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Leptospirosis is a globally important zoonosis that causes death in humans and animals, especially unvaccinated dogs. Dogs are infected through contact with urine or water contaminated by pathogenic spirochaete bacteria of the genus Leptospira. This study aimed to assess the performance of two diagnostic tests in characterizing dogs with leptospirosis and associate it with the main clinical-pathological alterations in dogs with suspected infection. From September 2019 to September 2020, 24 dogs with suspected canine leptospirosis were treated at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU). Complementary tests such as a complete blood count (CBC) and serum creatinine, ALT (alanine transaminase) and ALP (alkaline phosphatase) levels were prescribed. In order to confirm the leptospirosis diagnosis, serum and molecular tests were performed using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Of the 24 suspected cases of canine leptospirosis, six (25%) were positive in the MAT and three (12.5%) in the qPCR, with one (4.17%) returning positive results in both diagnostic tests. Positive results were obtained for 8/24 (33.3%) for combined MAT + qPCR. The predominant reactive serogroups were Icterohaemorrhagiae (33.33%) and Djasiman (33.33%), followed by Ballum (16.60%). The sensitivity and specificity of the qPCR in relation to the gold standard test (MAT) were 16.7 and 88.9%, respectively. Changes were observed in serum levels of creatinine, urea and ALP in the group that tested positive (MAT/qPCR); however, only urea and ALP levels were high in the negative group. Comparison of biochemical parameters in the positive (MAT/qPCR) and negative groups showed no statistically significant difference between the elements assessed (p>0.05). It was concluded that in order to diagnose acute canine leptospirosis, veterinarians should combine the clinical-pathological findings with paired sample MAT and qPCR urine test results.(AU)

A leptospirose é uma zoonose de importância mundial que causa mortes tanto em humanos, como em animais, especialmente em cães não vacinados. A infecção em cães ocorre pelo contato com urina ou água contaminada pela bactéria espiroqueta patogênica do gênero Leptospira. Objetivou-se avaliar dois testes diagnósticos na caracterização de cães com leptospirose, e associar com as principais alterações clínicos-patológicas de cães suspeitos. Foram atendidos no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia no período de setembro de 2019 a setembro de 2020, 24 cães com suspeita clínica de leptospirose canina. Exames complementares como hemograma completo, dosagens séricas de creatinina, ureia, ALT (alanina aminotransferase), FA (fosfatase alcalina) foram solicitados. Para o diagnóstico confirmatório de leptospirose foi realizado teste sorológico pelo teste de aglutinação microscópica (MAT) e também teste molecular pela reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real (qPCR). Dos 24 casos de cães suspeitos de leptospirose, seis (25%) foram positivos no MAT, e três (12,5%) no qPCR, sendo 1 (um) (4,17%) positivo nos dois testes diagnósticos avaliados. Quando se associou MAT + qPCR a positividade foi para 8/24 (33,3%). Os sorogrupos reativos predominantes foram Icterohaemorrhagiae (33,33%) e Djasiman (33,33%), seguido de Ballum (16,60%). A sensibilidade e especificidade da qPCR em relação teste padrão ouro (MAT) foi 16,7 % e 88,9%, respectivamente. Houve alterações nos níveis séricos de creatinina, ureia e FA no grupo positivo aos testes diagnósticos (MAT/qPCR), porém somente ureia e FA apresentaram valores elevados no grupo negativo. Quando se comparou os parâmetros bioquímicos no grupo positivo aos testes diagnósticos (MAT/qPCR), e negativo, não se observou nenhuma diferença estatística significativa entre os elementos avaliados (p>0,05). Conclui-se para o diagnóstico de leptospirose canina aguda, o médico veterinário deve associar os achados clínicos-patológicos aos resultados do MAT de forma pareada e o qPCR de urina.(AU)

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Background: Biofilms have been reported as important virulent markers associated with drug resistance in urinary tractinfections (UTIs) in humans and dogs. However, in veterinary medicine, researches involving biofilm formation, treatments and preventions have been limited; yet, it is still possible to find few studies demonstrating biofilm-forming bacteriaassociated with different comorbidities such as otitis, wound infections, UTIs, and endometritis. These studies generallyselect dogs with chronic and recurrent infections, which could be an important factor in antibiotic resistance. We aimed toevaluate biofilms in sporadic cystitis regarding prevalence and drug resistance.Materials, Methods & Results: Urine samples were collected by cystocentesis from 36 client-owned dogs under clinicaland laboratory suspicion of non-recurrent urinary bladder infection (cystitis). Urine was aseptically plated onto bloodagar, MacConkey, and CLED, followed by incubation for 24 to 48 h. Definitive identification of a potential pathogen wasmade by subculture collected from an isolated colony to obtain a pure culture. The gram staining method and specificbiochemical tests (phenol red fermentation, lysine, phenylalanine, citrate, sulfide-indole-motility, and urease) were usedto distinguish and classify the bacteria. After identification, the bacteria were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility by astandard disk diffusion method, using the following antimicrobials: amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, ampicillin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, cefazolin, cephalothin, erythromycin, gentamicin, norfloxacin, and sulfamethoxazoletrimethoprim. The biofilm-forming ability was determined based on a culture...

