Modeling performance and nutritional requirements of pigs lots during growth and finishing / Modelagem do desempenho e das exigências nutricionais de lotes suínos em crescimento e terminação

Determination of animal profile from production scenarios by modeling is essential to improve production. The objective of this study was to model and evaluate the performance, the supply and nutrients requirements for pigs, during the growing and finishing phases, in real production scenarios. Six scenarios with 2,200 animals, which consumed six ad libitum diets, were selected. The collected data from the production scenarios were modeled based on the average animal. Animals were housed at 65±7 days old and weighing 22.11±1.41kg and were slaughtered at 159±10 days old and weighing 121.18±7kg. Average of the scenarios was greater than 0.27kg for consumption and 0.12kg for weight gain; feed conversion was equivalent to the standard animal profile (SAP). Scenarios were 1.60g higher for the requirement and 2.67g higher for daily digestible lysine per animal when compared to the SAP. Production scenarios showed differences between performance, supply and nutrient requirements for pigs during the growing and finishing phases. Modeling is a tool that can be used to describe and compare the characteristics of each production scenario.(AU)

A determinação do perfil animal de cenários de produção, por modelagem, é imprescindível para melhorar a produção. O objetivo deste estudo foi modelar e avaliar o desempenho zootécnico, o fornecimento e as exigências de nutrientes para suínos nas fases de crescimento e terminação em cenários de produção reais. Foram selecionados seis cenários com total de 2.200 animais que consumiram seis dietas ad libitum. Os dados coletados nos cenários de produção foram modelados com base na média animal. Os animais foram alojados com 65±7 dias de idade e 22,11±1,41kg de peso e foram abatidos com 159±10 dias e 121,18±7kg. A média dos cenários foi superior a 0,27kg em consumo e 0,12kg em ganho de peso, a conversão alimentar foi equivalente ao perfil animal padrão (PAP). Os cenários foram superiores em 1,60g para exigência e 2,67g para fornecimento de lisina digestível diária por animal em relação ao PAP. Os cenários de produção apresentam diferenças para desempenho zootécnico, fornecimento e exigências de nutrientes para suínos nas fases de crescimento e terminação. A modelagem é uma ferramenta que pode ser utilizada para descrever e comparar as especificidades em cada cenário de produção.(AU)

Chemical, microbiological and sensory characteristics of cured product prepared with pork fed diets enriched with beta adrenergic and natural antioxidants / Características químicas, microbiológicas e sensoriais do produto curado preparado com carne de suínos alimentados com dietas contendo beta adrenérgico e antioxidantes naturais

Background: Through individual properties and synergistic action of its active principles, adding antioxidants (AN) in diet can indirectlyinfluence the meat properties and chemical characteristics, microbiological and sensory of the salami. This work evaluated the chemical, microbiological and sensory product made with meat from finishing pigs fed diets containing ractopamine (RAC) and natural AN.Materials, Methods & Results: One hundred and eight pigs were used in a completely randomized, blocked by sex and distributed in ninetreatments with 0, 10 and 20 ppm of RAC; 0, 250 and 500 ppm of AN and their interactions. The animals were slaughtered in slaughterhouse fridge with federal inspection. After that, for laboratory analysis and preparation of salami, the Longissimus dorsi muscle wasremoved from the right half carcass. Two duplicates of each treatment were separated and vacuum packed for the laboratory analyzes.In the sensory analysis evaluated the acceptability of Milano salami on a seven-point hedonic scale. The moisture percentage of thesalami prepared with meat from animals that received 10 RAC+500 AN in the diet had an average 7.5% higher (P < 0.05) than control,20 ppm for RAC and levels of AN. The ash content in the salami produced from the animals that received 10 RAC+500 AN in the diethad an average 9.5% higher (P < 0.05) than control, 20 RAC+250 AN and 250 AN. The protein content in the salami elaborated withanimal received 10 RAC+250 AN in the diet was 10.2% higher (P < 0.05) than other treatments. The lipid content of the control groupsalami were 16.6% higher (P < 0.05) than other treatments. In the color evaluation of salami prepared with meat from females, the levelof inclusion 10 RAC+250 AN showed better acceptability (P < 0.05) compared to the other treatments. In relation to the characteristicodor, females salami with 500 AN from the treatment showed better acceptability (P < 0.05)...(AU)

Chemical, microbiological and sensory characteristics of cured product prepared with pork fed diets enriched with beta adrenergic and natural antioxidants / Características químicas, microbiológicas e sensoriais do produto curado preparado com carne de suínos alimentados com dietas contendo beta adrenérgico e antioxidantes naturais

