Pregnancy modulates serum proteins, hematological and blood biochemical variables of the Pêga donkey / Prenhez modula as proteínas séricas, variáveis hematológicas e bioquímicas sanguíneas do jumento Pêga

Considering the scarcity of information regarding blood parameters of Pêga donkeys (Equus asinus), and the influence of factors such as breed and physiological status on these parameters, this study aimed to evaluate the influence of pregnancy on hematological, blood biochemical and serum protein profiles of the Pêga donkey, using samples from 59 female adult donkeys, 22 pregnant and 37 non-pregnant, kept under field conditions. The parameters measured were counts of red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), basophils, eosinophils, bands, segmented neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes and platelets; and the levels of packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, creatine kinase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, urea, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, total calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, chlorides, sodium, potassium, ionized calcium, creatinine, total protein, albumin, total, direct and indirect serum bilirubin. Serum protein fractionation was performed by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), which found 10 proteins: immunoglobulins A and G, ceruloplasmin, transferrin, albumin, haptoglobin, 1-acid glycoprotein, 138 kDa (MWP138), 33 kDa (MWP33) and 23 kDa (MWP23) molecular weight proteins. RBC and triglycerides were higher in pregnant females. Urea, Immunoglobulin A, MWP138 and MWP23 concentrations were higher in non-pregnant mares. This study presented differences from previous studies, and some differences in blood variables between pregnant and non-pregnant Pêga donkeys, confirming that pregnancy causes significant metabolic changes, which must be considered in the clinical evaluation of these animals.

Considerando a escassez de informações sobre as variáveis hematológicas dos jumentos Pêga e a influência de fatores como raça e estado fisiológico sobre estes parâmetros, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a influência da prenhez sobre os perfis hematológico, bioquímico sanguíneo e de proteínas séricas de jumentos Pêga, utilizando amostras de 59 jumentas adultas, 22 prenhes e 37 não prenhes, mantidas sob condições de campo. Foram mensuradas as contagens de hemácias, leucócitos, basófilos, eosinófilos, neutrófilos bastonetes, neutrófilos segmentados, linfócitos, monócitos e plaquetas; volume globular, concentração de hemoglobina e os níveis de alanina aminotransferase, aspartato aminotransferase, fosfatase alcalina, creatina quinase, gama glutamil transferase, ureia, glicose, colesterol, triglicérides, cálcio total, fósforo, magnésio, cloretos, sódio, potássio, cálcio ionizado, creatinina, proteína total, albumina, bilirrubina total, direta e indireta. O fracionamento de proteínas séricas foi realizado pela eletroforese em gel de acrilamida contendo dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS-PAGE), o qual revelou 10 proteínas: imunoglobulinas A e G, ceruloplasmina, transferrina, albumina, haptoglobina, 1-glicoproteína ácida, proteína de peso molecular 138 kDa (PPM138), 33 kDa (PPM33) e 23 kDa (PPM23). A contagem de eritrócitos e os triglicérides séricos foram mais altos para as fêmeas prenhes. As concentrações de ureia, IgA, PPM138e PPM23 foram mais altas para jumentas não prenhes. Houve diferenças em relação a estudos anteriores, e diferenças entre as variáveis sanguíneas de jumentas Pêga prenhes e vazias confirmam que a prenhez causa mudanças metabólicas significantes, as quais devem ser consideradas na avaliação clínica destes animais.

Pregnancy modulates serum proteins, hematological and blood biochemical variables of the Pêga donkey / Prenhez modula as proteínas séricas, variáveis hematológicas e bioquímicas sanguíneas do jumento Pêga

Considering the scarcity of information regarding blood parameters of Pêga donkeys (Equus asinus), and the influence of factors such as breed and physiological status on these parameters, this study aimed to evaluate the influence of pregnancy on hematological, blood biochemical and serum protein profiles of the Pêga donkey, using samples from 59 female adult donkeys, 22 pregnant and 37 non-pregnant, kept under field conditions. The parameters measured were counts of red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), basophils, eosinophils, bands, segmented neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes and platelets; and the levels of packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, creatine kinase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, urea, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, total calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, chlorides, sodium, potassium, ionized calcium, creatinine, total protein, albumin, total, direct and indirect serum bilirubin. Serum protein fractionation was performed by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), which found 10 proteins: immunoglobulins A and G, ceruloplasmin, transferrin, albumin, haptoglobin, 1-acid glycoprotein, 138 kDa (MWP138), 33 kDa (MWP33) and 23 kDa (MWP23) molecular weight proteins. RBC and triglycerides were higher in pregnant females. Urea, Immunoglobulin A, MWP138 and MWP23 concentrations were higher in non-pregnant mares. This study presented differences from previous studies, and some differences in blood variables between pregnant and non-pregnant Pêga donkeys, confirming that pregnancy causes significant metabolic changes, which must be considered in the clinical evaluation of these animals.(AU)

