Ultrassonografia testicular no modo color Doppler∕ espectral e avaliação andrológica de garanhões tratados com gonadotrofina coriônica humana (hCG) em diferentes estações do ano / [Testicular ultrasonography in the doppler / spectral color mode and andrological evaluation of stallions treated with human corionic gonadotrofin (hCG) in different seasons of the year]

Utilizaram-se quatro garanhões nos meses de janeiro, abril, julho e outubro de 2016, em dois protocolos, em que: GI (n=4; 5mL de solução salina, i.v.) e GII (n=4; 5000UI de hCG, i.v.) e subdividiram-se esses protocolos em ciclos (C1 e C2), seguindo o esquema crossover, sendo: CI=animais 1 (GI) e 2 (GII), avaliados nos dias D1, D3 e D5, e animais 3 (GI) e 4 (GII), em D2, D4 e D6; CII= animais 1 (GII) e 2 (GI), em D1, D3, D5, e animais 3 (GII) e 4 (GI), em D2, D4 e D6. Realizou-se o tratamento em D1 e D2 de cada ciclo e a ultrassonografia testicular no modo color Doppler e Doppler espectral, uma hora antes de cada coleta de sêmen e imediatamente após. Avaliou-se: número de reflexo de Flehmen, de montas sem ereção, início da monta, tempo de reação à ereção e total da monta e análises de qualidade seminal. Estatisticamente foram utilizados os testes de qui-quadrado e ANOVA. Não houve diferenças estatísticas (P>0,05) entre os parâmetros analisados. Concluiu-se que uma única dose de 5000UI de hCG em garanhões não causou alterações significativas nos parâmetros avaliados em diferentes estações do ano.(AU)

Four stallions were used in January, April, July and October 2016 in two protocols: GI (n=4; 5ml saline, iv) and GII (n=4; 5000 hCG, iv), and these protocols were subdivided into cycles (C1 and C2) following the cross over scheme, as follows: CI=animal 1 (GI) and 2 (GII) evaluated on days D1, D3 and D5 and animal 3 (GI) and 4 (GII) at D 2, D 4 and D 6; CII=animal 1 (GII) and 2 (GI) at D1, D3, D5 and animal 3 (GII) and 4 (GI) at D2, D4 and D6. Treatment was performed on D1 and D2 of each cycle and testicular ultrasound in color Doppler and spectral Doppler mode, one hour before each semen collection and immediately after. We evaluated: Flehmen's reflex number, mounts without erection, start of the mount, reaction time to erection and total mount and seminal quality analyzes. Statistically, the Chi-square and ANOVA tests were used. There were no statistical differences (P>0.05) between the analyzed parameters. It was concluded that a single dose of 5000IU hCG in stallions did not cause significant changes in the parameters evaluated in different seasons of the year.(AU)

Acute endometritis induced by Escherichia coli in mares evaluated through color doppler ultrasonography / [Endometrite aguda induzida por Escherichia coli em éguas avaliadas por ultrassonografia com Doppler colorido]

The objectives of this study were to characterize the endometritis induced in mares using color Doppler ultrasonography and traditional exams. Experiment 1. Mares (n=20) were submitted to intrauterine inoculation with Escherichia coli. Uterine evaluation was performed at M0 and M1. Experiment 2. Animals were divided into two groups: control group (n=10), and treated group (n=10) using phytotherapeutic solution. In both groups, the uterine evaluation was performed at time T1, T2, and T3. Experiment 3: Uterine evaluation was compared after antibiotic therapy, phytotherapy, and M0. For statistical analysis, the Tukey test, t Student, and Anova test were applied. Experiment 1. The mean values of vascularization at M1 were significantly higher than those obtained at M0 (P<0.05). Bacterial growth was observed in all samples collected. Experiment 2. The mean value of vascularization at time T1 in both groups was significantly higher (P<0.05) compared to M2 and M3. Experiment 3. After antibiotic therapy, the vascularization of the body and uterine horns was not equivalent to the vascularization presented at M0. We can conclude that it was not possible to correlate results obtained by color Doppler ultrasonography with the traditional findings for the diagnosis of endometritis.(AU)