Background: Through individual properties and synergistic action of its active principles, adding antioxidants (AN) in diet can indirectlyinfluence the meat properties and chemical characteristics, microbiological and sensory of the salami. This work evaluated the chemical, microbiological and sensory product made with meat from finishing pigs fed diets containing ractopamine (RAC) and natural AN.Materials, Methods & Results: One hundred and eight pigs were used in a completely randomized, blocked by sex and distributed in ninetreatments with 0, 10 and 20 ppm of RAC; 0, 250 and 500 ppm of AN and their interactions. The animals were slaughtered in slaughterhouse fridge with federal inspection. After that, for laboratory analysis and preparation of salami, the Longissimus dorsi muscle wasremoved from the right half carcass. Two duplicates of each treatment were separated and vacuum packed for the laboratory analyzes.In the sensory analysis evaluated the acceptability of Milano salami on a seven-point hedonic scale. The moisture percentage of thesalami prepared with meat from animals that received 10 RAC+500 AN in the diet had an average 7.5% higher (P < 0.05) than control,20 ppm for RAC and levels of AN. The ash content in the salami produced from the animals that received 10 RAC+500 AN in the diethad an average 9.5% higher (P < 0.05) than control, 20 RAC+250 AN and 250 AN. The protein content in the salami elaborated withanimal received 10 RAC+250 AN in the diet was 10.2% higher (P < 0.05) than other treatments. The lipid content of the control groupsalami were 16.6% higher (P < 0.05) than other treatments. In the color evaluation of salami prepared with meat from females, the levelof inclusion 10 RAC+250 AN showed better acceptability (P < 0.05) compared to the other treatments. In relation to the characteristicodor, females’ salami with 500 AN from the treatment showed better acceptability (P < 0.05)...

Metanálise da relação entre espessura de toicinho e variáveis corporais e reprodutivas de porcas gestantes e lactantes / Meta-analysis of relation among backfat thickness, body and reproductive variables of gestating and lactating sows

Um estudo de metanálise avaliou a relação entre a espessura de toicinho e as variáveis de condição corporal de porcas gestantes e lactantes. A base de dados contemplou 14 artigos publicados de 2000 a 2006 em revistas indexadas. A metanálise foi realizada através de análises gráfica, de correlação e de variância. A correlação da espessura de toicinho (ET) com o peso vivo foi de 0,16 (P<0,01), com a massa protéica de 0,48 (P<0,01) e com a concentração de leptina de 0,88 (P<0,01). A correlação da variação da espessura de toicinho na lactação (ETl) com o peso vivo foi de -0,21 (P<0,01), com variação do peso vivo na lactação de 0,34 (P<0,01) e com variação da massa lipídica na lactação de 0,70 (P<0,01). A correlação entre a ET e o número de leitões nascidos vivos foi de 0,46 (P<0,01), e entre a ETl e o PV dos leitões aos sete dias foi de 0,95 (P<0,01). A ET foi influenciada pelo peso vivo e pela massa protéica na gestação, enquanto a ETl é influenciada pela variação do peso vivo e pela massa lipídica na lactação. As concentrações de leptina ao parto estão correlacionadas positivamente com a ET. A ET é influenciada pelo número total de leitões nascidos vivos e pelo peso vivo dos leitões ao nascimento, enquanto a ETl é influenciada pelo peso vivo dos leitões aos sete dias e pelo ganho de peso vivo da leitegada. Há relação significativa entre espessura de toicinho e variáveis de condição corporal de porcas gestantes e lactantes.(AU)

A meta-analysis was carried out to evaluate the association between backfat thickness and sow body condition in gestation and lactation. The database assembled 14 publications from 2000 to 2006. The meta-analysis was accomplished by graphical analysis, correlation, and analysis of variance. The correlation between backfat thickness (BT) and body weight was 0.16 (P<0.01), with protein mass was 0.48 (P<0.01) and leptin concentration was 0.88 (P<0.01). The correlation between the backfat variation during and in lactation (VBTl) and body weight was -0.21 (P<0.01), with body weight variation in lactation was 0.34 (P<0.01) and with fat mass variation in lactation was 0.70 (P<0.01). The correlation between BT and born alive litter size was 0.46 (P<0.01), between VBTl and piglets body weight at seven days of age was 0.95 (P<0.01). In the gestation, the BD was influenced by the body weight and protein mass. However, in lactation the VBTl was influenced by the body weight variation and fat mass. The leptin concentration at farrowing was positively correlated with backfat depth. The BT was influenced by born alive litter size and piglets birth weight. The VBTl was influenced by piglets weight at seven days old and litter weight gain. In conclusion, there is a significant relation between backfat thickness and body variables of the sows in gestation and lactation.(AU)