Considerando a escassez de informações sobre as variáveis hematológicas dos jumentos Pêga e a influência de fatores como raça e estado fisiológico sobre estes parâmetros, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a influência da prenhez sobre os perfis hematológico, bioquímico sanguíneo e de proteínas séricas de jumentos Pêga, utilizando amostras de 59 jumentas adultas, 22 prenhes e 37 não prenhes, mantidas sob condições de campo. Foram mensuradas as contagens de hemácias, leucócitos, basófilos, eosinófilos, neutrófilos bastonetes, neutrófilos segmentados, linfócitos, monócitos e plaquetas; volume globular, concentração de hemoglobina e os níveis de alanina aminotransferase, aspartato aminotransferase, fosfatase alcalina, creatina quinase, gama glutamil transferase, ureia, glicose, colesterol, triglicérides, cálcio total, fósforo, magnésio, cloretos, sódio, potássio, cálcio ionizado, creatinina, proteína total, albumina, bilirrubina total, direta e indireta. O fracionamento de proteínas séricas foi realizado pela eletroforese em gel de acrilamida contendo dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS-PAGE), o qual revelou 10 proteínas: imunoglobulinas A e G, ceruloplasmina, transferrina, albumina, haptoglobina, 1-glicoproteína ácida, proteína de peso molecular 138 kDa (PPM138), 33 kDa (PPM33) e 23 kDa (PPM23). A contagem de eritrócitos e os triglicérides séricos foram mais altos para as fêmeas prenhes. As concentrações de ureia, IgA, PPM138e PPM23 foram mais altas para jumentas não prenhes. Houve diferenças em relação a estudos anteriores, e diferenças entre as variáveis sanguíneas de jumentas Pêga prenhes e vazias confirmam que a prenhez causa mudanças metabólicas significantes, as quais devem ser consideradas na avaliação clínica destes animais.(AU)

Evaluation of clinical signs, parasitemia, hematologic and biochemical changes in cattle experimentally infected with Trypanosoma vivax / Avaliação dos sinais clínicos, parasitemia e alterações hematológicas e bioquímicas de bovinos experimentalmente infectados peloTrypanosoma vivax

Infections by Trypanosoma vivax cause great losses to livestock in Africa and Central and South Americas. Outbreaks due this parasite have been occurred with increasing frequency in Brazil. Knowledge of changes caused byT. vivax during the course of this disease can be of great diagnostic value. Thus, clinical signs, parasitemia, hematologic and biochemical changes of cattle experimentally infected by this hemoparasite were evaluated. Two distinct phases were verified during the infection an acute phase where circulating parasites were seen and then a chronic phase where fluctuations in parasitemia were detected including aparasitemic periods. A constant reduction in erythrocytes, hemoglobin and packed cell volume (PVC) were observed. White blood cells (WBC) showed pronounced changes such as severe neutropenia and lymphopenia during the acute phase of the illness. Decreases in cholesterol, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and increases in glucose, globulin, protein, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were observed. The Lins isolate of T. vivax showed pathogenicity for cattle, and intense parasitemia was detected in the early stages of infection. Circulating parasites were detected for about two months. The most evident laboratory abnormalities were found in WBC parameters, including thrombocytopenia.(AU)

Infecções pelo Trypanosoma vivax causam grandes prejuízos à pecuária na África e Américas Central e do Sul. Surtos devido a este protozoário têm ocorrido com frequência cada vez maior no Brasil. O conhecimento das alterações provocadas pelo T. vivax durante a evolução desta enfermidade podem ser de grande valia para o auxílio no diagnóstico. Para tanto foram estudados os sinais clínicos, parasitemia, alterações hematológicas e bioquímicas em bovinos experimentalmente infectados por este hemoparasito. Foram verificadas duas fases distintas durante a infecção, uma aguda onde parasitos circulantes foram vistos durante todo o período, e posteriormente uma crônica, onde foram detectadas flutuações na parasitemia, com períodos aparasitêmicos. Foi verificada constante diminuição da contagem global de eritrócitos, teor de hemoglobina e volume globular (VG). O leucograma revelou leucopenia por neutropenia e linfopenia durante a fase aguda da enfermidade. Foram observados diminuição do colesterol, albumina, aspartato aminotransferase (AST), lactato desidrogenase (LDH) e aumento da glicose, globulinas, proteínas e fosfatase alcalina (FA). O isolado Lins de T. vivax apresentou patogenicidade para bovinos, verificando-se parasitemia intensa nos estágios iniciais da infecção, sendo detectados parasitas circulantes por aproximadamente dois meses. As alterações laboratoriais mais evidentes foram encontradas nos parâmetros do leucograma, ainda destacando-se um quadro de trombocitopenia.(AU)

Evaluation of clinical signs, parasitemia, hematologic and biochemical changes in cattle experimentally infected with Trypanosoma vivax

Abstract Infections by Trypanosoma vivax cause great losses to livestock in Africa and Central and South Americas. Outbreaks due this parasite have been occurred with increasing frequency in Brazil. Knowledge of changes caused byT. vivax during the course of this disease can be of great diagnostic value. Thus, clinical signs, parasitemia, hematologic and biochemical changes of cattle experimentally infected by this hemoparasite were evaluated. Two distinct phases were verified during the infection an acute phase where circulating parasites were seen and then a chronic phase where fluctuations in parasitemia were detected including aparasitemic periods. A constant reduction in erythrocytes, hemoglobin and packed cell volume (PVC) were observed. White blood cells (WBC) showed pronounced changes such as severe neutropenia and lymphopenia during the acute phase of the illness. Decreases in cholesterol, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and increases in glucose, globulin, protein, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were observed. The Lins isolate of T. vivax showed pathogenicity for cattle, and intense parasitemia was detected in the early stages of infection. Circulating parasites were detected for about two months. The most evident laboratory abnormalities were found in WBC parameters, including thrombocytopenia.

