (Panjnad Barrage) variando (2.238-8.226 ppb) e (4.234-6.876 ppb), respectivamente. Heaptacloro foi encontrado apenas em SZ-4 (Panjnad Barrage) dos sedimentos com concentração variando (0,032-234 ppb). Em suma, todos os outros resíduos investigados foram encontrados abaixo do MCL (nível de concentração máxima) em todos os compartimentos da área de estudo definidos por várias agências como a OMS / FAO-Codex Alimenterious.

The level and distribution of selected organochlorine pesticides in water of River Satluj Pakistan / Nível e distribuição de pesticidas organoclorados selecionados na água do Rio Satluj Paquistão

The study was aimed to identify different environmental factors (selected organochlorine pesticides) affecting the river water of Satluj. River Sutlej is about 1400 kilometers long and its water is extensively used for irrigation in Punjab, located both in India and Pakistan, which was also a reason of dispute between both countries for its water share. The study area was divided into four zones, Sulemanki Zone, Islam Zone, Mailsi Syphone Zone and Panjnad Zone. Liquid Liquid Extraction (LLE) technique was used for the collected water samples followed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) UV-Visible detector The current finding revealed that aldrin was not detected during summer period in water samples of SZ-1 (Sulemanki Barrage), SZ-2 and SZ-3 (Maisli Siphon) of the study area. Lindane and DDE were found more in the samples of sediments from the study area at SZ-4 ranging from 2.238-8.226 ppb and 4.234-6.876 ppb, respectively. Heaptachlor (in sediments) was found to be0.032-234 ppb only at SZ-4.Endosulfan concentrations in water (winter) at SZ-3 was 0.06 ppb and at SZ-4,it was 0.05 ppb; dieldrin in water (winter) at SZ-4 was 0.0314 ppb and heptachlor was detected at SZ-1 (0.0315 ppb) and SZ-2 (0.0310 ppb) in water during winter season, were reaching to the Maximum Concentrations Limits (MCL), while all other residues investigated were found below the MCLin all the compartments of the study area set by various agencies like WHO/FAO- Codex Alimenterious. Present findings revealed that although the organochlorine pesticides are banned for agricultural use in many countries, including Pakistan, their presence in various samples might be due to illegal use of these pesticides in the study area and its neighboring regions. The overall study area comprises of mainly urban, suburban and agricultural land being the largest cotton growing area of the country. There is a need to take serious steps to minimize water pollution caused by pesticides to achieve a healthy lifestyle.

O estudo teve como objetivo identificar diferentes fatores ambientais (pesticidas organoclorados selecionados) que afetam a água do rio Satluj. O rio Sutlej tem cerca de 1.400 quilômetros de extensão e sua água é amplamente utilizada para irrigação no Punjab, localizado tanto na Índia quanto no Paquistão, o que também foi motivo de disputa entre os dois países por sua cota de água. A área de estudo foi dividida em quatro zonas, Zona Sulemanki, Zona Islam, Zona Mailsi Syphone e Zona Panjnad. A técnica de extração líquida líquida (LLE) foi usada para as amostras de água coletadas seguida de cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC) Detector UV-Visível, SZ-2 e SZ-3 (Sifão Maisli) da área de estudo. Lindano e DDE foram mais encontrados nas amostras de sedimentos da área de estudo na SZ-4 variando de 2.238-8.226 ppb e 4.234-6.876 ppb, respectivamente. O heptacloro (em sedimentos) foi encontrado em 0,032-234 ppb apenas em SZ-4. As concentrações de endosulfan na água (inverno) em SZ-3 foram de 0,06 ppb, e em SZ-4, de 0,05 ppb; dieldrin em água (inverno) em SZ-4 foi de 0,0314 ppb e heptacloro foi detectado em SZ-1 (0,0315 ppb) e SZ-2 (0,0310 ppb) em água durante o inverno, atingindo os Limites Máximos de Concentrações (LCM), enquanto todos os demais resíduos investigados foram encontrados abaixo do MCL em todos os compartimentos da área de estudo definidos por diversos órgãos, como OMS/FAO ­ Codex Alimenterious. Os resultados atuais revelaram que, embora os pesticidas organoclorados sejam proibidos para uso agrícola em muitos países, incluindo o Paquistão, sua presença em várias amostras pode ser devido ao uso ilegal desses pesticidas na área de estudo e regiões vizinhas. A área total de estudo compreende principalmente áreas urbanas, suburbanas e agrícolas, sendo a maior área de cultivo de algodão do país. Há uma necessidade de tomar medidas sérias para minimizar a poluição da água causada por pesticidas para alcançar um estilo de vida saudável.