Digestibilidade aparente de dietas e metabolismo de frangos de corte alimentados com dietas contendo soja integral processada / Apparent digestibility of the diets and metabolism of broilers fed with diets containing heat processed full-fat soybean

Foi realizado um experimento para avaliar a digestibilidade aparente de dietas e o metabolismo de frangos de corte alimentados com dietas contendo soja integral (SI) processada a vácuo (SIvac) ou a vapor (SIvap). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos (dieta controle - DC; DC com substituição isométrica de 40 por cento de SIvac ou SIvap; dieta com SIvac e dieta com SIvap). Os tratamentos com substituição isométrica avaliaram a digestibilidade das sojas processadas; os demais, a digestibilidade de dietas contendo ou não soja processada (controle). A ingestão de N foi 23 e 20 por cento menor (P<0,01) para as aves alimentadas com dietas com SIvac ou SIvap em relação ao grupo controle. A excreção, digestibilidade e absorção do N não foram influenciadas (P>0,05) pelas dietas. A excreção de energia foi 19 e 22 por cento menor (P<0,01) para as aves alimentadas com SIvac na dieta em relação ao grupo controle e àquele alimentado com dieta com SIvap. A dieta com SIvac melhorou (P<0,01) a digestibilidade e a metabolização da energia. A energia metabolizável aparente corrigida para retenção de N (EMn) foi 12 por cento superior (P<0,01) à da dieta com SIvap e similar (P<0,01) à da dieta controle. A matéria seca, a proteína e o extrato etéreo digestíveis, as energias metabolizável aparente e EMn foram semelhantes (P>0,05) para a soja integral processada a vácuo ou a vapor. A soja processada a vácuo ou a vapor é uma alternativa ao farelo de soja e ao óleo vegetal em dietas para frangos de corte.(AU)

An experiment was carried out to evaluate the apparent digestibility of diets and the metabolism of broilers fed diets containing full-fat soybean (FFS) processed by vacuum (FFSvac) or by steam (FFSstm). The experimental design was completely randomized with five treatments (control diet - CD, CD with isometric substitution of 40 percent FFSvac or FFSstm; diet with FFSvac and diet with FFSstm). The treatments with isometric substitution evaluated the digestibility of processed soybeans; the remains, the digestibility of diets containing either processed soybean or not (control). The N intake was 23 and 20 percent less (P<0.01) to the broilers fed with diets containing FFSvac or FFSstm than control group. The excretion, digestibility and absorption of N were not influenced (P>0.05) by the diets. The excretion of energy was 19 and 22 percent less (P<0.01) to the broilers fed with FFSvac in the diet than control group and those fed with FFSstm in the diet. The diet with FFSvac enhanced (P<0.01) the digestibility and the metabolization of energy. The apparent metabolizable energy corrected for N retention (MEn) was 12 percent higher (P<0.01) to the one fed of diet with FFSstm and similar to control diet (P<0.01). The dry matter, protein and ether extract digestibles, the apparent metabolizable energy and MEn were similar (P>0.05) for full-fat soybean processed by vacuum or by steam. Full-fat soybean processed by vacuum or by steam is an alternative to soybean meal and to the vegetal oil in the diets for broilers.(AU)

Metanálise da relação entre espessura de toicinho e variáveis nutricionais de porcas gestantes e lactantes / Meta-analysis of relation among backfat thickness and nutritional variables of gestating and lactating sows

Uma metanálise foi realizada para avaliar a relação entre a espessura de toicinho e as variáveis nutricionais de porcas gestantes e lactantes. A base de dados contemplou 14 artigos publicados de 2000 a 2006 em revistas indexadas. A metanálise foi realizada através de análises gráfica, de correlação e de variância. A correlação entre espessura de toicinho na gestação (ETg) com consumo de alimento na gestação (CAl G) foi de -0,09 (P=0,04), com CAl na lactação (CAl L) baseado na tabela NRC (1998) foi de -0,09 (P=0,06), com CAl na lactação baseado na tabela Rostagno (2000) foi de -0,08 (P=0,06) e com consumo de proteína bruta na lactação (CAl L PB) foi de -0,08 (P=0,06). A correlação entre espessura de toicinho na lactação (ETl) com CAl na gestação foi de 0,29 (P<0,01), com CAl na gestação NRC (1998) foi de 0,20 (P<0,01), com CAl na gestação Rostagno (2000) foi de 0,20 (P<0,01), com CAl na lactação foi de -0,21 (P<0,01), com consumo na lactação NRC (1998) foi de -0,24 (P<0,01) e com consumo na lactação Rostagno (2000) foi de 0,24 (P<0,01). O CAl de PB na gestação foi de 0,20 (P<0,01) e o CAl de PB na lactação foi de -0,26 (P<0,01). A variação da espessura de toicinho durante a lactação é influenciada pelos níveis de proteína e lisina da dieta e pela gordura e proteína no leite. A variação da espessura de toicinho na gestação e na lactação foi semelhante para as tabelas do NRC (1998) e de Rostagno (2000). Há relação significativa entre espessura de toicinho e variáveis nutricionais em porcas gestantes e lactantes.(AU)