Os objetivos deste estudo foram caracterizar a endometrite induzida em éguas utilizando-se a ultrassonografia com Doppler colorido e exames tradicionais. Experimento 1: as éguas (n=20) foram submetidas à inoculação intrauterina com Escherichia coli. A avaliação uterina foi realizada em M0 e M1. Experimento 2: os animais foram divididos em dois grupos: grupo controle (n=10) e grupo tratado (n=10), sendo usada solução fitoterápica. Nos dois grupos, a avaliação uterina ocorreu nos momentos T1, T2 e T3. Experimento 3: a avaliação uterina foi comparada após antibioticoterapia, fitoterapia e M0. Para análise estatística, foram aplicados os testes de Tukey, t de Student e ANOVA. Experimento 1: os valores médios de vascularização em M1 foram significativamente maiores que os obtidos no M0 (P<0,05). Houve crescimento bacteriano em todas as amostras coletadas. Experimento 2: o valor médio da vascularização no tempo T1 nos dois grupos foi significativamente maior (P<0,05) do que o obtido em M2 e M3. Experimento 3: após antibioticoterapia, a vascularização do corpo e dos cornos uterinos não era equivalente à vascularização apresentada em M0. Pode-se concluir que não foi possível correlacionar os resultados obtidos pela ultrassonografia com Doppler colorido com os achados tradicionais para o diagnóstico de endometrite.(AU)

Ultrassonografia testicular no modo color Doppler∕ espectral e avaliação andrológica de garanhões tratados com gonadotrofina coriônica humana (hCG) em diferentes estações do ano / [Testicular ultrasonography in the doppler / spectral color mode and andrological evaluation of stallions treated with human corionic gonadotrofin (hCG) in different seasons of the year]

Utilizaram-se quatro garanhões nos meses de janeiro, abril, julho e outubro de 2016, em dois protocolos, em que: GI (n=4; 5mL de solução salina, i.v.) e GII (n=4; 5000UI de hCG, i.v.) e subdividiram-se esses protocolos em ciclos (C1 e C2), seguindo o esquema crossover, sendo: CI=animais 1 (GI) e 2 (GII), avaliados nos dias D1, D3 e D5, e animais 3 (GI) e 4 (GII), em D2, D4 e D6; CII= animais 1 (GII) e 2 (GI), em D1, D3, D5, e animais 3 (GII) e 4 (GI), em D2, D4 e D6. Realizou-se o tratamento em D1 e D2 de cada ciclo e a ultrassonografia testicular no modo color Doppler e Doppler espectral, uma hora antes de cada coleta de sêmen e imediatamente após. Avaliou-se: número de reflexo de Flehmen, de montas sem ereção, início da monta, tempo de reação à ereção e total da monta e análises de qualidade seminal. Estatisticamente foram utilizados os testes de qui-quadrado e ANOVA. Não houve diferenças estatísticas (P>0,05) entre os parâmetros analisados. Concluiu-se que uma única dose de 5000UI de hCG em garanhões não causou alterações significativas nos parâmetros avaliados em diferentes estações do ano.(AU)

Four stallions were used in January, April, July and October 2016 in two protocols: GI (n=4; 5ml saline, iv) and GII (n=4; 5000 hCG, iv), and these protocols were subdivided into cycles (C1 and C2) following the cross over scheme, as follows: CI=animal 1 (GI) and 2 (GII) evaluated on days D1, D3 and D5 and animal 3 (GI) and 4 (GII) at D 2, D 4 and D 6; CII=animal 1 (GII) and 2 (GI) at D1, D3, D5 and animal 3 (GII) and 4 (GI) at D2, D4 and D6. Treatment was performed on D1 and D2 of each cycle and testicular ultrasound in color Doppler and spectral Doppler mode, one hour before each semen collection and immediately after. We evaluated: Flehmen's reflex number, mounts without erection, start of the mount, reaction time to erection and total mount and seminal quality analyzes. Statistically, the Chi-square and ANOVA tests were used. There were no statistical differences (P>0.05) between the analyzed parameters. It was concluded that a single dose of 5000IU hCG in stallions did not cause significant changes in the parameters evaluated in different seasons of the year.(AU)

Endocrine and paracrine regulation of zebrafish spermatogenesis: the Sertoli cell perspective

Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) either self-renew or differentiate into spermatogonia that further develop into spermatozoa. Self-renewal occurs when residing in a specific micro-environment (niche) While displacement from the niche would tip the signalling balance towards differentiation. Considering the cystic type of spermatogenesis in fish, the SSC candidates are single type A undifferentiated (Aund) spermatogonia, enveloped by mostly one niche-forming Sertoli cell. When going through a self-renewal cell cycle, the resulting new single type Aund spermatogonium would have to recruit another Sertoli cell to expand the niche space, while a differentiating germ cell cyle would result in a pair of spermatogonia that remain in contact with their cyst-forming Sertoli cells. In zebrafish, thyroid hormone stimulates the proliferation of Sertoli cells and of type Aund spermatogonia, involving Igf3, a new member of the Igf family. In cystic spermatogenesis, type A und spermatogonia usually do not leave the niche, so that supposedly the signalling in the niche changes when switching from self-renewal to differentiation. Recombinant zebrafish (rz) Fsh down-regulated Sertoli cell anti-müllerian hormone (amh) mRNA levels, and rzAmh inhibited differentiation of type A und spermatogonia as well as Fsh-stimulated steroidogenesis. Thus, for Fsh to efficiently stimulate testis functions, Amh bioactivity should be dampened. We also discovered that Fsh increased Sertoli cell Igf3 gene and protein expression; rzIgf3 stimulated spermatogonial proliferation and Fsh-stimulated spermatogenesis was significantly impaired by inhibiting Igf receptor signaling. We propose that in zebrafish, Fsh is the major regulator of testis functions and, supported by other endocrine systems (e.g. thyroid hormone), regulates Leydig cell steroidogenesis as well as Sertoli cell number and growth factor production to promote spermatogenesis.

Endocrine and paracrine regulation of zebrafish spermatogenesis: the Sertoli cell perspective

Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) either self-renew or differentiate into spermatogonia that further develop into spermatozoa. Self-renewal occurs when residing in a specific micro-environment (niche) While displacement from the niche would tip the signalling balance towards differentiation. Considering the cystic type of spermatogenesis in fish, the SSC candidates are single type A undifferentiated (Aund) spermatogonia, enveloped by mostly one niche-forming Sertoli cell. When going through a self-renewal cell cycle, the resulting new single type Aund spermatogonium would have to recruit another Sertoli cell to expand the niche space, while a differentiating germ cell cyle would result in a pair of spermatogonia that remain in contact with their cyst-forming Sertoli cells. In zebrafish, thyroid hormone stimulates the proliferation of Sertoli cells and of type Aund spermatogonia, involving Igf3, a new member of the Igf family. In cystic spermatogenesis, type A und spermatogonia usually do not leave the niche, so that supposedly the signalling in the niche changes when switching from self-renewal to differentiation. Recombinant zebrafish (rz) Fsh down-regulated Sertoli cell anti-müllerian hormone (amh) mRNA levels, and rzAmh inhibited differentiation of type A und spermatogonia as well as Fsh-stimulated steroidogenesis. Thus, for Fsh to efficiently stimulate testis functions, Amh bioactivity should be dampened. We also discovered that Fsh increased Sertoli cell Igf3 gene and protein expression; rzIgf3 stimulated spermatogonial proliferation and Fsh-stimulated spermatogenesis was significantly impaired by inhibiting Igf receptor signaling. We propose that in zebrafish, Fsh is the major regulator of testis functions and, supported by other endocrine systems (e.g. thyroid hormone), regulates Leydig cell steroidogenesis as well as Sertoli cell number and growth factor production to promote spermatogenesis.(AU)

Fontes proteicas alternativas oriundas da cadeia produtiva do biodiesel para alimentação de ruminantes / Alternative protein sources derived from the biodiesel production chain for feeding to ruminants

Objetivou-se avaliar a degradação e a produção de gás de diferentes fontes proteicas geradas na cadeia produtiva do biodiesel em substituição à silagem de milho. Os tratamentos foram: coprodutos de Gossyypium hirsutum, Ricinus communis, Moringa oleifera, Jatropha curcas, Helianthus annus. Os produtos foram analisados mediante a técnica semiautomática de produção de gases in vitro. O coproduto da moringa apresentou maior taxa de degradação, quando comparado aos demais alimentos, porém apresentou baixa produção de gás e se tornou mais eficiente, sendo, portanto, indicado como o melhor nível (27,06%) de substituição à silagem de milho. O coproduto da mamona e o do algodão produziram a maior quantidade de gás em 48h de incubação. Todos os coprodutos estudados podem ser utilizados na dieta de ruminantes como alimento proteico até 30% de substituição à silagem de milho.(AU)