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Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a bacterium that belongs to the microbiota of snakes, but it may also be anopportunistic pathogen and contaminate humans through fecal contact, bites, and injuries. In snakes, this microorganismmay present high pathogenicity at certain conditions and have been associated with high morbidity and mortality. Reportsof infection of Boa constrictor by this pathogen are rare. Thus, this study aimed to describe the P. aeruginosa oral infection in a snake specimen (Boa constrictor amarali), approaching the isolation and identification of the infectious agentsinvolved, the antimicrobial sensitivity and resistance, and the therapeutic protocol adopted.Case: A free-living adult female specimen of Boa constrictor amarali (Amaral’s boa), with no described previous history was rescued in an urban area by the Environmental Police. Clinical evaluations showed structures of caseous aspectin the oral cavity, with hyperemia spots in the mucosa. Samples of these lesions were sent for mycological examination,and fungal forms were not found. Samples were collected for isolation and culture. The antimicrobial susceptibility of theisolated microorganisms was determined by the modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. P. aeruginosa was isolatedand showed susceptibility to amikacin, gentamicin, and polymyxin-B; intermediate susceptibility to azithromycin, and ciprofloxacin; and resistance to cephalexin, ceftiofur, chloramphenicol, and enrofloxacin. The treatment consisted of cleaningof the oral cavity, local infiltration of lidocaine for debridement of the caseous area that were later cauterized with iodine.Systemic antibiotic therapy was used, with intramuscular administration of amikacin (5 mg/kg) for the first dose and (2.5mg/kg) for the other doses with intervals of 72 h, and oral administration of metronidazole...

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Background: Bovine tuberculosis control programs are based on a standard diagnostic method, the intradermal test with purified protein derivatives, which is used to identify and eliminate diseased animals. Currently none of the tests available allow complete differentiation between infected and uninfected animals. The main limitations of the tests available are related to diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, which results in false positive reactions due to the existence of cross infections, and also false negative, inherent to the state of energy of some animals. The aim of this work was to study the intercurrence of paratuberculosis in tuberculosis reactive cattle by the comparative cervical test. Materials, Methods & Results: Three hundred and thirty four cattle were evaluated using the comparative cervical test (CCT) and serology for tuberculosis (TB) and paratuberculosis (PTB) ELISA IDEXX®. All of the animals testing positive by CCT were euthanized and necropsied. Fragments of lymph node, lung and intestine were collected and analyzed using histopathological techniques, with staining by Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE). Samples of lung and lymph nodes (retropharyngeal, submandibular, cervical and mediastinal) of the animals testing positive by CCT were evaluated using qPRC for M. bovis, and intestinal and mesenteric lymph nodes using PCR for PTB. Of the 334 cattle evaluated using the comparative cervical test, 16 were considered positive. No lesions suggestive of tuberculosis were found in the macroscopic inspection of the carcasses. The most evident anatomical and pathological finding was a thickening of intestinal mucosa, found in 12 of the 16 cattle submitted to necropsy. No microscopic lesions suggestive of TB were identified nor was the presence of M. bovis detected by qPCR. The main histopathological findings were observed in the small intestine and mesenteric lymph nodes and identified as enteritis, lymphangitis...

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Background: Stomatitis is an infectious disease common in serpents and responsible for high mortality rates. It is characterized by the infection of the oral mucosa and neighboring tissues, related to the opportunistic character of bacteria presentin the normal microbiota, pathogenic in stressful situations. Few studies have described the profile of sensibility of theseagents in serpents of the Brazilian fauna. Therefore, this study has aimed at describing the isolation and identification ofthe infectious agents involved in the clinic stomatitis in a specimen of green anaconda (Eunectes murinus), and the profileof sensibility and resistance to antimicrobial agents.Case: The serpent has been rescued in an urban environment, without previous records and featured erosive injuries inits oral cavity, with the presence of secretion. In a clinical evaluation, it has been assessed that the specimen had erosiveinjuries in its oral cavity, with hyperemic points in its mucosa and serous secretion. Then the specimen went through acollection of the secretion from its oral cavity for microbiological analysis. Typical colonies of Enterococcus, Citrobacterand Enterobacter were identified by the colony morphology and their typical odor. The results of these tests were able toconfirm and identify the Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter and Enterococcus species. The profile of sensibility to antimicrobials of the isolated microorganisms has been determined through the method of diffusion in the disk of Kirby-Bauer.There was not any sensitive antimicrobial for the three agents. For treatment, based on the antimicrobial profile presented,was used Ciprofloxacin® associated to daily washings with solution of chlorhexidine 0.12% for 10 days. Clinical cure wasobserved at the end of this treatment.Discussion: Despite the high frequency of this disease...

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Background: The immunoglobulin Y is a principal antibody current in the blood of hens, which are transferred from the maternal blood serum to the egg yolk. The extraction of IgY from the egg yolk apply animal welfare when compared to the extraction of IgG, reducing the number of animals and prevent a bleeding of hens through the extraction of the IgY from eggs, besides that IgY presenting high specificity for antigenic binding. The objective of this study was to produce specific polyclonal IgY antibodies anti-Brucella abortus by immunizing hens with B19 vaccine and evaluate their reactivity through Buffered Acidified Plate Antigen (BAPA), 2-Mercaptoethanol (2-ME) and indirect ELISA diagnostic tests.Materials, Methods & Results: Four 25-week-old White Leghorn hens were immunized, two of them comprising the control group (Group 1) with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) with adjuvant, and the others two immunized with B19 vaccine (Brucella abortus vaccine strain B19), representing the Group 2. The immunizations occurred six times with a 15-day interval between each. Blood samples were taken biweekly (seven times); and daily, the eggs were collected for 13 weeks, the first collection of blood and eggs, performed one week before the first immunization of each group. The IgY was purified from egg yolk, using the method of dilution in acid water and precipitation with ammonium sulfate for delipidation. BAPA, 2-ME and ELISA tests performed to verify the specificity of IgY confirmed the reactivity of polyclonal antibodies specific to the antigen used both in blood serum samples and in the purified egg yolks. The hens from the control group did not present reactivity in the diagnostic tests used, which was already expected, since no antigen was used in any of their immunizations. Hens immunized with the Brucella abortus B19 vaccine produced detectable reactive antibodies in the three tests used on blood serum and IgY samples extracted from the egg yolk.[...]