A meta-analysis was undertaken to evaluate the relationship between backfat thickness and nutritional variables of sows during gestation and lactation. The database was developed from 14 studies published between 2000 and 2006. The meta-analysis was carried out trough by graphical analysis, correlation and variance. The correlation between backfat thickness at gestation (BTg) and feed intake (FI) at this phase was -0.09 (P=0.04). The correlation between backfat thickness at gestation (BTg) and lactation FI NRC (1998) was -0.09 (P=0.06); BTg and FI at lactation Rostagno (2000) presented a correlation of-0.08 (P=0.06). In the same way the correlation between BTg and crude protein (CP) intake at lactation was -0.08 (P=0.06). The correlation between backfat thickness at lactation (BTl) and FI at gestation was 0.29 (P<0.01). BTl and FI at gestation NRC (1998) presented a correlation of 0.20 (P<0.01). For BTl and gestation feed intake Rostagno (2000) a correlation of 0.20 (P<0.01) was reported. The correlation between BTl and lactation FI was -0.21 (P<0.01), the correlations between BTl and lactation FI NRC (1998) were -0.24 (P<0.01) and lactation FI Rostagno (2000) 0.24 (P<0.01). Correlations of 0.20 (P<0.01) and -0.26 (P<0.01) were observed between BTl and CP intake at gestation and CP intake at lactation respectively. The backfat thickness variation at lactation is influenced by protein and lysine levels in the diet and fat and protein of the milk. Gestation and lactation backfat thickness variation was similar to NRC (1998) and Rostagno (2000). There is a significant relationship between backfat thickness and nutritional variables in pregnant and farrowing sows.(AU)

Características químicas e valores energéticos de farelos de soja do oeste e sudoeste do Paraná / Chemistry characteristics and energetics values of soybean meals

Foi realizado um estudo para determinar a variabilidade de características químicas e valores energéticos de farelos de soja (FS) do oeste e sudoeste do Paraná. Foram estudadas 40 amostras colhidas em 10 processadores e distribuidores durante quatro meses consecutivos. Houve diferenças (P<0,05) entre os teores de matéria seca (MS) dos farelos de soja (FS) analisados. O FS 10 apresentou menor (P<0,05) teor de MS (86,72 por cento) em relação aos FS 2, 4, 5, 6 e 9 (88,96, 90,60, 89,19, 89,08 e 88,72 por cento, respectivamente). O FS 4 teve menor conteúdo de Ca (0,31 por cento), enquanto os FS 5 e 7 mostraram os maiores teores de Ca (0,36 e 0,36 por cento, respectivamente). Ocorreram diferenças (P<0,05) entre os valores de energia metabolizável verdadeira (EMVn) calculados, com o FS 8 apresentando a maior concentração (2,65Mcal kg-1) e os FS 5 e 10 os menores teores de energia calculados (2,51 e 2,50Mcal kg-1, respectivamente). Pode-se concluir que a composição química dos farelos de soja das regiões oeste e sudoeste do Paraná apresenta pouca variação e, exceto para a fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido, ferro e manganês, os valores encontrados são próximos daqueles citados na literatura.(AU)

A study was conducted to determine the variability on chemical and nutritional characteristics of soybean meal from the West and Southwest Paraná state. Forty samples of soybean meal were collected in ten different processors and distributors during four months consecutively. There were differences (P<0.05) among the dry matter (DM) in samples of soybean meal analyzed. The soybean meal 10 had less (P<0.05) level of DM (86.72 percent) compared with soybean meals 2, 4, 5, 6 and 9 (88.96, 90.60, 89.19, 89.08 and 88.72 percent, respectively). The soybean meal 4 showed less content of Ca (0.31 percent), while the soybean meals 5 and 7 had higher levels of Ca (0.36 and 0.36, respectively). The calculated TMEn value of soybean meal 8 was higher (P<0.05) than soybean meals 5 and 10 (2.65 versus 2.51 and 2.50Mcal kg-1, respectively). The chemical composition of soybean meal from the West and Southwest Paraná state is homogenous and near that found in scientific literature, except for neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, iron and manganese.(AU)