Resumo Infecções pelo Trypanosoma vivax causam grandes prejuízos à pecuária na África e Américas Central e do Sul. Surtos devido a este protozoário têm ocorrido com frequência cada vez maior no Brasil. O conhecimento das alterações provocadas pelo T. vivax durante a evolução desta enfermidade podem ser de grande valia para o auxílio no diagnóstico. Para tanto foram estudados os sinais clínicos, parasitemia, alterações hematológicas e bioquímicas em bovinos experimentalmente infectados por este hemoparasito. Foram verificadas duas fases distintas durante a infecção, uma aguda onde parasitos circulantes foram vistos durante todo o período, e posteriormente uma crônica, onde foram detectadas flutuações na parasitemia, com períodos aparasitêmicos. Foi verificada constante diminuição da contagem global de eritrócitos, teor de hemoglobina e volume globular (VG). O leucograma revelou leucopenia por neutropenia e linfopenia durante a fase aguda da enfermidade. Foram observados diminuição do colesterol, albumina, aspartato aminotransferase (AST), lactato desidrogenase (LDH) e aumento da glicose, globulinas, proteínas e fosfatase alcalina (FA). O isolado Lins de T. vivax apresentou patogenicidade para bovinos, verificando-se parasitemia intensa nos estágios iniciais da infecção, sendo detectados parasitas circulantes por aproximadamente dois meses. As alterações laboratoriais mais evidentes foram encontradas nos parâmetros do leucograma, ainda destacando-se um quadro de trombocitopenia.

Spleenic Lymphoma and Hemoperitoneum in Jersey Bull: Clinical and Pathological Aspects

Lymphoma is the most prevalent neoplasia in dairy cattle. The etiology can be viral in animals affected by bovine leukemia virus (BLV) or be classified as primary. Lymphoma can affect several organs and according to the system involved, the clinical signs could manifest themselves in different ways. These tumors can be classified through macroscopic characteristics, histology and immunostaining. This classification can be used to predict prognosis and response to therapy. The aim of this case report was to immunostain and classify the tumor, for which anti-CD4, anti-CD8, anti-CD79 and anti-CD3 markers were used in addition to histopathological findings, in order to classify the tumor. The tumor was positive only for anti-CD3 marker, indicating that it is a tumor of young cells and, in association with histopathology and hematological data, it can be concluded that spleen neoplasia is lymphocytic lymphoma originated from a lymphocytic leukemia.

Spleenic Lymphoma and Hemoperitoneum in Jersey Bull: Clinical and Pathological Aspects

Lymphoma is the most prevalent neoplasia in dairy cattle. The etiology can be viral in animals affected by bovine leukemia virus (BLV) or be classified as primary. Lymphoma can affect several organs and according to the system involved, the clinical signs could manifest themselves in different ways. These tumors can be classified through macroscopic characteristics, histology and immunostaining. This classification can be used to predict prognosis and response to therapy. The aim of this case report was to immunostain and classify the tumor, for which anti-CD4, anti-CD8, anti-CD79 and anti-CD3 markers were used in addition to histopathological findings, in order to classify the tumor. The tumor was positive only for anti-CD3 marker, indicating that it is a tumor of young cells and, in association with histopathology and hematological data, it can be concluded that spleen neoplasia is lymphocytic lymphoma originated from a lymphocytic leukemia.(AU)

Leucoencefalomalácia em equídeos da região Leste de Mato Grosso / Leukoencephalomacia in Equidae of the Eastern Region of Mato Grosso, Brazil

Background: Fumonisins produced by Fusarium verticillioides are among the most important medical mycotoxins known. The intake of concentrate based on corn and corn by-products contaminated with fumonisins can cause severe poisoning in horses. The injuries are observed mainly in the white matter of the brain, and the disease is known as Equine Leukoencephalomalacia (ELEM). This study aims to describe and discuss the epidemiological, clinical and diagnostic aspects of an outbreak of ELEM occurred in three farms in the municipalities of Canarana and Água Boa, in the eastern region of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Materials, Methods & Results: The outbreak occurred between May and August 2010. The disease affected six horses and four mules of different ages and sex. Clinical examination was only possible in animals with chronic evolution of the disease. All the affected animals showed neurological clinical signs such as ataxia and recumbency, which progressed to death or sudden death. Histopathological analysis showed foci of necrosis that predominantly affected the white matter, and the presence of gitter cells. Degenerative lesions were observed in the liver of the animals. Mortality rate ranged from 12.5 to 71%, and lethality reached 100%. The cases were preceded by sudden drops in the weather temperature. Fumonisins levels of 6.6 ppm were detected in the feed of the animals. Discussion: The presumptive diagnosis of leukoencephalomalacia was consistent and based on clinical and epidemiological studies. However, the definitive diagnosis was based upon the histological features of the brain including the presence of extensive areas of malacia. Moreover, the animals were being fed with corn or corn by-products contaminated with fumonisins levels considered to be toxic to equids. The mortality and lethality rates are in agreement with outbreaks described in previous studies. The animals showed neurological signs as the predominant clinical manifestation, with gait ataxia followed by recumbency, prostration and death between 24 h and 29 days. Similarly to other reports, the disease was more frequent in adult animals, which succumbed in 24-48 h. Conversely, the evolution of the disease in young animals was of 10 to 29 days. Sudden death was more prevalent in the mules. Previous studies have shown a predominance of cerebral and brainstem lesions in horses, whereas in mules the clinical signs are related to brainstem lesions. Corn and corn byproducts are commonly used as energy supplementation to horses in the southern of Mato Grosso state, but outbreaks of the disease are uncommon. This may be influenced by the prevalence of hot climate conditions, which does not favor the production of toxin by the fungus. The atypical low weather temperatures (9-11ºC) observed prior to the outbreak could have contributed to the mycotoxin production by F. verticillioides, which requires temperatures between 8-12°C to produce toxins. However, the disease in the region may be underestimated, considering that the practice of necropsies is not common among field technicians, mainly in the occurrence of sporadic deaths among horses intended for work. Preventive measures include avoiding the use of corn and corn by-products for horses after periods of sudden drops in temperature in the region. Furthermore, clinical and epidemiological surveys and post-mortem and histopathological analyses are undoubtedly important for appropriate differential diagnosis, especially in equids with neurological signs.