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Background: Leptospirosis is a zoonosis that affects many species of mammals and occurs endemically in Brazil. The biofilm matrix provides structure and protection to the biofilm cells working as a physical barrier to antibiotic agents, which are attached or consumed by the matrix components. However, this attribute varies according to the matrix, antimicrobial agent and biofilm age. Leptospira may change morphologically according to environmental conditions, including cell aggregation and biofilm formation. Leptospira can colonize the ducts of kidney from hosts for a long time, forming a biofilm, which is believed to be an important factor for their maintenance in animals and in the environment. Thus, the objective of this research was to determine the biofilm formation capacity of four strains of Leptospira interrogans.Materials, Methods & Results: The strains were typified by WHO/FAO/OIE and National Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Leptospirosis (Kit Biomedical Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands). Leptospira interrogans strains, two isolated from cattle and two isolated from dogs were biofilms tested for adhesion on polystyrene plates, extracellular matrix composition and confocal microscopy. In the plating adhesion test, the suspension was inoculated into 96-well sterile polystyrene microplates with flat bottom at a ratio of 1:200 in EMJH medium, followed by 24 h incubation at 28°C, with medium renewal after 12 h. After this period the wells were washed three times with sterile PBS and following incubation; the plates were dried in the oven at 60°C for 30 min and added 200 μL of 1% violet crystal for five min. Subsequently, the plates were washed with distilled water, after complete removal, 200 μL of acetic acid 33% was added and the readings were performed at 570 nm in the ELISA reader.[...]

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Stomatitis is a common disease found on snake farms, and Gram-negative bacilli are the main etiological agents that play an important role as secondary sources of viral or parasitic infections. The purpose of this work was to identify the aerobic bacteria in the oral cavity of Bothrops atrox with stomatitis. Samples for microbiological examination were collected from 12 snakes bred on a commercial snake farm for venom extraction. Samples of the secretion in the oral cavity of each serpent presenting stomatitis were collected from fang sheath, using a cotton swab with sterile alginate. The samples were incubated and cultured on Petri dishes containing blood agar and XLD agar using the agar depletion technique. Bacterial growth occurred in all analyzed samples collected from the oral cavity of Bothrops atrox with stomatitis, and some of the samples contained more than one microorganism. The following Gram-negative bacteria were isolated: Escherichia coli (26.31%), Citrobacter spp. (21.05%), Proteus spp. (15.78%) and Salmonella spp. (10.52%). The only Gram-positive bacterium that was isolated was Staphylococcus spp., which was present in 26.31% of the analyzed samples.

A estomatite é uma das doenças mais frequentes em criatórios comerciais de serpentes, sendo os bacilos Gram-negativos os principais agentes etiológicos com importante papel, como fontes secundárias, nas infecções virais ou parasitárias. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi analisar as bactérias aeróbicas presentes na cavidade oral em serpentes da espécie Bothrops atrox. Utilizaram-se 12 amostras colhidas com auxílio de swab estéril na região da bainha da presa, em serpentes que apresentaram estomatite, em um criatório comercial. As amostras foram cultivadas em Ágar-sangue e Ágar XLD. Em todas as amostras analisadas, houve crescimento de, pelo menos, um microrganismo. As bactérias Gram-negativas isoladas foram Escherichia coli (26,31%), Citrobacter spp. (21,05%), Proteus spp. (15,78%) e Salmonella spp. (10,52%). A única bactéria Gram-positiva isolada foi a Staphylococcus spp., presente em 26,31% das amostras analisadas.

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Background: Bacterial diseases are the main cause of the high mortality rates of snakes, especially those caused by gramnegative agents. However, studies on dermatopathy caused by these bacterial agents in snakes are scarce; and no reports have been found on Enterobacter aerogenes as causative agent of dermatopathy in snake species. Thus, the objective of this study was to describe the clinical signs, and lesion evolution of a dermatopathy in a male snake (Boa constrictor amarali) specimen of approximately seven years old; and to describe the isolation and identification of the Enterobacter aerogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa agents involved in the cause of this disease. Case: The Boa constrictor amarali evaluated presented blackened cutaneous lesions in the dorsal, snout-vent and tail regions; and well-defined subcutaneous nodules of 2.0-3.0 cm diameter, with soft consistency, reddish color, cutaneous flaccidity, and areas of scale ulceration in the dorsolateral region. The clinical evaluation of the animal showed dehydration signs and pale mucous membranes. The blackened lesions were subjected to mycological analysis - after procedure of deep scale scraping - which showed presence of septate hyphae. The nodule was punctured for microbiological and biochemical analysis. The sample was collected with a sterilized alginate cotton tip swab, and was stored in a plastic tube containing a semi-solid Stuart transport medium, for microbiological analysis. Then, this sample was incubated in a bacteriological oven at 37°C for 24 h. Typical colonies of Pseudomonas and Enterobacter grew on MacConkey agar medium; these bacteria were identified by the colony morphology and their typical odor. The colonies grown in MacConkey agar were also identified through biochemical tests in the mediums: Phenol red, Lysine, Phenylalanine, Citrate, Urea and SIM (Sulfide, Indole, Motility)...

