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Background: The giant anteater is a mammal that inhabits the entire national territory, but is found more frequently in the Brazilian cerrado. This mammal is threatened with extinction, a situation that may occur due to the occupation of areas intended for agriculture, predatory hunting, roadkill, injuries due to fires in its natural habitat and dog attacks. As a result of these situations, these animals can present several illnesses, such as fractures, pneumothorax or hemothorax, cranio-encephalic trauma, and come to death. The present work aims to report the treatment of pneumothorax in a giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla), cared at the Uniube Veterinary Hospital, Uberaba, MG. Case: A free-living, female giant anteater with a body weight of 31.5 kg, referred by the fire department, was admitted to the emergency service at the Uniube Veterinary Hospital. The animal presented a poor body condition, apathy, muffled pulmonary auscultation, a temperature of 35.1ºC, and unmeasurable systolic blood pressure. It was also observed that the animal was dyspneic and had burns on the palmar and plantar surfaces of all 4 paws. Due to the severity of the animal's respiratory condition, the thoracentesis procedure was performed as a means of diagnosis and it was observed that the animal had pneumothorax. Due to the lack of suction resistance and the worsening of the patient's condition, a bilateral thoracic drain was inserted for air drainage. As an analgesic and sedative protocol, ketamine at a dose of 2 mg/kg IV, midazolam at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg IV and morphine 0.5 mg/kg IM were used. Antibiotic therapy was instituted for secondary pulmonary and dermatological conditions, using amoxicillin with potassium clavulanate at a dose of 25 mg/kg TID and enrofloxacin 10 mg/kg SID, both for 7 days. As a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, meloxicam was administered at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg SID, for 3 days. The patient received fluid therapy for fluid maintenance and volume replacement based on Ringers lactate at a rate of 70mL/kg/day. After several emptying of the drains and patient's stabilization, the animal was taken to the diagnostic imaging sector for radiological examinations. During the radiographic evaluation, the presence of radiolucent areas was observed in the ventrodorsal projection, suggesting accumulation of air in the pleural space, and in the lateral projections, dorsal displacement of the cardiac apex in relation to the sternum was observed, again suggesting the accumulation of air in the thoracic cavity. Even with all clinical-surgical and therapeutic interventions, the patient presented with acute pulmonary edema and died. The animal was referred to the pathology sector for necropsy, and the main necroscopic findings were pulmonary involvement, mainly on the left side, and pulmonary edema. Discussion: Due to the lack of evidence regarding the animal of this case having suffered any trauma and because it was a victim rescued from a forest fire, it is suggested that the cause of respiratory injuries, pneumothorax, pneumonia and pulmonary edema, may come from smoke inhalation. According to the literature, animals affected by forest fires can develop inhalation injuries due to contact with smoke or soot particles with the mucociliary epithelium. This contact leads to a defensive reaction by the respiratory system, with a decrease in ciliary movement and an increase in secretions due to inflammation. Although the animals condition evolved to death, the determined treatment with the placement of a bilateral vacuum thoracic drain had an effect and was essential for the animal's survival in the first twenty-four hours.