Report of cerebellar hypoplasia in three calves

Hereditary or acquired cerebellar hypoplasia (CH) is commonly diagnosed in Holstein, Guernsey, Shorthorn and Jersey cattle. Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) has been associated to acquired CH due to viral infection during the second trimester of pregnancy. Stricken calf usually shows ataxia, hypermetria, opisthotonus, intentional tremor and wide-based stance when in standing position. Three newborn calves were referred to the FCAV/Unesp Veterinary Teaching Hospital because of neurological distress. The clinical presentation, similar in all cases, indicated CH. Two weeks later, clinical signs did not improve and euthanasia was performed. Macroscopic examination revealed a gelatinous serosanguineous fluid over the brain surface and within the cervical spinal canal. Histologically the cerebellum had disorganization of the internal granular layer and moderate disappearance of Purkinje cells. The observed clinical signs and nervous tissue lesions were consistent with congenital cerebellar syndrome, possibly associated to viral infection during fetal development. Despite CH has been assumed to be related to BVD, blue tongue and Akabane viruses, only the BVD etiology has been already identified in Brazil.

Report of cerebellar hypoplasia in three calves

Hereditary or acquired cerebellar hypoplasia (CH) is commonly diagnosed in Holstein, Guernsey, Shorthorn and Jersey cattle. Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) has been associated to acquired CH due to viral infection during the second trimester of pregnancy. Stricken calf usually shows ataxia, hypermetria, opisthotonus, intentional tremor and wide-based stance when in standing position. Three newborn calves were referred to the FCAV/Unesp Veterinary Teaching Hospital because of neurological distress. The clinical presentation, similar in all cases, indicated CH. Two weeks later, clinical signs did not improve and euthanasia was performed. Macroscopic examination revealed a gelatinous serosanguineous fluid over the brain surface and within the cervical spinal canal. Histologically the cerebellum had disorganization of the internal granular layer and moderate disappearance of Purkinje cells. The observed clinical signs and nervous tissue lesions were consistent with congenital cerebellar syndrome, possibly associated to viral infection during fetal development. Despite CH has been assumed to be related to BVD, blue tongue and Akabane viruses, only the BVD etiology has been already identified in Brazil.(AU)

First report of Trypanosoma vivax outbreak in dairy cattle in São Paulo state, Brazil / Primeiro relato de surto por Trypanosoma vivax em vacas leiteiras no estado de São Paulo, Brasil

This is the first description of a Trypanosoma vivax outbreak in the state of São Paulo (municipality of Lins). Fever, jaundice, decreased milk production, weight loss, profuse diarrhea, abortion, anemia, leukocytosis and hyperfibrinogenemia were observed in the affected animals. Thirty-one cows and calves died out of a total of 1080 in the herd. Three cows showed neurological symptoms like dysmetria, ataxia, muscle weakness, ptyalism, lymph node enlargement and submandibular edema. Flagellated hemoparasites were observed in blood smears. The species was diagnosed as T. vivax by means of PCR. This T.vivax strain showed resistance to diaminazene aceturate and the infection spread quickly at the herd. From the ELISA test, 599 serum samples (98.36%) were positive for anti-T.vivax IgG antibodies. This outbreak occurred during a very dry period, which indicates that other factors were involved in the outbreak, such as absence of tabanids and large populations of Haematobia irritans and Stomoxys calcitrans. The increases in these populations may have been due to the use of biosolid waste from sugar and ethanol plants in the sugarcane plantations surrounding the dairy farm.(AU)

Esta é a primeira descrição de um surto de Trypanosomavivax ocorrido no Estado de São Paulo, no município de Lins. Animais acometidos apresentaram febre, icterícia, diminuição da produção de leite, perda de peso, diarreia profusa, abortos, anemia, leucocitose e hiperfibrigenemia. Foram registrados 31 óbitos de vacas e bezerros em 1.080 bovinos no total. Três vacas apresentaram sintomatologia nervosa, como dismetria, ataxia e fraqueza muscular, além de ptialismo, aumento de linfonodos e edema submandibular. Hemoparasitas flagelados foram observados em esfregaços sanguíneos, e a espécie de tripanossomo foi diagnosticada como T.vivax por PCR. A cepa de T. vivax mostrou ser resistente ao tratamento com aceturato de diaminozeno e a infecção disseminou rapidamente no rebanho. Pelo ELISA, observou-se que 98,36% (599) das amostras de soro colhidas apresentaram títulos positivos para IgG anti-T.vivax. O surto ocorreu em condições de baixa precipitação pluviométrica, fato que indica que outros fatores estavam envolvidos na ocorrência desse surto, como a ausência de tabanídeos e a grande presença de Haematobia irritans e Stomoxys calcitrans, cujo aumento populacional pode ser devido ao uso de resíduos de usinas de açúcar e álcool nos canaviais que circundavam a granja leiteira.(AU)

Eficácia da imunoterapia no tratamento de pitiose facial em equino / Efficacy of immunotherapy in the treatment of facial horse pythiosis

Pythiosis in horses is a proliferative and ulcerative disease that primarily affects the skin and subcutaneous tissue of limbs, thoracic-abdominal region and head. This disease sometimes can also affect limb bones or cause tumoral masses in abdomen. Usually, the cutaneous cases are confused with habronemiasis. The disease is more common in marshy areas, places with formation of slow drainage ponds and aquatic vegetation under high temperatures. The aim of this study was to describe the development of facial lesions in a horse caused by pythiosis in Cuiaba, Mato Grosso, and, additionally to discuss relevantissues regarding the diagnosis, clinical course and response to immunotherapy treatment.[...]