The Role of ß-Mannanase (Hemicell) in Improving Poultry Productivity, Health and Environment

The poultry nutritionists constantly attempt to identify and alleviate the factors responsible for adverse effects on nutrient utilization and production performance in avian species, which are necessary for successful productivity of poultry. Enhanced feed utilization can reduce levels of some nutrients in the diet with concomitant mitigation in nutrient excretion into the environment, reduction of eutrophication and acidification potentials of excreta. Commercial enzymes have been used to improve feed efficiency and utilization in poultry. Among many anti-nutritional factors, the existence of ß-mannans in poultry feed ingredients including soybean and other leguminous seeds has been associated with negative effects on nutrient digestibility and high intestinal viscosity that adversely affects innate immunity and microbial proliferation in poultry gut. The ß-mannanase (a commercial product named as Hemicell) can hydrolyze ß-mannan, an anti-nutritional fiber present in many poultry feed ingredients. Supplement of ß-mannanase to ß-mannan-rich diets may boost the population of intestinal beneficial bacteria, increase the digestibility of mannans, enhance the immunity, suppresses the growth of harmful intestinal bacteria, enhance the digestion and absorption of nutrients in intestinal tracts and reduce the environmental pollution due to poultry excreta. Supplementation of -mannanase at the level of 200 and 400 mg/kg in poultry diets has positively improved blood glucose and anabolic hormone homeostasis, FCR, digestible energy, and digestible amino acids. This review describes the promising beneficial effects of -mannanase, which may be used in the poultry feed industry for economic benefits. Another objective of this review is to explore the underlying mechanisms of ß-mannanase that can influence growth, digestion coefficients of nutrients, health and metabolism of nutrients in poultry birds and also the knowledge regarding the useful application of this feed enzyme in the commercial poultry feed industry.(AU)

The Role of ß-Mannanase (Hemicell) in Improving Poultry Productivity, Health and Environment

The poultry nutritionists constantly attempt to identify and alleviate the factors responsible for adverse effects on nutrient utilization and production performance in avian species, which are necessary for successful productivity of poultry. Enhanced feed utilization can reduce levels of some nutrients in the diet with concomitant mitigation in nutrient excretion into the environment, reduction of eutrophication and acidification potentials of excreta. Commercial enzymes have been used to improve feed efficiency and utilization in poultry. Among many anti-nutritional factors, the existence of ß-mannans in poultry feed ingredients including soybean and other leguminous seeds has been associated with negative effects on nutrient digestibility and high intestinal viscosity that adversely affects innate immunity and microbial proliferation in poultry gut. The ß-mannanase (a commercial product named as Hemicell) can hydrolyze ß-mannan, an anti-nutritional fiber present in many poultry feed ingredients. Supplement of ß-mannanase to ß-mannan-rich diets may boost the population of intestinal beneficial bacteria, increase the digestibility of mannans, enhance the immunity, suppresses the growth of harmful intestinal bacteria, enhance the digestion and absorption of nutrients in intestinal tracts and reduce the environmental pollution due to poultry excreta. Supplementation of -mannanase at the level of 200 and 400 mg/kg in poultry diets has positively improved blood glucose and anabolic hormone homeostasis, FCR, digestible energy, and digestible amino acids. This review describes the promising beneficial effects of -mannanase, which may be used in the poultry feed industry for economic benefits. Another objective of this review is to explore the underlying mechanisms of ß-mannanase that can influence growth, digestion coefficients of nutrients, health and metabolism of nutrients in poultry birds and also the knowledge regarding the useful application of this feed enzyme in the commercial poultry feed industry.