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Background: Ozone therapy (OT) is a type of treatment that uses ozone gas, which has high oxidizing power. OT has been utilized for various diseases and to accelerate the wound healing process and reduce inflammation. Additionally, OT is a low-cost treatment recommended for patients that can be easily restrained. There are several methods of ozone administration, including topical use through bagging, cupping, or rectal insufflation, in addition to ozonated autohemotherapy. Based on the benefits of OT and the scarcity of reports describing its effects on white-eared opossums (Didelphis albiventris), we report on the use of ozone in the treatment of a severe facial wound in a white-eared opossum. Case: An adult female white-eared opossum weighing 1.6 kg was rescued from a fire. The patient was pregnant, dehydrated, hypothermic and had an extensive burn wound in the facial region. Due to the stress of captivity and its aggressive behavior, the animal needed to be chemically restrained with dexmedetomidine and butorphanol. Following sedation, the cephalic vein was catheterized and intravenous fluid therapy with ringer lactate was started to treat dehydration. Next, enrofloxacin, meloxicam, and tramadol hydrochloride were administered. Body rewarming was performed with thermal bags. The microbial load of the wound was reduced with chlorhexidine degerming solution followed by washing with saline solution. A thin layer of silver sulfadiazine cream was applied to the wound area. Over the following days the patient was treated with OT using the cupping technique combined with ozonated sunflower oil. After the first applications there was an improvement in the appearance of the wound, which initially had a purulent aspect. After 20 days of treatment the wound showed good granulation and there were no signs of infection, and at 45 days of treatment it was completely healed. The patient was then released with her baby. Discussion: Ozone therapy was included in the patient's treatment plan to enhance the tissue repair process in order to reintroduce the animal to the wild in the shortest possible time. The strategy was successful in improving healing and reducing tissue inflammation and infection. Ozone is known to cause the inactivation of microorganisms as a result of the oxidation of phospholipids and lipoproteins present in the cell membrane of bacteria and to interrupt viral replication. Ozone helps in the perfusion of injured tissues, contributing to the entry of humoral components, which control inflammation. Moreover, ozone contributes to increase supply of oxygen and nutrients to tissues and to stimulate increased production of fibrinogen and formation of granulation tissue. Ozone increases the enzymatic antioxidant response, while also playing a role in immunoregulation. Ozone can be used in several ways and via various methods with potential routes including intravenous, urethral, intramuscular, subcutaneous, or intra-articular, in addition to rectal and intramammary insufflation. Immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antiseptic effects can be achieved with different doses and concentrations, which enables its application in different types of pathologies. Because of the aggressive behavior of the animal, in the current case we opted for the cupping technique combined with ozonated oil, both techniques which can be administered easily with only physical restraint of the patient. Cupping allows for the provision of a higher concentration of ozone gas locally whereas the ozonated oil maintains the effect of the gas for slightly longer, enhancing its effect and promoting tissue repair. The present report showed that OT is an effective alternative for the treatment of burn wounds in opossums, without causing adverse effects to the patient or her baby.

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Background: The urinary tract is composed by kidneys, urinary bladder and urethra. The kidneys produce urine that achieve urinary bladder by ureters. These have the origin in the renal pelvis, run through the retroperitoneum, end up at the dorsolateral superficies of the urinary bladder, and empty at the trigone. Ureters abnormalities are the rarest congenital defects in the canine urinary tract and ureteroceles are cystic dilatations of the distal segment of the ureter that could be associated to partial or complete urinary obstructions and could lead to megaureter and hydronephrosis. So, the aim of the present study was to describe a case of megaureter by intramural ureteral ectopia in a bitch. Case: A 1-year-old-and-8-month bitch Akita, weighing 18 kg, was referred to the Uniube Veterinary Hospital with vaginal secretion, prostration, hypodipsia, hyporexia and pyrexia related by the tutor. On physical examination, an increase in vulva volume and a vaginal discharge were observed. Nevertheless, others physical exams, blood count and biochemical tests were considered to be within normal parameters. Urinalysis showed cloudy aspect, proteinuria, occult blood, erythrocytes, pyuria, leucocytes, and discreet presence of bacteria. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed a megaureter with right uterocele and excretory urography showed absence of glomerular filtration by right kidney. The patient was submitted to surgery for right kidney and ureter exeresis. Histopathology evaluation showed intense dilation of the ureter and severe multifocal renal fibrosis. The surgery was well succeeded, and the patient recovered completely. Discussion: Once megaureter are associated with congenital abnormalities like ectopic ureter and ureterocele, it is usually diagnosed in young patients with medium age of 10 months, which is below the age of the patient in this case report. Additionally, in the patient here reported, the unilateral alteration could explain the absence of kidney fail symptoms. In more than 90% of the cases, the ureteral ectopia was associated with multiple anomalies in the urinary tract, as was observed in this patient, that presented besides ectopic ureter, ureterocele, megaureter and renal dystrophy. All these morphological alterations made impossible the complete urine elimination, which predispose to urinary tract infection, that was observed in this report. According to literature, urinary tract anomalies are associated with infection in 64 to 85% and 50% of the cases also present hydronephrosis and hydroureter. It was also described that ureteral ectopia is diagnosed by visualization of hydroureter in abdominal ultrasonography. The findings present in this report differs a little, once the right kidney was atrophic possibly by malformation or even so by a chronic renal lesion due to the difficulty in urine flow. The excretory urography showed no filtration in the right kidney, indicating non-functionality that was confirmed by histopathology, in which was observed small glomerulus and large amount of connective tissue deposition. In cases of unilateral megaureter with ipsilateral kidney commitment, there is indication of nephroureterectomy, that was performed in the patient of the present report. As far as we know, this is the first report of megaureter, ureterocele and ectopia ureteral together in the same patient. In conclusion, the procedure was secure, efficient and promote a better quality of life for the patient and prevent the recurrence of urinary tract infections.