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This study evaluated the microbiological quality of the water of 33 poultry sheds seeking to identify the presence of biofilm-producing Escherichia coli. The swab samples of the surface of the drinkers were analyzed by the inhibition test to detect the most effective disinfectant for removing these bacterial communities. The multiple-tube and mesophilic counts techniques were used to analyze the water samples. The swabs were plated on EMB agar followed by Rugai medium to identify E. coli. The biofilm was detected by the optical density readings and the Congo red agar method. Overall, 15 strains of Escherichia coli were detected in the swabs of the drinkers, of which 8 were biofilm producers. Regarding the water quality, 15 (45.45%) of the 33 evaluated water samples had bacterial growth while only two (13.33%) produced gas. The test with disinfectants showed that chlorine and chlorhexidine were not effective to control the E. coli biofilm production. Therefore, a strict control is essential to ensure the safety of the water supplied to the animals in broiler sheds and to eliminate the biofilm-forming E. coli that have shown to be potentially resistant to the sanitizers commonly used in the cleaning processes.

Objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade microbiológica da água de 33 galpões avícolas, identificar a presença de Escherichia coli produtoras de biofilmes em amostras de suabes de superfície dos bebedouros e analisar por teste de inibição o desinfetante mais eficiente para remoção dessas comunidades bacterianas. Foi utilizada a técnica dos tubos múltiplos e contagem de mesófilas para as amostras de água. Os suabes foram semeados em Ágar EMB, e posteriormente em meio Rugai para identificação de E. coli. Para análise de produção de biofilme foi feita a leitura da Densidade Óptica e o método do Ágar Vermelho Congo. Foram identificadas 15 cepas de E. coli nos suabes de bebedouros, sendo que 8 foram produtoras de biofilme. Quanto ao padrão de qualidade da água, observou-se que das 33 amostras de água avaliadas, 15 (45,45%) tiveram crescimento bacteriano, sendo que somente duas (13,33%) produziram gás. Para o teste com desinfetantes, o cloro e o clorexidine não se mostraram eficientes no controle da produção de biofilmes de E. coli. Dessa forma, torna-se essencial o controle rigoroso nos galpões de frangos de corte para garantir a inocuidade da água fornecida aos animais e a eliminação de E. coli potencialmente formadoras de biofilmes resistentes aos sanitizantes mais comumente usados nos processos de limpeza.

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Leukosis and tuberculosis are diseases that affect cattle and entail considerable economic losses, due to theim pact on productivity, but there are few reports that they occur simultaneously. Therefore, aimed to evaluate the complications of these diseases in cattles laughtered in São Gotardo, MG, these animals were positive to the tuberculin and showed lesions characteristic of the disease during the stamping. One hundred and thirty three samples of blood serum, all from positive to bovine tuberculosis, were analyzed by immuno diffusion technique in agar gel (AGID), and the prevalence of cattle that were positive by AGID test was 55.64% (74/133). The results of this research showed that tuberculos is and leukosis are diseases present in the studied regions and are disseminated in this population, with significant levels, causing risk to the health of animals and people, as the zoonotic bovine tuberculosis.

Leucose e tuberculose são doenças que acometem o rebanho bovino e acarretam consideráveis prejuízos econômicos, em virtude do impacto na produtividade, porém há poucos relatos de que elas ocorram concomitantemente. Diante disso, objetivouse avaliar a intercorrência entre essas doenças em bovinos abatidos no município de São Gotardo, MG, sendo que esses animais foram reagentes à tuberculinização e apresentaram lesões características da doença durante o abate sanitário. Cento e trinta e três amostras de soro sanguíneo, todas oriundas de bovinos positivos para tuberculose, foram analisadas pela técnica de imunodifusão em gel de ágar (IDGA), e a prevalência de bovinos que apresentaram positividade ao teste de IDGA foi de 55,64% (74/133). Os resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa permitiram concluir que a tuberculose e a leucose são doenças presentes nas regiões estudadas e encontramse disseminadas na população avaliada, com níveis significativos, causando risco à saúde dos animais e das pessoas, dado o caráter zoonótico da tuberculose bovina.

Resumo

Leucose e tuberculose são doenças que acometem o rebanho bovino e acarretam consideráveis prejuízos econômicos, em virtude do impacto na produtividade, porém há poucos relatos de que elas ocorram concomitantemente. Diante disso, objetivou-se avaliar a intercorrência entre essas doenças em bovinos abatidos no município de São Gotardo, MG, sendo que esses animais foram reagentes à tuberculinização e apresentaram lesões características da doença durante o abate sanitário. Cento e trinta e três amostras de soro sanguíneo, todas oriundas de bovinos positivos para tuberculose, foram analisadas pela técnica de imunodifusão em gel de ágar (IDGA), e a prevalência de bovinos que apresentaram positividade ao teste de IDGA foi de 55,64% (74/133). Os resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa permitiram concluir que a tuberculose e a leucose são doenças presentes nas regiões estudadas e encontram-se disseminadas na população avaliada, com níveis significativos, causando risco à saúde dos animais e das pessoas, dado o caráter zoonótico da tuberculose bovina.(AU)