Pitiose em animais de produção no Pantanal Matogrossense / Pythiosis of livestock in the Pantanal, Mato Grosso, Brazil

An epidemiological study (2009-2010) included cattle and horses affected with pythiosis from farms in Pantanal, Mato Grosso, Brazil. The disease occurred predominantly from November to March annually, period of the local rainy season. The mean annual incidence of pythiosis was 0.22 percent and 12.5 percent in cattle and horses, respectively. In cattle, the case distribution occurred during the peak of the floods and was restricted to 6 to 18 months of age heifers. Mild perilesional edema and lameness evolved to spontaneous resolution within until 90 days. In horses, pythiosis affected animals of both sexes with 3 to 8 years of age. Reinfection afflicted one horse. The lesions evolved to extensive granulation tissue and ‘kunkers' in horses that experienced marked cachexy. Death occurred three to seven months after the beginning of symptoms. The mean mortality rate was 5.88 percent and the case fatality rate was 45.45 percent. Diagnosis was confirmed by ELISA test, PCR, histopathology (HE and Grocott) and isolation of Pythium insidiosum. In the endemic area studied, the disease in cattle did not represent an economic impact; on the other hand, the majority of cases in horses progressed unsatisfactorily. The incidence of pythiosis in horses was 57.23 times the incidence recorded in cattle, with statistical significance. While environmental flooded conditions were the same, such difference might be associated with species susceptibility, behavior and management.(AU)

Realizou-se, em quatro propriedades rurais no Pantanal Matogrossense, em 2009 e 2010, um estudo clínico e epidemiológico da pitiose em bovinos e equinos. A enfermidade ocorreu predominantemente entre os meses de novembro e março, correspondendo ao período chuvoso na região. A incidência média anual foi de 0,22 por cento e 12,5 por cento em bovinos e equinos, respectivamente. Nos bovinos, a distribuição dos casos ocorreu no ápice das cheias e restringiu-se a novilhas de 6 a 18 meses de idade, nas quais as lesões cutâneas estiveram associadas com edemas perilesionais discretos e claudicações, mas curaram espontaneamente, em um período máximo de 90 dias. Nos equinos, a pitiose acometeu animais de ambos os sexos, de três a oito anos de idade e registrou-se um caso de reinfecção. A doença evoluiu com agravos no sítio lesional, com desenvolvimento de extenso tecido de granulação, kunkersem permeio à lesão, acentuada caquexia e mortes, as quais ocorreram entre três e sete meses após o início dos sinais. A mortalidade média foi 5,88 por cento e a letalidade 45,45 por cento. A confirmação do diagnóstico incluiu ELISA-teste, PCR, histopatologia (HE e Grocott) e isolamento de P. insidiosum. Na área endêmica estudada, a enfermidade não causou impacto econômico em bovinos, a despeito da evolução insatisfatória registrada na maioria dos equinos. Nesse estudo, a incidência de pitiose em equinos foi 57,23 vezes a observada em bovinos, com significância estatística. Apesar das mesmas condições ambientais, tal diferença foi provavelmente associada com susceptibilidade, comportamento e manejo das espécies nos campos alagados.(AU)

Eficácia da imunoterapia no tratamento de pitiose facial em equino / Efficacy of immunotherapy in the treatment of facial horse pythiosis

Pythiosis in horses is a proliferative and ulcerative disease that primarily affects the skin and subcutaneous tissue of limbs, thoracic-abdominal region and head. This disease sometimes can also affect limb bones or cause tumoral masses in abdomen. Usually, the cutaneous cases are confused with habronemiasis. The disease is more common in marshy areas, places with formation of slow drainage ponds and aquatic vegetation under high temperatures. The aim of this study was to describe the development of facial lesions in a horse caused by pythiosis in Cuiaba, Mato Grosso, and, additionally to discuss relevantissues regarding the diagnosis, clinical course and response to immunotherapy treatment.[...](AU)

Intoxicação natural por Solanum glaucophyllum (Solanaceae) em búfalos no Pantanal Matogrossense / Natural poisoning by Solanum glaucophyllum(Solanaceae) in buffaloes in the Brazilian Pantanal

Descreve-se a ocorrência de calcinose enzoótica em búfalos no município de Poconé, Mato Grosso, associado ao consumo de Solanum glaucophyllum (Sg) [=Solanum malacoxylon]. Os casos foram observados entre os anos de 2007 e 2009. Em um rebanho de 40 búfalos, cinco apresentaram emagrecimento progressivo, dorso arqueado, marcha rígida, por vezes com dificuldade para se levantar e locomover, permanecendo apoiando sobre os carpos.Três animais recuperaram-se parcialmente e dois foram eutanasiados in extremis. Os principais achados de necropsia foram calcificação de tecidos moles, principalmente em artérias de grande e médio calibres. A presença de S. glaucophyllum nas pastagens, os sinais clínicos, além dos achados ultrassonográficos e patológicos envolvendo múltiplas calcificações de tendões e outros tecidos, são compatíveis com intoxicação por Solanum glaucophyllum.(AU)