This study aimed to assess the degradation and gas production of different protein sources generated in the biodiesel production chain replacing corn silage. The treatments were byproducts Gossyypium hirsutum, Ricinus communis, Moringa oleifeira, Jatrophacurcas, and Helianthusannus. The products were analyzed by semi-automated technique of gas production in vitro. The coproduct moringa showed higher degradation rate compared to other foods, but showed low gas production, making it more efficient, being nominated as the best level of 27.06% by replacing corn silage. The byproducts of castor oil and cottonseed produced the largest amount of gas in 48 h of incubation. All studied byproducts can be used in the diet of ruminants as a protein food up to 30% by substitution of corn silage.(AU)

Fontes proteicas alternativas oriundas da cadeia produtiva do biodiesel para alimentação de ruminantes / Alternative protein sources derived from the biodiesel production chain for feeding to ruminants

Objetivou-se avaliar a degradação e a produção de gás de diferentes fontes proteicas geradas na cadeia produtiva do biodiesel em substituição à silagem de milho. Os tratamentos foram: coprodutos de Gossyypium hirsutum, Ricinus communis, Moringa oleifera, Jatropha curcas, Helianthus annus. Os produtos foram analisados mediante a técnica semiautomática de produção de gases in vitro. O coproduto da moringa apresentou maior taxa de degradação, quando comparado aos demais alimentos, porém apresentou baixa produção de gás e se tornou mais eficiente, sendo, portanto, indicado como o melhor nível (27,06%) de substituição à silagem de milho. O coproduto da mamona e o do algodão produziram a maior quantidade de gás em 48h de incubação. Todos os coprodutos estudados podem ser utilizados na dieta de ruminantes como alimento proteico até 30% de substituição à silagem de milho.(AU)

This study aimed to assess the degradation and gas production of different protein sources generated in the biodiesel production chain replacing corn silage. The treatments were byproducts Gossyypium hirsutum, Ricinus communis, Moringa oleifeira, Jatrophacurcas, and Helianthusannus. The products were analyzed by semi-automated technique of gas production in vitro. The coproduct moringa showed higher degradation rate compared to other foods, but showed low gas production, making it more efficient, being nominated as the best level of 27.06% by replacing corn silage. The byproducts of castor oil and cottonseed produced the largest amount of gas in 48 h of incubation. All studied byproducts can be used in the diet of ruminants as a protein food up to 30% by substitution of corn silage.(AU)

Domestic cat testicular aromatase activity as assessed by the tritiated water-release assay

Lower testicular tetosterone:17β-estradiol (T:E2) ratio was found in teratospermic domestic cats (<40% morphologically normal sperm). The aim of this study was to assess the reliability of the tritiated water-release assay (TWRA) to measure aromatase activity in domestic cat testes. Testicular T and E2 concentrations, measured by enzyme immunoassay, and sperm morphology were evaluated to verify the relationship between them. Aromatase activity was measured in microsomal fraction and in homogenates of cat testes. Rat ovaries and piglet testes were used for assay validation. Aromatase activity was not detected in cat testes microsomal fraction (n = 8), not even when the protein amount added to the assay was increased from 50 to 200 μg. In homogenates, however, it was detected (3.5 ± 0.5 pmol.g-1.h-1; n = 7), although in such low levels that no activity inhibition was detectedwhen homogenates were incubated with increasing fadrazole concentrations. Although none of the cats in this study were classified as teratospermic, some sperm defects were correlated with testicular T:E2 ratio (abnormal acrosome, r = -0.76) and with E2 concentration (proximal cytoplasmic droplet, r = 0.77). However, we did not find any correlation between aromatase activity and hormonalor sperm morphology data. To our knowledge this is the first demonstration of testicular aromatase activity in domestic cats. Despite that, due to the low aromatase activity measured and the lack of correlation with other reproductive data, we could not infer that TWRA is a reliable method to detect differences in testicular aromatase activity in normospermic cats. Perhaps this method could be used in teratospermic individuals that probably havean increased aromatase activity. As an alternative, we suggest that more sensitive techniques should be used to compare aromatase activity between normospermic and teratospermic cats.