Leukosis and tuberculosis are diseases that affect cattle and entail considerable economic losses, due to theim pact on productivity, but there are few reports that they occur simultaneously. Therefore, aimed to evaluate the complications of these diseases in cattles laughtered in São Gotardo, MG, these animals were positive to the tuberculin and showed lesions characteristic of the disease during the stamping. One hundred and thirty three samples of blood serum, all from positive to bovine tuberculosis, were analyzed by immuno diffusion technique in agar gel (AGID), and the prevalence of cattle that were positive by AGID test was 55.64% (74/133). The results of this research showed that tuberculos is and leukosis are diseases present in the studied regions and are disseminated in this population, with significant levels, causing risk to the health of animals and people, as the zoonotic bovine tuberculosis.(AU)

Resumo

The aim of this study was to compare different complementary diagnostic methods (macroscopic, histological, serological and molecular) of tuberculosis in naturally infected cattle. The study was conducted from samples taken from 40 reagents cattle in cervical comparative intradermal tuberculin test  (ITT). The macroscopic post mortem inspection of carcasses was followed by the collection of nasal swabs, blood and tissue samples (liver, lung and mediastinal lymph node) for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test, EnzymeLinked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and histopathologic test with hematoxylineosin (HE) and ZiehlNeelsen (ZN), respectively. Of the 40 cattle slaughtered, 22 (55%) carcasses had macroscopic lesions suggestive of tuberculosis. The histopathology HE identified 13 (32.5%) carcasses with histological changes: 6 (15%) in the mediastinal lymph nodes, 5 (12.5%) in the liver and 3 (7.5%) in the lung. At  ZN, the presence of acidfast bacilli was not detected in any of the samples tested. The ELISA/IDEXX® identified one (2.5%) reagent animal, and the PCR test detected DNA of Mycobacterium bovis in one (2.5%) cow. It is concluded that among the diagnostic methods reviews none was able to detect all animals that were positive in tuberculin test, but the association of different methods can ensure diagnostic accuracy.

Objetivou-se com este estudo comparar diferentes métodos complementares de diagnóstico (macroscópico, histopatológico, sorológico e molecular) da tuberculose, em bovinos naturalmente infectados. O trabalho deu-se por meio de amostras colhidas em abate sanitário de 40 bovinos reagentes no teste cervical comparativo (TCC) para tuberculose. A inspeção macroscópica post mor tem das carcaças foi acompanhada de colheita de amostras de muco nasal, sangue e tecido (fígado, pulmão e linfonodo mediastínico) para realização do exame de reação em cadeia pela polimerase (PCR), de EnzymeLinked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) e histopatológico com colorações de hematoxilinaeosina (HE) e ZiehlNeelsen (ZN), respectivamente. Dos 40 bovinos inspecionados no abate, 22 (55%) animais apresentaram algum tipo de lesão macroscópica sugestiva de tuberculose. Nos achados histopatológicos visualizados em HE, 13 (32,5%) carcaças apontaram alterações histológicas, sendo 6 (15%) nos linfonodos mediastínicos, 5 (12,5%) no fígado e 3 (7,5%) no pulmão. Não foi observada a presença de bacilos álcool-ácido resistentes em nenhuma das amostras avaliadas. O ensaio sorológico de ELISA/IDEXX® identificou um (2,5%) animal reagente, e o teste de PCR detectou DNA de Mycobacterium bovis em uma (2,5%) amostra. Concluiu-se que entre os exames complementares de diagnóstico avaliados nenhum foi capaz de detectar todos os animais que estavam positivos na tuberculinização, porém a associação de diferentes métodos pode garantir a confiabilidade do diagnóstico.

Resumo

Objetivou-se com este estudo comparar diferentes métodos complementares de diagnóstico (macroscópico, histopatológico, sorológico e molecular) da tuberculose, em bovinos naturalmente infectados. O trabalho deu-se por meio de amostras colhidas em abate sanitário de 40 bovinos reagentes no teste cervical comparativo (TCC) para tuberculose. A inspeção macroscópica post mortem das carcaças foi acompanhada de colheita de amostras de muco nasal, sangue e tecido (fígado, pulmão e linfonodo mediastínico) para realização do exame de reação em cadeia pela polimerase (PCR), de Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) e histopatológico com colorações de hematoxilina-eosina (HE) e Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN), respectivamente. Dos 40 bovinos inspecionados no abate, 22 (55%) animais apresentaram algum tipo de lesão macroscópica sugestiva de tuberculose. Nos achados histopatológicos visualizados em HE, 13 (32,5%) carcaças apontaram alterações histológicas, sendo 6 (15%) nos linfonodos mediastínicos, 5 (12,5%) no fígado e 3 (7,5%) no pulmão. Não foi observada a presença de bacilos álcool-ácido resistentes em nenhuma das amostras avaliadas. O ensaio sorológico de ELISA/IDEXX(r) identificou um (2,5%) animal reagente, e o teste de PCR detectou DNA de Mycobacterium bovis em uma (2,5%) amostra. Concluiu-se que entre os exames complementares de diagnóstico avaliados nenhum foi capaz de detectar todos os animais que estavam positivos na tuberculinização, porém a associação de diferentes métodos pode garantir a confiabilidade do diagnóstico.(AU)