This report describes the occurrence of enzootic calcinosis in buffaloes in the municipality of Pocone, Mato Grosso, due to the consumption of Solanum glaucophyllum (Sg) [=Solanum malacoxylon]. The cases were observed in the years 2007 and 2009. In a herd of 40 buffaloes, five showed weight loss, arched back, stiff gait, sometimes difficulty to raise and walk, and leaning on the carpus. Three buffaloes recovered partially and two were euthanized in extremis. The main necropsy findings were calcification of soft tissues, especially of large and medium arteries. The presence of S. glaucophyllum in the pasture, clinical signs, in addition to the sonographic and pathologic calcification involving tendons and other tissues, are consistent with Solanum glaucophyllum poisoning.(AU)

Antigenic characterization of Trypanosoma evansiusing sera from experimentally and naturally infected bovines, equines, dogs, and coatis / Caracterização antigênica do Trypanosoma evansi usando soros de bovinos, equinos, cães e quatis experimentalmente e naturalmente infectados

O trabalho de pesquisa investigou a presença de anticorpos anti- T. evansi em animais da sub-região da Nhecolândia, no Pantanal sul-mato-grossense, pelo ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA) e a reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI). O reconhecimento de polipeptídeos de T. evansi foi realizado pela técnica de “Western blotting”, utilizando soros de animais experimentalmente e naturalmente infectados. As amostras de soro foram obtidas de bovinos (n = 102), cavalos (n = 98) e cães (n = 55) e de 32 quatis de vida livre (Nasua nasua) do pantanal mato-grossense. Todos os soros dos bovinos foram negativos, enquanto soros de 16 cães (29%) e 23 cavalos (23,4%) foram positivos pelo ELISA. Soros de oito quatis (25%) foram positivos pela RIFI. Pelo “Western-blotting” foi possível revelar polipeptídeos de T. evansi, com peso molecular variando de 74 a 38 kDa. Os polipeptídeos de 66, 48-46 e 38 kDa foram identificados por soros de bovinos, cavalos, cães e quatis experimentalmente infectados. As bandas de 48-46 e 38 kDa foram reconhecidas principalmente na fase crônica da infecção. O antígeno com peso molecular aparente de 66 kDa, revelado por anticorpos de todos os animais experimentais, também foi reconhecido por soros de cavalos e cães do Pantanal. O polipeptídeo de 48-46 kDa foi identificado por anticorpos de todos os animais naturalmente infectados, devendo ser avaliado para o diagnóstico específico da infecção pelo T. evansi.(AU)

The present research investigated the presence of T. evansi antibodies in animals from the subregion of Nhecolandia, in the Pantanal Sul-mato-grossense, by means of an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT), and the pattern of polypeptide recognition by sera from experimentally and naturally infected hosts using Western blotting. Serum samples were obtained from bovines (n = 102), horses (n = 98), and dogs (n = 55), and from 32 free-ranging coatis (Nasua nasua). None of the bovines were found positive, while sera from 16 dogs (29%) and 23 horses (23.4%) were positive by ELISA. Sera from 8 coatis (25%) were found positive using IFAT. Western blotting revealed major polypeptides of T. evansi with molecular weight ranging from 74 to 38 kDa. The polypeptides of 66, 48-46, and 38 kDa were identified by sera from experimentally infected bovines, donkeys, dogs, and coatis. The 48-46 and 38 kDa bands were mainly recognized in chronic phase of infection. The antigen with apparent molecular weight of 66 kDa, revealed by antibodies from all experimental animals, was also recognized in sera of horses and dogs from the Pantanal. The 48-46 kDa polypeptide was identified by antibodies from all naturally infected animals and must be further evaluated for use in specific diagnosis of T. evansi infection.(AU)

Perfil eletroforético das proteínas de fase aguda em caprinos experimentalmente infectados com Trypanosoma evansi / Electrophoresis profile of the acute phase proteins of goats experimentally infected with Trypanosoma evansi

Considerado como um dos principais agentes das tripanossomíases,Trypanosoma evansi causa uma doença genericamente conhecida como“surra” e de ampla distribuição geográfica. Esse trabalho teve comoobjetivo principal estudar o perfil eletroforético das proteínas de faseaguda de caprinos experimentalmente infectados com estehematozoário. Para tal, foram utilizadas dez fêmeas caprinas, comvários graus de mestiçagem, com idade aproximada de 4 meses, clinicamente sadias e sorologicamente negativas para a presença de anticorpos anti-T. evansi (Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta –RIFI). Os animais foram divididos em dois grupos: grupo 1 (G1):seis animais inoculados via intravenosa com 2,38 x 106 tripomastigotasde T. evansi e grupo 2 (G2): quatro animais utilizados como testemunhos. O sangue para a obtenção do soro foi obtido diariamente até o 14º dia após a inoculação (DAI), semanalmente até o 98° DAI e quinzenalmente até o 364° DAI. O fracionamento das proteínas foi obtido por em gel de poliacrilamida contendo duodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS- PAGE). Vinte e uma proteínas foram encontradas nos soros caprinos. Destas, oito foram nominalmente identificadas; fosforilase, transferrina, albumina, antitripsina,glicoproteína ácida, haptoglobina, hemoglobina e imunoglobulinade cadeia leve.(AU)

