Resumo
Leishmaniasis is a neglected zoonotic disease caused by a variety of pathogenic Leishmania species. In the New World, especially in Brazil, visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is caused by Leishmania infantum. The pathogen can infect several animal species including dogs, foxes, rodents, primates, felines, equines and humans. Dogs act as the primary domestic reservoirs. This study aimed to use polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detecting Leishmania infection in horses living in a canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) endemic region. DNA samples from horse peripheral blood were used to perform PCR. Templates were amplified using primers for the kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) minicircles, which were able to detect different species of Leishmania. In addition, primers for internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of ribosomal DNA were used for detection of Trypanosomatidae sp. Amongst the 75 (39%) positive PCR samples from total 192 samples, 21 samples were positive for kDNA and 63 samples were positive for either ITS, ITS1, or ITS2 gene markers. The kDNA PCR and sequencing allowed the detection of L. infantum in horse blood samples. To our knowledge, this is the first report of equine infection with L. infantum in Southern Brazil. These results proved that L. infantum could also infect horses in addition to humans and dogs, as well as in European countries. This conclusion emphasizes the urgent need to follow up investigation of the infection in these animals.
A leishmaniose é uma doença zoonótica negligenciada, causada por uma diversidade de espécies patogênicas de Leishmania. No Novo Mundo, especialmente no Brasil, a leishmaniose visceral é causada pelo protozoário Leishmania infantum. A infecção acomete várias espécies animais (cães, raposas, roedores, primatas, felinos, equinos) e humanos e o cão é o principal reservatório doméstico. Este estudo teve como objetivo utilizar a reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) para detectar a infecção por Leishmania sp. em cavalos que vivem em uma região endêmica para leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC). Amostras de DNA do sangue periférico de equinos foram utilizadas para extração de DNA e PCR. As amplificações foram realizadas utilizando-se marcadores para a região do DNA do cinetoplasto (kDNA), que são capazes de detectar diferentes espécies de Leishmania sp. e a região dos espaçadores internos transcritos (ITS) do DNA ribossomal para detecção da família Trypanosomatidae. Dentre os 192 animais testados, 75 (39%) amostras foram positivas no PCR, 21 amostras foram positivas para PCR kDNA e 63 para os genes ITS, ITS1 e ITS2. O sequenciamento dos amplicons permitiu detectar L. infantum em amostras de sangue periférico de equinos. Este foi o primeiro relato de infecção por L. infantum no sul do Brasil na espécie equina. Os resultados demonstram que, assim como nos países europeus, a infecção foi detectada em equinos após ter sido identificada em seres humanos e cães, o que indica a urgência em acompanhar a investigação da infecção nessa espécie animal.
Assuntos
Animais , Cavalos , Leishmania infantum , Leishmaniose Visceral/diagnóstico , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterináriaResumo
Leishmaniasis is a neglected zoonotic disease caused by a variety of pathogenic Leishmania species. In the New World, especially in Brazil, visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is caused by Leishmania infantum. The pathogen can infect several animal species including dogs, foxes, rodents, primates, felines, equines and humans. Dogs act as the primary domestic reservoirs. This study aimed to use polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detecting Leishmania infection in horses living in a canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) endemic region. DNA samples from horse peripheral blood were used to perform PCR. Templates were amplified using primers for the kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) minicircles, which were able to detect different species of Leishmania. In addition, primers for internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of ribosomal DNA were used for detection of Trypanosomatidae sp. Amongst the 75 (39%) positive PCR samples from total 192 samples, 21 samples were positive for kDNA and 63 samples were positive for either ITS, ITS1, or ITS2 gene markers. The kDNA PCR and sequencing allowed the detection of L. infantum in horse blood samples. To our knowledge, this is the first report of equine infection with L. infantum in Southern Brazil. These results proved that L. infantum could also infect horses in addition to humans and dogs, as well as in European countries. This conclusion emphasizes the urgent need to follow up investigation of the infection in these animals.(AU)