The aim of this study was to compare different complementary diagnostic methods (macroscopic, histological, serological and molecular) of tuberculosis in naturally infected cattle. The study was conducted from samples taken from 40 reagents cattle in cervical comparative intradermal tuberculin test (ITT). The macroscopic post mortem inspection of carcasses was followed by the collection of nasal swabs, blood and tissue samples (liver, lung and mediastinal lymph node) for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and histopathologic test with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN), respectively. Of the 40 cattle slaughtered, 22 (55%) carcasses had macroscopic lesions suggestive of tuberculosis. The histopathology HE identified 13 (32.5%) carcasses with histological changes: 6 (15%) in the mediastinal lymph nodes, 5 (12.5%) in the liver and 3 (7.5%) in the lung. At ZN, the presence of acid-fast bacilli was not detected in any of the samples tested. The ELISA/IDEXX(r) identified one (2.5%) reagent animal, and the PCR test detected DNA of Mycobacterium bovis in one (2.5%) cow. It is concluded that among the diagnostic methods reviews none was able to detect all animals that were positive in tuberculin test, but the association of different methods can ensure diagnostic accuracy.(AU)

Resumo

Staphylococcus is an important agent of mastitis, especially when biofilm producers are related to a number of mechanisms of resistance to different types of infections. The objective of this research was to evaluate the susceptibility and resistance of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolates from cases of bovine mastitis and milking environment under conditions of biofilm, compared to three different concentrations in different antimicrobials. Thirty-two strains used were S. aureus that, due to the inhibition tests, minimal biofilm eradication concentration were tested using cephalexin, amoxicillin and rifampin at concentrations of 30 mg/mL, and 50 mg/mL 100 mg/mL for 12 hours, and efficiency of tests evaluated by counting the colony forming units and the microplate test. The results revealed that among the tested antibiotics cephalexin showed the best efficiency at the three concentrations tested, and rifampin and amoxicillin were more efficient at concentrations of 50 and 100 mg/mL. These data demonstrate the importance of targeted antibiotic therapy associated with the correct cleaning of milking equipment, thus, preventing the formation of biofilm, avoiding persistent microbial adhesion in equipment, and the spread of microorganisms by ascending channel teats among herd animals.

Os Staphylococcus, principais agentes causadores da mastite, quando em biofilmes, estão relacionados a uma série de mecanismos de resistência em diferentes tipos de infecções. O presente trabalho avaliou a susceptibilidade e resistência dos Staphylococcus aureus, isolados de casos de mastite bovina e do ambiente de ordenha, em condições de biofilme, frente a três antimicrobianos distintos em diferentes concentrações. Foram utilizadas trinta e duas estirpes de S. aureus testadas frente aos testes de inibição da concentração mínima de erradicação de biofilmes, utilizando cefalexina, amoxicilina e rifampicina, nas concentrações de 30 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL e 100 mg/mL, por doze horas de contato, e a eficiência dos testes avaliada pela contagem das unidades formadoras de colônias e pelo teste de microplacas. Os resultados revelaram que, entre os antimicrobianos testados, a cefalexina foi o que apresentou melhor eficiência nas três concentrações testadas, e a rifampicina e amoxacilina tiveram maior eficiência nas concentrações de 50 e 100 mg/ mL. Esses dados demonstram a importância sobre antibioticoterapia orientada associada com a correta higienização dos equipamentos de ordenha, evitando-se, assim, a formação de biofilmes, a adesão microbiana persistente em equipamentos, e a difusão dos microrganismos pelo canal ascendente dos tetos entre os animais do rebanho.

Resumo

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a soroprevalência de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum e anti-Leptospira interrogans em vacas leiteiras do município de Goiandira, Goiás, Brasil. Testaram-se amostras de soro sanguíneo de 53 bovinos de dois rebanhos para detecção de anticorpos anti-N. caninum e anti-L. interrogans, utilizando as técnicas de Reação de Imunufluorescência Indireta (RIFI) e Reação de Soroaglutinação Microscópica (MAT), respectivamente. Consideraram-se positivos os soros reagentes a uma diluição de 1:50 para N. caninum e 1:100 para L. interrogans. Encontraram-se 35,9% (14 vacas) dos animais positivos para N. caninum na Fazenda 1, e 64,3% (9 vacas) dos animais da Fazenda 2. Para leptospirose, foram sororreagentes 87,2% (34 vacas) dos animais da Fazenda 1 e 64,3% (9 vacas) dos animais da Fazenda 2. Os sorovares encontrados foram: wolffi (21,74%), hardjo (18,11%); bratislava (14,49%); australis (12,32%); tarassovi (12,32%); icterohaemorrhagiae (7,25%); sentot (5,80%); grippotyphosa (5,07%); patoc (2,17%); cynoptero (0,72%). De acordo com esses resultados, é possível concluir que neosporose e leptospirose são doenças endêmicas em bovinos e se caracterizam como relevante problema de saúde pública e animal em Goiandira, GO, Brasil.

The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of antibodies anti-Neospora caninum and anti-Leptospira interrogans in dairy cows from Goiandira, Goiás State, Brazil. Serum samples of 53 dairy cows from two herds were assayed for anti-N. caninum antibodies using an indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and microscopic-agglutination technique (MAT) for L. interrogans agglutinins. Sera reacting at dilutions ≥ 1:50 and ≥ 1:100 were considered positive for N. caninum and L. interrogans antibodies respectively. It was found that 35.9% (14 cows) of the samples from Farm 1 and 64.3% (9 cows) from Farm 2 were positive for N. caninum. For L. interrogans, 87.2% (34 cows) from Farm 1 and 64.3% (9 cows) from Farm 2 were positive. The serovars founded were: wolffi (21.74%); hardjo (18.11%); bratislava (14.49%); australis (12.32%); tarassovi (12.32%); icterohaemorrhagiae (7.25%); sentot (5.80%), grippotyphosa (5.07%); patoc (2.17%); cynoptero (0.72%). According to the results, it was possible to conclude that neosporosis and leptospirosis are endemic in dairy cows and may also be a significant animal and human health problem in Goiandira, GO, Brazil.