Considered as one of the main agents of the tripanossomiases,Trypanosoma evansi causes a disease generically know as “surra”, withwide geographic occurence. This work has the aim to study theelectrophoretic profile of the acute phase proteins of goats,experimentally infected with T. evansi. Ten crossbread female goats,around 4 months of age, clinically healthy and serum negative for thepresence of antibodies anti-T. evansi (IFAT) were used. The animals were divided in two groups: six were inoculated (G1) intravenous lywith 2,38 x 106 tripomastigotes of T. evansi and four were kept as non-infected controls. The blood for serum was collected daily until the 14 days after inoculation (DAI), weekly up to the 98th DAI and every two weeks up to the 364th DAI. The serum proteins were separacted by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDSPAGE).Twenty-one proteins were found in the serum of the goats, eight were nominally identified; phosphorylase, transferrin, albumin,antitrypsin, acid glicoprotein, haptoglobin, hemoglobin, and light chain immunoglobulin.(AU)

Abscessos em coluna vertebral de bezerros e cordeiros: aspectos neurológicos / Abscesses in the venebral column ofcalves and lambs: neurologic aspects / Abscesos en columna vertebral de terneros y corderos: aspectos neurológicos

Objetivo: Descrever a ocorrência de abscessos na coluna vertebral de seis bezerros e d.ois cordeiros criados no Estado de São Paulo. Descrição: Os animais acometidos tinham entre 50 e 150 dias de idade. Os sinais clínicos eram caracterizados por ataxia e paralisia caudal à lesão compressiva da medula espinhal. Um bezerro apresentou abscesso no corpo da 6" vértebra cervical e '" torácica, três bezerros apresentaram abscessos epidurais nos segmentos torácicos, um bezerro apresentou abscesso epidural no segmento lombar e outro apresentou abscesso epidurallombo-sacro. Dois cordeiros apresentaram abscessos epidurais lombares. Animais com abscessos nos segmentos torácicos ou lombares da coluna vertebral apresentaram paraplegia dos membros pélvicos, enquanto aquele com abscesso localizado em vértebra cervical apresentou tetraplegia. Arcanabacterium pyagenes, Escherichia calí e Salmanella spp. foram isolados dos bezerros. Conclusões: Nota-se que, apesar da grande evolução tecnológica na área de produção animal, simples medidas higiênico-sanitárias, particularmente aquelas relativas à desinfecção do umbigo dos recém-nascidos no pós-parto imediato, ainda deixam a desejar, acarretando doenças de difícil tratamento.

Objective: To documenl lhe occurrence of vertebral column abscesses in six calves and two lambs raised in lhe Slate of São Paulo, Brazil. Descriptiol/: The a./fected calves were aged between 50 and 150 days. ClinicaI sigl7s consisted ofataxia and paralysis caudal lo lhe cOll1pressive lesion in lhe verlebral colwl7n. In one calf, lhe abscess a./fecled the body of the 6,h cervical and }" Ihoracic verlebrae, Ihree calves had epidural abscesses in lhe Ihoracic segments, one calfhad epidural abscess in lhe lumbar segment and another calfhad epidurallumbosacral abscesso Bolh lambs had lumbar epidural abscesses. Animais su./fering.froll1 abscesses in lhe Ihoracic OI' lumbar segmenls of the verlebral column presenled wilh paraplegia ofpelvic limbs, while lelraplegia was observed when lhe abscess a./fecled lhe cervical verlebra. Arcanobaclerium pyogenes, Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. were isolaledji-om lhe a./fecled calves. Conc/usions: Despile lhe greallechnological evolution in animal produclion, il is c/ear Ihallhe lack of sill1ple hygienic procedures, such as umbilical disinfeclion of newborns, are slill nol correct/y performed and cause severe diseases.

Objetivo: Describir la presencia de abscesos en la columna vertebral de seis temeros y dos corderos criados en el Estado de São Paulo, Brasil.Descripción: los animales afectados tenían entre 50 y 150 dias de edad. Los animalespresentaron sintomatología caracterizada por ataxia y parálisis caudal a la lesión que estaba comprimiendo la médula espinal. Un temero presentó absceso en el cuerpo de la 6" vértebra cervical y de la I" torácica; tres temeros presentaron abscesos epidurales en los segmentos torácicos; un temero presentó absceso epidural en el segmento lumbar y el otro temero presentó absceso epidural lumbosacro. Los dos corderos presentaron abscesos epidurales lumbares. Los animales con abscesos en los segmentos torácicos y lumbares de la columna vertebral, presentaron paraplejia de los miembros pelvianos, en cuanto el animal con el absceso localizado en la vértebra cervical presentó tetraplejia. Se aislaron de los temeros las bacterias Arcanobacterium pyogenes, Escherichia coli y Salmonella spp.Conclusiones: se observa que a pesar dei gran avance tecnológico en el área de producción animal, algunas medidas higiénico sanitarias simples, principalmente las relativas a la desinfección dei obligo de los recién nacidos inmediatamente después dei parto, dejan mucho que desear, ocasionando enfermedades de difícil tratamiento.