A leishmaniose é uma doença zoonótica negligenciada, causada por uma diversidade de espécies patogênicas de Leishmania. No Novo Mundo, especialmente no Brasil, a leishmaniose visceral é causada pelo protozoário Leishmania infantum. A infecção acomete várias espécies animais (cães, raposas, roedores, primatas, felinos, equinos) e humanos e o cão é o principal reservatório doméstico. Este estudo teve como objetivo utilizar a reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) para detectar a infecção por Leishmania sp. em cavalos que vivem em uma região endêmica para leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC). Amostras de DNA do sangue periférico de equinos foram utilizadas para extração de DNA e PCR. As amplificações foram realizadas utilizando-se marcadores para a região do DNA do cinetoplasto (kDNA), que são capazes de detectar diferentes espécies de Leishmania sp. e a região dos espaçadores internos transcritos (ITS) do DNA ribossomal para detecção da família Trypanosomatidae. Dentre os 192 animais testados, 75 (39%) amostras foram positivas no PCR, 21 amostras foram positivas para PCR kDNA e 63 para os genes ITS, ITS1 e ITS2. O sequenciamento dos amplicons permitiu detectar L. infantum em amostras de sangue periférico de equinos. Este foi o primeiro relato de infecção por L. infantum no sul do Brasil na espécie equina. Os resultados demonstram que, assim como nos países europeus, a infecção foi detectada em equinos após ter sido identificada em seres humanos e cães, o que indica a urgência em acompanhar a investigação da infecção nessa espécie animal.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Leishmania infantum , Cavalos , Leishmaniose Visceral/diagnósticoResumo
Background: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been increasingly used to hasten healing of tendonitis and desmitis, allowinghorse athletes to go back to practicing sports in a shorter period of time. However, its use has rarely been reported in thetreatment of desmitis of the collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint (CL-DIP), which is based on the useof horseshoes and rest for at least six months. This paper describes the use of PRP as an aid in the treatment of CL-DIPin a horse athlete.Case: A male Criollo horse, 450 kg, about 15-year-old, used for paleteada. The animal had a month-long history of lameness, and a visual inspection revealed an increase in volume in the lateral dorsal region of the limb proximal to the coronaryband of the hoof. A specific examination of the locomotive system showed Grade III, Category 5 claudication, which became evident the beginning of the exercise and ceased after a short period. A radiographic evaluation of the distal phalanxrevealed no clinically relevant changes. Therefore, and in view of the location of the increased volume, an ultrasound scanwas performed, which showed an image compatible with an extensive hematoma in the region underlying the periopliccorium, while the CL-DIP presented swelling with large areas of hypoechogenicity. Considering the findings of the image,the physical examination and the history of the horse, desmitis of the collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal jointwas diagnosed. The treatment plan consisted of rest, application of a therapeutic horseshoe, and infiltration of the lesionwith platelet-rich plasma (PRP). First, however, warm compresses were applied to reduce the swelling. The PRP wasobtained by collecting whole blood from the external jugular vein, subjecting it to double centrifugation, and separatingthe supernatant blood plasma. The end product was applied to the lesion by ultrasound-guided infiltration. The horseshoewas a model...
Assuntos
Animais , Articulação do Dedo do Pé/patologia , Cicatrização , Doenças Desmielinizantes/veterinária , Plasma Rico em Plaquetas , Regeneração Tecidual Guiada/veterináriaResumo
Background: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been increasingly used to hasten healing of tendonitis and desmitis, allowinghorse athletes to go back to practicing sports in a shorter period of time. However, its use has rarely been reported in thetreatment of desmitis of the collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint (CL-DIP), which is based on the useof horseshoes and rest for at least six months. This paper describes the use of PRP as an aid in the treatment of CL-DIPin a horse athlete.Case: A male Criollo horse, 450 kg, about 15-year-old, used for paleteada. The animal had a month-long history of lameness, and a visual inspection revealed an increase in volume in the lateral dorsal region of the limb proximal to the coronaryband of the hoof. A specific examination of the locomotive system showed Grade III, Category 5 claudication, which became evident the beginning of the exercise and ceased after a short period. A radiographic evaluation of the distal phalanxrevealed no clinically relevant changes. Therefore, and in view of the location of the increased volume, an ultrasound scanwas performed, which