Resumo

Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease with common agent is Brucella abortus in bovine specie. The disease in bulls is usually asymptomatic and could have absence of anti-B. abortus antibody in serum. It was investigated of the occurrence of bovine brucellosis in bulls, which involved testing blood serum and seminal plasma from 177 bulls used for natural mating or as semen donors. Blood was collected from all the animals by venipuncture of the jugular vein to obtain the serum samples, while seminal plasma was obtained from the animals by electroejaculation. Samples were tested in a screening test (rose Bengal test). In the second stage, the samples testing positive in the RBT were subjected to the confirmatory test (2-mercaptoethanol). None of the animals tested positive when blood serum was used. However, 5.06% of the bulls were considered reagent positive when seminal plasma was tested. It also sought to determine whether there was an association between the kind of production and the destination of animals with positive results. The calculated odds ratio indicated that bulls of the kind of production dairy/both (beef and dairy) had a higher risk of brucellosis infection. It is recommended that seminal plasma agglutination and seroagglutination techniques are applied concomitantly.

Brucelose é uma zoonose que nos bovinos tem como principal agente a bactéria Brucella abortus. A doença nos touros é geralmente assintomática e pode haver ausência de anticorpos anti- B. abortus no soro sanguíneo. O presente estudo teve como objetivo principal avaliar a ocorrência da brucelose bovina em reprodutores para isso foram empregados testes oficiais tendo como material o soro sanguíneo e o plasma seminal. Foram utilizados 177 machos bovinos destinados à monta natural ou doação de sêmen. O soro sanguíneo foi obtido através de venopunção da jugular e o plasma seminal através da eletroejaculação. As amostras foram submetidas ao teste de triagem (Antígeno acidificado tamponado) e na segunda etapa, apenas as amostras positivas na triagem foram submetidas ao exame confirmatório (2-mercaptoetanol). Não houveram animais positivos quando utilizado o soro sanguíneo. Para plasma seminal houve 5,06% de touros reagentes. Avaliou-se também se sistema produtivo ou a destinação do animal possuíam associação com resultados positivos. O cálculo de odds ratio demonstrou que os reprodutores bovinos do sistema produtivo misto/leite tem maior risco de infecção para brucelose. Recomenda-se que a técnica de sêmen plasma aglutinação seja feita em conjunto com a soroaglutinação.

Resumo

The presence of biofilm-forming bacteria from the mammary gland of dairy cows adhered to equipment in the milking environment represents one of the major causes of bacterial resistance during mastitis treatment. The aim of this study was to identify strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli in milk samples from cows with mastitis, as well as in the expansion tank and milking set liners. We aimed to quantify the extracellular proteins and polysaccharides in the biofilm produced by each strain. A total of 294 samples were collected from a dairy farm in the municipality of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais. To identify the S. aureus, S. epidermidis and E. coli isolates responsible for biofilm production, we tested the phenotype using the Congo red agar (CRA) and microplate adhesion tests. Protein quantification was performed with a Bicinchoninic Acid Protein Assay Kit (BCA kit), and polysaccharides were quantified by the phenol sulfuric acid method. We identified eight strains of S. aureus, one strain of S. epidermidis and 11 strains of E. coli responsible for biofilm production, all of which showed a higher concentration of polysaccharides than proteins in the matrix. Escherichia coli was considered the most prevalent bacterium among the samples, and S. aureus was determined to be the largest biofilm producer. The results of the CRA and microplate adhesion tests were similar in regard to identification of the biofilm-producing strains according to their phenotype and matrix composition. The classification of S. aureus strains as major biofilm producers is of great concern for producers, as such bacteria are considered one of the predominant contagious etiological agents that cause bovine mastitis. In addition, our observation that E. coli and S. epidermidis can produce biofilms highlights the need to reassess prophylactic measures to avoid the adhesion of biofilm-producing bacteria.

A presença de bactérias formadoras de biofilme microbiano, na glândula mamária de vacas leiteiras e aderidas aos equipamentos e utensílios do ambiente de ordenha, constitui uma das causas de resistência bacteriana no tratamento de mastite em vacas leiteiras. O estudo teve como finalidade identificar cepas produtoras de biofilme de Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis e Escherichia coli, em amostras de leite de animais com mastite, tanque de expansão e teteiras do conjunto de ordenha. Visou-se quantificar as proteínas extracelulares e polissacarídeos das estirpes. No total, foram colhidas 294 amostras, em uma propriedade no município de Uberlândia, Minas Gerais. Para identificar as estirpes de S. aureus, S. epidermidis e E. coli isoladas produtoras de biofilme, foram utilizados testes fenotípicos como cultivo em ágar Vermelho Congo (CRA) e teste de adesão em microplaca. A quantificação de proteínas foi realizada com o Kit BCA e de polissacarídeos pelo método do ácido fenol sulfúrico. Identificou-se oito cepas de S. aureus, uma de S. epidermidis e 11 cepas de E. coli produtoras de biofilme, todas compostas com maior concentração de polissacarídeo do que proteína na matriz. E. coli foi considerada a bactéria mais prevalente das amostras e S. aureus a maior produtora de biofilme. Os resultados do CRA e do teste de adesão em microplaca foram similares ao identificar as cepas produtorasde biofilme, conforme a expressão do fenótipo e quantificação da matriz. A classificação de estirpes deS. aureus, como maiores produtoras de biofilme, preocupa ainda mais os produtores, pois tais bactériassão consideradas um dos principais agentes etiológicos contagiosos causadores da mastite bovina. Alémdisso, a capacidade de E. coli e S. epidermidis produzirem biofilme torna indispensável a reavaliaçãodas medidas profiláticas, com o intuito de evitar a adesão de bactérias produtoras de biofilme.