Bioaccumulation of lead in different organs of Ctenopharyngodon Idella (grass fish) and Tor putitora (Mahseer) fish / Bioacumulação de chumbo em diferentes órgãos de peixes Ctenopharyngodon idella (carpa-capim) e Tor putitora (Mahseer)

Bioaccumulation of toxic heavy metals in the human body can give rise to adverse health effects, the severity of which depends upon their dosage and duration of exposure. In this study, yearlings of two different species of edible fish, i.e., Tor putitora (Mahseer) and Ctenopharyngodon Idella (grass carp), were exposed to different concentrations of lead nitrate in a controlled environment of aquarium for three different lengths of duration (14, 28, and 60 days). The bioaccumulation of lead in different organs, including gills, skin, muscles, liver, intestine, and swim bladder of the fish, was assessed using atomic absorption spectrometry. Generally, the highest lead concentration was observed in the gills and lowest in the muscles for both species at each experimental dosage and duration. In 14-days exposure, the relative pattern of bioaccumulation in different organs was observed as gill > liver > skin > intestine > swim bladder > muscle for both fish species. Similarly, the pattern of bioaccumulation observed in 28-days exposure was as: gill > liver > intestine > skin > swim bladder > muscle in both species. Whereas, pattern in 60-days exposure was observed as gill > liver > intestine > swim bladder > muscle > skin. The data shows that grass carp had stored higher concentrations of lead than Mahseer, which may be attributed to the fact that they are omnivorous. Furthermore, the lowest bioaccumulation was recorded in the muscles until the 56th day of the exposure, after which the concentration steadily increased in the muscles. The observed pattern highlights the importance of exposure's duration to lead; chronic exposure could result in its bioaccumulation at toxic concentrations in the muscles, which is particularly of concern because the fish muscles are heavily consumed as food worldwide.

A bioacumulação de metais pesados tóxicos no corpo humano pode causar efeitos adversos à saúde, cuja gravidade depende de sua dosagem e duração da exposição. Neste estudo, filhotes de duas espécies diferentes de peixes comestíveis, ou seja, Tor putitora (Mahseer) e Ctenopharyngodon idella (carpa-capim), foram expostos a diferentes concentrações de nitrato de chumbo em um ambiente controlado de aquário por três diferentes períodos de duração (14, 28 e 60 dias). A bioacumulação de chumbo em diferentes órgãos, incluindo brânquias, pele, músculos, fígado, intestino e bexiga natatória dos peixes, foi avaliada por espectrometria de absorção atômica. Geralmente, a maior concentração de chumbo foi observada nas brânquias e a menor nos músculos para ambas as espécies em cada dosagem e duração experimental. Na exposição de 14 dias, o padrão relativo de bioacumulação em diferentes órgãos foi observado como brânquia > fígado > pele > intestino > bexiga natatória > músculo para ambas as espécies de peixes. Da mesma forma, o padrão de bioacumulação observado em 28 dias de exposição foi: brânquia > fígado > intestino > pele > bexiga natatória > músculo em ambas as espécies. Já o padrão de exposição de 60 dias foi observado como brânquia > fígado > intestino > bexiga natatória > músculo > pele. Os dados mostram que a carpa-capim armazenou maiores concentrações de chumbo do que a Mahseer, o que pode ser atribuído ao fato de serem onívoras. Além disso, a menor bioacumulação foi registrada nos músculos até o 56º dia de exposição, após o que a concentração aumentou de forma constante nos músculos. O padrão observado destaca a importância da duração da exposição ao chumbo; a exposição crônica pode resultar em sua bioacumulação em concentrações tóxicas nos músculos, o que é particularmente preocupante porque os músculos dos peixes são muito consumidos como alimento em todo o mundo.