Abscessos em coluna vertebral de bezerros e cordeiros: aspectos neurológicos / Abscesses in the venebral column ofcalves and lambs: neurologic aspects / Abscesos en columna vertebral de terneros y corderos: aspectos neurológicos

Objetivo: Descrever a ocorrência de abscessos na coluna vertebral de seis bezerros e d.ois cordeiros criados no Estado de São Paulo. Descrição: Os animais acometidos tinham entre 50 e 150 dias de idade. Os sinais clínicos eram caracterizados por ataxia e paralisia caudal à lesão compressiva da medula espinhal. Um bezerro apresentou abscesso no corpo da 6" vértebra cervical e '" torácica, três bezerros apresentaram abscessos epidurais nos segmentos torácicos, um bezerro apresentou abscesso epidural no segmento lombar e outro apresentou abscesso epidurallombo-sacro. Dois cordeiros apresentaram abscessos epidurais lombares. Animais com abscessos nos segmentos torácicos ou lombares da coluna vertebral apresentaram paraplegia dos membros pélvicos, enquanto aquele com abscesso localizado em vértebra cervical apresentou tetraplegia. Arcanabacterium pyagenes, Escherichia calí e Salmanella spp. foram isolados dos bezerros. Conclusões: Nota-se que, apesar da grande evolução tecnológica na área de produção animal, simples medidas higiênico-sanitárias, particularmente aquelas relativas à desinfecção do umbigo dos recém-nascidos no pós-parto imediato, ainda deixam a desejar, acarretando doenças de difícil tratamento.(AU)

Objective: To documenl lhe occurrence of vertebral column abscesses in six calves and two lambs raised in lhe Slate of São Paulo, Brazil. Descriptiol/: The a./fected calves were aged between 50 and 150 days. ClinicaI sigl7s consisted ofataxia and paralysis caudal lo lhe cOll1pressive lesion in lhe verlebral colwl7n. In one calf, lhe abscess a./fecled the body of the 6,h cervical and }" Ihoracic verlebrae, Ihree calves had epidural abscesses in lhe Ihoracic segments, one calfhad epidural abscess in lhe lumbar segment and another calfhad epidurallumbosacral abscesso Bolh lambs had lumbar epidural abscesses. Animais su./fering.froll1 abscesses in lhe Ihoracic OI' lumbar segmenls of the verlebral column presenled wilh paraplegia ofpelvic limbs, while lelraplegia was observed when lhe abscess a./fecled lhe cervical verlebra. Arcanobaclerium pyogenes, Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. were isolaledji-om lhe a./fecled calves. Conc/usions: Despile lhe greallechnological evolution in animal produclion, il is c/ear Ihallhe lack of sill1ple hygienic procedures, such as umbilical disinfeclion of newborns, are slill nol correct/y performed and cause severe diseases.(AU)

Objetivo: Describir la presencia de abscesos en la columna vertebral de seis temeros y dos corderos criados en el Estado de São Paulo, Brasil.Descripción: los animales afectados tenían entre 50 y 150 dias de edad. Los animalespresentaron sintomatología caracterizada por ataxia y parálisis caudal a la lesión que estaba comprimiendo la médula espinal. Un temero presentó absceso en el cuerpo de la 6" vértebra cervical y de la I" torácica; tres temeros presentaron abscesos epidurales en los segmentos torácicos; un temero presentó absceso epidural en el segmento lumbar y el otro temero presentó absceso epidural lumbosacro. Los dos corderos presentaron abscesos epidurales lumbares. Los animales con abscesos en los segmentos torácicos y lumbares de la columna vertebral, presentaron paraplejia de los miembros pelvianos, en cuanto el animal con el absceso localizado en la vértebra cervical presentó tetraplejia. Se aislaron de los temeros las bacterias Arcanobacterium pyogenes, Escherichia coli y Salmonella spp.Conclusiones: se observa que a pesar dei gran avance tecnológico en el área de producción animal, algunas medidas higiénico sanitarias simples, principalmente las relativas a la desinfección dei obligo de los recién nacidos inmediatamente después dei parto, dejan mucho que desear, ocasionando enfermedades de difícil tratamiento.(AU)

Humoral immune response of horses experimentally infected with Trypanosoma evansi / Resposta imune humoral de eqüinos infectados experimentalmente com Trypanosoma evansi

Six adult horses were experimentally infected with Trypanosoma evansi (106 parasites). Three other adult horses served as negative control. Serum samples of the experimentally infected horses with T. evansi and non-infected controls horses were obtained before inoculation, and daily thereafter until 14 days post infection (DPI). After that time the serum samples were obtained weekly. Sera of the infected and non-infected control horses was tested by indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of antibodies against T. evansi. Both ELISA and IFAT detected trypanosomal antibodies shortly after infection and showed progressive increases in antibodies levels during early stages of infection. The responses started on the eighth and eleventh DPI. Maximum IFAT and ELISA values were reached after four weeks of infection and were maintained at this level until the end of the period of study.

Seis eqüinos foram inoculados com 106 tripomastigota sangüícolas de Trypanosoma evansi. Três outros animais foram mantidos como testemunhas. Amostras de soro sangüíneo foram obtidas de todos os animais, antes da inoculação, e diariamente até o 14º dia pós inoculação (DPI); após este período uma vez por semana. Pesquisa de anticorpos anti- T. evansi, foram realizadas através da reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI) e do ensaio de imunoabsorção enzimática (ELISA). A resposta imune humoral, detectada através da RIFI e do ELISA, iniciou-se, em média, a partir do oitavo DPI, alcançando títulos máximos após quatro semanas de evolução, e os titulos de anticorpos anti- T. evansi mantiveram-se elevadas até o término das observações.