showed an image compatible with an extensive hematoma in the region underlying the periopliccorium, while the CL-DIP presented swelling with large areas of hypoechogenicity. Considering the findings of the image,the physical examination and the history of the horse, desmitis of the collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal jointwas diagnosed. The treatment plan consisted of rest, application of a therapeutic horseshoe, and infiltration of the lesionwith platelet-rich plasma (PRP). First, however, warm compresses were applied to reduce the swelling. The PRP wasobtained by collecting whole blood from the external jugular vein, subjecting it to double centrifugation, and separatingthe supernatant blood plasma. The end product was applied to the lesion by ultrasound-guided infiltration. The horseshoewas a model...(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Plasma Rico em Plaquetas , Doenças Desmielinizantes/veterinária , Articulação do Dedo do Pé/patologia , Cicatrização , Regeneração Tecidual Guiada/veterináriaResumo
Among the diseases of digestive system in horses, the incidence of colic syndrome caused by enterolithiasis has been increasingly reported in different countries and regions of Brazil. There are several factors that predispose the formation of enterolith, such as the restricted access to pasture and unbalanced diet rich in protein, calcium and magnesium. Despite advances in veterinary medicine both in clinical medicine and in surgery, allowing professionals to carry out a rapid screening from the animal's history and clinical signs, the prognosis of enterolithiasis is reserved, depending on the clinical condition of the patient when it gets in the surgery center. Because of the significant cases and clinical importance of enterolithiasis in equine species, this study aimed to present a review about this disease, addressing aspects that allow early recognition of the clinical, stabilization and appropriate treatment.
Dentre as afecções do sistema digestório de equinos, a incidência de síndrome cólica causada por enterolitíase tem sido cada vez mais relatada em diversos países e regiões do Brasil. Diversos são os fatores que predispõem a formação do enterólito, entre eles, o restrito acesso ao pasto e dieta desbalanceada rica em proteínas, cálcio e magnésio. Apesar dos avanços da medicina veterinária, tanto na clínica médica quanto na cirúrgica, que permitem ao profissional a realização de uma triagem rápida a partir do histórico do animal e sinais clínicos, o prognóstico da enterolitíase é reservado, dependendo das condições clínicas que o paciente se encontra ao chegar ao centro cirúrgico. Tendo em vista a expressiva casuística e importância clínica da enterolitíase na espécie equina, o presente trabalho teve por finalidade efetuar uma revisão a respeito dessa enfermidade, abordando aspectos que possibilitem o reconhecimento precoce do quadro clínico, estabilização e tratamento apropriado.
Assuntos
Animais , Cavalos , Cólica/veterinária , Equidae , Diagnóstico ClínicoResumo
Among the diseases of digestive system in horses, the incidence of colic syndrome caused by enterolithiasis has been increasingly reported in different countries and regions of Brazil. There are several factors that predispose the formation of enterolith, such as the restricted access to pasture and unbalanced diet rich in protein, calcium and magnesium. Despite advances in veterinary medicine both in clinical medicine and in surgery, allowing professionals to carry out a rapid screening from the animal's history and clinical signs, the prognosis of enterolithiasis is reserved, depending on the clinical condition of the patient when it gets in the surgery center. Because of the significant cases and clinical importance of enterolithiasis in equine species, this study aimed to present a review about this disease, addressing aspects that allow early recognition of the clinical, stabilization and appropriate treatment.(AU)
Dentre as afecções do sistema digestório de equinos, a incidência de síndrome cólica causada por enterolitíase tem sido cada vez mais relatada em diversos países e regiões do Brasil. Diversos são os fatores que predispõem a formação do enterólito, entre eles, o restrito acesso ao pasto e dieta desbalanceada rica em proteínas, cálcio e magnésio. Apesar dos avanços da medicina veterinária, tanto na clínica médica quanto na cirúrgica, que permitem ao profissional a realização de uma triagem rápida a partir do histórico do animal e sinais clínicos, o prognóstico da enterolitíase é reservado, dependendo das condições clínicas que o paciente se encontra ao chegar ao centro cirúrgico. Tendo em vista a expressiva casuística e importância clínica da enterolitíase na espécie equina, o presente trabalho teve por finalidade efetuar uma revisão a respeito dessa enfermidade, abordando aspectos que possibilitem o reconhecimento precoce do quadro clínico, estabilização e tratamento apropriado.(AU)