Domestic cat testicular aromatase activity as assessed by the tritiated water-release assay

Lower testicular tetosterone:17β-estradiol (T:E2) ratio was found in teratospermic domestic cats (<40% morphologically normal sperm). The aim of this study was to assess the reliability of the tritiated water-release assay (TWRA) to measure aromatase activity in domestic cat testes. Testicular T and E2 concentrations, measured by enzyme immunoassay, and sperm morphology were evaluated to verify the relationship between them. Aromatase activity was measured in microsomal fraction and in homogenates of cat testes. Rat ovaries and piglet testes were used for assay validation. Aromatase activity was not detected in cat testes microsomal fraction (n = 8), not even when the protein amount added to the assay was increased from 50 to 200 μg. In homogenates, however, it was detected (3.5 ± 0.5 pmol.g-1.h-1; n = 7), although in such low levels that no activity inhibition was detectedwhen homogenates were incubated with increasing fadrazole concentrations. Although none of the cats in this study were classified as teratospermic, some sperm defects were correlated with testicular T:E2 ratio (abnormal acrosome, r = -0.76) and with E2 concentration (proximal cytoplasmic droplet, r = 0.77). However, we did not find any correlation between aromatase activity and hormonalor sperm morphology data. To our knowledge this is the first demonstration of testicular aromatase activity in domestic cats. Despite that, due to the low aromatase activity measured and the lack of correlation with other reproductive data, we could not infer that TWRA is a reliable method to detect differences in testicular aromatase activity in normospermic cats. Perhaps this method could be used in teratospermic individuals that probably havean increased aromatase activity. As an alternative, we suggest that more sensitive techniques should be used to compare aromatase activity between normospermic and teratospermic cats.(AU)

Effect of pentoxifylline on the regeneration of rat testicular germ cells after heat shock

High temperature is an important factor for reproduction and can induce testicular degeneration. Pentoxifylline is a methylxanthine phosphodiesterase inhibitor with anti - inflammatory and anti - apoptotic properties. Considering the protective propert ies of pentoxifylline and the harmful effects of heat, the present study aimed to use pentoxifylline to reduce the damage induced by heat to the testis. Adult mal e Wistar rats were exposed to testicular heat shock (43ºC for 15 min) , treated with 50 or 100 mg/ k g of pentoxifylline and evaluated at 3, 7, 15, 30 and 60 days after heat shock. Pentoxifylline treatment did not change testicular weight, histomorphometrical parameters or plasma testosterone concentration. However, pentoxifylline inhibited germ cell apoptosis and reduced the severity of pathological lesions at 30 and 60 days after testicular heat shock. In conclusion, pentoxifylline treatment seem ed to inhibit pro - inflammatory and apoptotic mechanisms triggered by testicular heat shock, improving sper matogenesis regeneration.

Effect of pentoxifylline on the regeneration of rat testicular germ cells after heat shock

High temperature is an important factor for reproduction and can induce testicular degeneration. Pentoxifylline is a methylxanthine phosphodiesterase inhibitor with anti - inflammatory and anti - apoptotic properties. Considering the protective propert ies of pentoxifylline and the harmful effects of heat, the present study aimed to use pentoxifylline to reduce the damage induced by heat to the testis. Adult mal e Wistar rats were exposed to testicular heat shock (43ºC for 15 min) , treated with 50 or 100 mg/ k g of pentoxifylline and evaluated at 3, 7, 15, 30 and 60 days after heat shock. Pentoxifylline treatment did not change testicular weight, histomorphometrical parameters or plasma testosterone concentration. However, pentoxifylline inhibited germ cell apoptosis and reduced the severity of pathological lesions at 30 and 60 days after testicular heat shock. In conclusion, pentoxifylline treatment seem ed to inhibit pro - inflammatory and apoptotic mechanisms triggered by testicular heat shock, improving sper matogenesis regeneration.(AU)

Quail (Coturnixcoturnix japonica) welfare in two confinement systems / Bem-estar de codornas (Coturnix coturnix japonica) em dois sistemas de confinamento