Resumo

Este trabalho foi realizado em um frigorífico de abate de bovinos na região de São José do Rio Preto, SP, sob inspeção do SISP (Serviço de Inspeção de São Paulo) e com acompanhamento de um responsável técnico em tempo integral.O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o pH das carcaças em relação às condições pré-abate dos bovinos (foram coletados dados sobre a distância em estrada de terra e asfalto percorrida pelo caminhão, período do dia em que foi realizada a viagem, temperatura média do dia, n° de animais por caminhão e o tempo de jejum).Os dados foram obtidos durante o período de 12 de abril a 20 de setembro de 2004, obtendo assim 25 amostras (“viagens de caminhão”), totalizando 506 bovinos e o resultado demonstrou-se significativo, (teste t de Student) para o período do dia em que os animais foram transportados; portanto, deve-se dar atenção ao período do dia em que os bovinos são conduzidos ao frigorífico, pois caso não haja um planejamento, pode resultar em uma carne com qualidade inferior e menor tempo de prateleira.

Resumo

O aumento de produção que levou o Brasil a ocupar a posição de segundo maior produtor de frangos de corte do mundo se deve a intensificação de criação. Essa intensificação teve como base vários aspectos que foram cuidadosamente controlados, dentre eles a nutrição e o manejo (sistemas de criação, ambiência, sanidade etc). Atualmente o que se observa em várias partes do mundo é a tendência em produzir frangos de corte, com bem estar animal. Paralelamente no Brasil, vem ressurgindo em nova versão a criação de frangos caipiras. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar índices zootécnicos obtidos durante a produção de dois sistemas de frango de corte em escala comercial (In situ), um intensivo, convencional (granja A) e outro semi-extensivo, caipira (granja B), para verificar as inter-relações entre bem-estar animal, manejo, saúde animal e qualidade da carne. Na granja A foram alojados 14000 pintos enquanto que na granja B foram 7150. Observou-se que frangos da granja A apresentaram mais problemas locomotores: calos de pés, discondroplasia tibial quando comparados com frangos provenientes da granja B. Os frangos da granja A apresentaram alta prevalência de necrose da cabeça do fêmur, melhor conversão alimentar e ganho de peso, embora tenham apresentado maior mortalidade A e B, foram respectivamente 5,32 e 1,34%. Quanto a Salmonella sp. e Mycoplasma sp. não houve presença de frangos reagentes nas duas granjas. Quanto à qualidade da carne em termos físico-químicos, o pH do peito apresentou-se menor significativamente para carcaças de frangos provenientes da granja A, enquanto o pH da coxa não apresentou diferença significativa. A força de cisalhamento da carne de frango proveniente da granja A apresentou-se menor, quando comparada à de carcaças de frangos da granja B (1,972 para carcaças de A e 2,462 para as de B). A capacidade de retenção de água não diferiu entre as carcaçaa provenientes das granjas. Em termos microbiológicos a Salmonella sp. não foi encontrada em nenhuma carcaça de frango, embora a Listeria sp. tenha sido encontrada em 50% das carcaças analisadas. Os frangos da granja B estiveram em melhores condições de bem-estar animal. Com base nesses resultados foi possível estimar que os índices zootécnicos da granja A foram melhores que os da granja B, entretanto os problemas locomotores foram maiores nos frangos provenientes da granja A

The increase in production technology was the major factor that lead Brazil to be the second largest world poultry producer. This production technology had the basis several aspects that were carefully controlled, among them nutrition and management (environment, health and rearing systems). Nowadays it is observed a world?s tendency to produce animal searching good welfare conditions. In parallel in Brazil is growing a new version of extensive produced broilers (free-range broiler). The objective of this study was to evaluate the production indexes from two distinct industrial scale broiler productions (in situ): one intensive (farm A) and other semi-extensive (farm B) for verifying the inter-relations among welfare, management, health and meat quality (14000 broilers in farm A and 7150 broilers in farm B). It was observed that birds from farm A showed more leg weakness (foot burn and tibial dyschondroplasia) when compared with broiler from farm B. The broilers from farm A presented high prevalence of femur necrosis, higher feed conversion, and higher gain weight, although they had presented higher mortality (5,32 in farm A and 1,34% in farm B.). Regarding Salmonella sp and Mycoplasma sp it was not found serological reagent birds in neither of the studied farms. Regarding meat quality (in the physical chemistry analysis) the breast meat pH from farm A?s birds presented values significantly smaller than the bird?s carcass from farm B. The shearing force on meat from broiler reared at farm A were smaller than the ones from birds reared at farm B (1,972 farm A e 2,462 farm B).. Water holding capacity did not differ from the carcasses from both farms. In microbiological terms Samonella sp was not found the studied carcasses, however Listeria sp was found in 50% of the analyzed carcasses. About welfare conditions broilers from farm B were better. Based on these results it was possible to estimate that production index was better in farm A than in farm B, however leg weakness problems were higher in broilers from farm B