The intensification of animal production systems presents a potential impact on the welfare of animals. The objective of this work was to assess the welfare of quail Coturnixcoturnix japonicain two maintenance systems: battery cages (BC),and enriched aviary (EA),with saw-dust bedding, sand-bathing area and nests. The experiment procedure involved eight animals per holding area and four repetitions per treatment, an overall of 64 quails. Welfare was assessed through behavioral freedom, sanitary freedom (feather condition and injuries), blood analyses and glicocorticoid metabolites measurement in droppings. Results are presented in the BC order, followed by EA. Water drinking behavior and agonistic behavior were different between treatments (P<0.05). Feather condition was adequate in both treatments, except for the head in BC quails. Blood data were statistically different forred blood cells, hematocrit, hemoglobin, blood proteins, eosinophils, heterophils, lymphocytes and heterophil: lymphocyte ratio. Glicocorticoid metabolites levels were significantly different between maintenance systems. The behavioral and physiological welfare indicators showed higher welfare degree for quails in enriched aviary as compared to battery cages system.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o bem-estar de codornas (Coturnix coturnix japonica) em dois sistemas de manutenção: gaiolas industriais em baterias (BC) e aviários enriquecidos (EA) com cama de serragem, caixa de areia e ninhos. O procedimento experimental envolveu oito animais por área experimental equatrorepetiçõesportratamento, totalizando64codornas. O bem-estar animal foi avaliado por meio da liberdade comportamental e da liberdade sanitária -condição das penas e ferimentos -, análises de sangue e mensuração de glicocorticoides nas fezes. Atividade de beber água e comportamento agonístico foram diferentes entre os tratamentos (P<0,05). A condição das penas foi adequada em ambos os tratamentos, exceto para a condição das cabeças em codornas do tratamento BC. Os dados do sangue foram diferentes para eritrócitos, hematócrito, hemoglobina, proteínas sanguíneas, eosinófilos, heterófilos e linfócitos e para a relação heterófilo:linfócito. Os níveis de metabólitos glicocorticoides foram significativamente diferentes entre os sistemas de manutenção. Os indicadores comportamentais e fisiológicos de bem-estar mostraramalto grau de bem-estar para as codornas no EA em relação às no BC.(AU)

Produção animal em pastagem de capim-braquiária adubada com nitrogênio / Animal production on nitrogen fertilized signalgrass pasture

O experimento foi realizado em dois anos para avaliar o potencial de produção de bovinos em pastagens de Brachiaria decumbens adubadas com nitrogênio (N). Foram determinadas as massas de forragem total (MFT) e de forragem verde (MFV), a composição morfológica e o valor nutritivo da forragem potencialmente consumível, bem como o desempenho animal e a taxa de lotação (TL) das pastagens. Os tratamentos consistiram de quatro doses de N - 75, 150, 225 e 300kg/ha.ano -, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com duas repetições. Nos dois anos, as MFT e MFV aumentaram linearmente em função da aplicação de N. A composição química da forragem potencialmente consumível foi pouco alterada pela aplicação de N. A adubação nitrogenada não influenciou o ganho de peso individual dos novilhos, mas aumentou a TL - de 3,6 para 5,3 e de 3,7 para 5,2UA/ha no primeiro e segundo ano, respectivamente - e a produção animal por área da pastagem - de 404,2 para 737,9 e de 619,7 para 1008,4kg/ha no primeiro e segundo anos, respectivamente.(AU)

The experiment which aimed to evaluate the potential of cattle production on nitrogen-fertilized Brachiaria decumbens pastures was carried out in two years. The total forage mass (TFM), green forage mass (GFM), morphological composition and nutritive value of the potentially consumed forage were determined, as well as the animal performance and the stocking rate (SR). The treatments encompassed four doses of N, being 75, 150, 225 and 300kg/ha.year. A randomized block design with two repetitions was used. The chemical composition of the potentially consumable forage was little altered by the N application. N-fertilization did not influence the weight gain of steers, but increased the SR from 3.6 to 5.3 in the first year and from 3.7 to 5.2 animal units per hectare in the second year, and the production by area of pasture from 404.2 to 737.9kg/ha in the first year and from 619.7 to 1008.4kg/ha in the second year. N-fertilization increases forage mass, stocking rate and animal production by area of pasture on B. decumbens cv. Basilisk pastures managed under continuous stocking with varying stocking rate.(AU)

Effect of acupuncture/electroacupuncture on gastric pressure and contraction of dogs measured by alternate current susceptometry and manometry / Efeito da acupuntura / eletroacupuntura na contração e pressão gástrica de cães, medidas por susceptometria de corrente alternada e manometria

The effect of acupuncture, false acupuncture and low frequency electroacupuncture on gastric contraction amplitude and pressure was investigated in dogs. A cuffed gastric tube was inserted in 17 dogs anesthetized with pentobarbitone and a magnetic tracer (manganese ferrite) was administered into the cuff. Gastric contraction was measured using a biosusceptometer positioned at the epigastric region, based on the magnetic flux transformer with differential coil using a sample frequency of 10 Hz. The magnetic signal was detected by a lock-in amplifier, using a Butterworth bi-direction 2 pole pass-band filter (30 to 70 mHz) in the digital signals. The FFT (Fast Fourier Transformer) and running spectrum analysis (RSA) were used to evaluate the amplitude of the signal before and after acupuncture. Gastric pressure was measured attaching the cuffed inflated tube in the stomach to a pressure monitor. The dogs were treated with false manual acupuncture, followed by real manual acupuncture and low frequency electroacupuncture (5 Hz, 5 V, and alternate current stimulation) at the ST 36 and LI 4 acupoints. Gastric contraction amplitude and pressure raised in an increasing way after false manual acupuncture, followed by real manual acupuncture and electroacupuncture. Electroacupuncture was the only protocol to produce a statistically significant increase in these variables when

EFFECT OF ACUPUNCTURE/ELECTROACUPUNCTURE ON GASTRIC PRESSURE AND CONTRACTION OF DOGS MEASURED BY ALTERNATE CURRENT SUSCEPTOMETRY AND MANOMETRY. / EFEITO DA ACUPUNTURA / ELETROACUPUNTURA NA CONTRAÇÃO E PRESSÃO GÁSTRICA DE CÃES, MEDIDAS POR SUSCEPTOMETRIA DE CORRENTE ALTERNADA E MANOMETRIA.

  The effect of acupuncture, false acupuncture and low frequency electroacupuncture on gastric contraction amplitude and pressure was investigated in dogs. A cuffed gastric tube was inserted in 17 dogs anesthetized with pentobarbitone and a magnetic tracer (manganese ferrite) was administered into the cuff. Gastric contraction was measured using a biosusceptometer positioned at the epigastric region, based on the magnetic flux transformer with differential coil using a sample frequency of 10 Hz. The magnetic signal was detected by a lock-in amplifier, using a Butterworth bi-direction 2 pole pass-band filter (30 to 70 mHz) in the digital signals. The FFT (Fast Fourier Transformer) and running spectrum analysis (RSA) were used to evaluate the amplitude of the signal before and after acupuncture. Gastric pressure was measured attaching the cuffed inflated tube in the stomach to a pressure monitor. The dogs were treated with false manual acupuncture, followed by real manual acupuncture and low frequency electroacupuncture (5 Hz, 5 V, and alternate current stimulation) at the ST 36 and LI 4 acupoints. Gastric contraction amplitude and pressure raised in an increasing way after false manual acupuncture, followed by real manual acupuncture and electroacupuncture. Electroacupuncture was the only protocol to produce a statistically significant increase in these variables when

EFFECT OF ACUPUNCTURE/ELECTROACUPUNCTURE ON GASTRIC PRESSURE AND CONTRACTION OF DOGS MEASURED BY ALTERNATE CURRENT SUSCEPTOMETRY AND MANOMETRY. / EFEITO DA ACUPUNTURA / ELETROACUPUNTURA NA CONTRAÇÃO E PRESSÃO GÁSTRICA DE CÃES, MEDIDAS POR SUSCEPTOMETRIA DE CORRENTE ALTERNADA E MANOMETRIA.

  The effect of acupuncture, false acupuncture and low frequency electroacupuncture on gastric contraction amplitude and pressure was investigated in dogs. A cuffed gastric tube was inserted in 17 dogs anesthetized with pentobarbitone and a magnetic tracer (manganese ferrite) was administered into the cuff. Gastric contraction was measured using a biosusceptometer positioned at the epigastric region, based on the magnetic flux transformer with differential coil using a sample frequency of 10 Hz. The magnetic signal was detected by a lock-in amplifier, using a Butterworth bi-direction 2 pole pass-band filter (30 to 70 mHz) in the digital signals. The FFT (Fast Fourier Transformer) and running spectrum analysis (RSA) were used to evaluate the amplitude of the signal before and after acupuncture. Gastric pressure was measured attaching the cuffed inflated tube in the stomach to a pressure monitor. The dogs were treated with false manual acupuncture, followed by real manual acupuncture and low frequency electroacupuncture (5 Hz, 5 V, and alternate current stimulation) at the ST 36 and LI 4 acupoints. Gastric contraction amplitude and pressure raised in an increasing way after false manual acupuncture, followed by real manual acupuncture and electroacupuncture. Electroacupuncture was the only protocol to produce a statistically significant increase in these variables when