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Background: The diagnostic of neoplasia in dogs has risen significantly in the last years and this fact is mostly attributed to the longer life expectancy of these animals, which contributes to a greater chance of exposure to carcinogenic agents. In between the diverse tumors that could compromise skin, the mastocytoma is the third most commonly diagnosed neoplasia. It is characterized by being a form of neoplasia with round cells, these being the mast cells. The objective of the present study consisted in relating a case of cutaneous mastocytoma in a 7-year-old bitch mixed-breed treated at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of the University of Uberaba (UNIUBE) - Uberaba, MG, Brazil. Case: The bitch initially presented a localized nodule external to the right ear pinna with cytology test suggesting a mastocytoma. The nodule was surgically removed and, posteriorly, an histopatholgy was not requested. After 5 months since the emergence of the nodule and a month after its surgical resection, the tutor noticed the presence of a new growth in the ipsilateral cervical region to the previous nodule. At this moment, the responsible veterinarian decided to refer the animal to an oncologist. During the appointment with the oncologist, alterations such as hyporexia and anemia were related, and the presence of a nodule in the right cervical region measuring 4.5 to 4 cm of diameter was verified. Material for cytologic evaluation of the neoplasia was collected and again the result suggested a mastocytoma. The new tumor was also surgically removed but was then referred to histopathological evaluation for diagnostic confirmation, grading and evaluation of surgical margins. The tumor was classified as an infiltrative subcutaneous mastocytoma presenting, additionally, compromised surgical margins. After its excision, the association with a chemotherapy treatment using a protocol of Vimblastina 2 mg/m², i.v. in unique dosage per section, associated with Predinisona 1 mg/kg, v.o, SID was indicated. Each section was realized with an interval of 7 days in between. Only 2 chemotherapy sessions took place. Because of the worsening of the clinical condition associated with a very weakened animal the veterinarian opted for the euthanasia of the animal. Discussion: The diagnostic of mastocytoma must be realized through the association of cytology and histopathology, in case histopathological evaluation is needed to confirm the obtained cytology result, to grade the tumor and to evaluate the compromising of surgical margins. In this sense, it was observed that the bitch was submitted only to cytology diagnostic when it presented the nodule in the ear pavilion. Yet, at the second approach realized by the oncologist, it was possible to realize adequate diagnose methods. However, the animal was not submitted to clinical staging of the mastocytoma due to the non-authorization of the exam by the tutor. Such measure is very important, as it reflects directly in the treatment and prognostic of the animal. Thus, image exams such as abdominal ultrasonography and chest X-ray should have been realized, as well as cytological and histopathological evaluation of the regional lymph nodes, in order to search for metastasis points in these places. As the data suggests, the importance of clinical staging of animals affected by this neoplasia and the importance of cytological evaluation associated with histopathology for a correct diagnosis, prognosis and mastocytoma treatment is noted. It is emphasized that many times veterinarians face impediment related to requesting all necessary exams coming from tutors, which compromises treatment success.

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Background: The reptile class could be considered one of the biggest vertebrate groups and are divided in orders andsuborders according to their characteristics. These animals’ maintenance in captivity, either at home, captive bred or atzoos, can generate risk to their health, if the required cares are not given for each respective species. The lack of individualcares could lead to bone and muscular diseases and to traumatic lesions in soft tissues, mainly in the coelomic cavity. Thereport that is being presented aims to describe the case of a green iguana (Iguana iguana) that presented an increase ofvolume in the coelomic cavity. The animal belongs to the squad of the Zoo “Dr. Fábio de Sá Barreto”.Case: A green iguana arrived at the Zoo in February 2019 coming from another establishment, with already an increaseof volume in the coelomic cavity. The animal was put in quarantine and later on, it was put in display at a terrarium in theZoo considered adequate to reptiles, with another seven green iguanas along with an argentine tegu (Salvator rufescens).Their feed was offered in the morning and was composed of fruits, vegetables and flowers like hibiscus. In the end of June2019, it was reported by the attendant that the animal was presented with anorexia and prostration, and these symptomsprogressed to neurologic signs, as it walked in circles. So, the animal was evaluated by the Zoo veterinarians and on examthey noticed lethargy, dehydration, absence of reflexes (pupillary, eyelid and painful), locomotion difficulty and when theiguana moves, it walks in circles. The increase in volume had the same size as reported in February and a soft consistency.After that, the animal was interned and treated according to the symptoms and the clinical evolution. Ten days after thehospitalization, the animal was still not eating, and locomotion stopped completely. It was performed in an...

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Background: The bird's beak is a structure in constant growth, covered by keratinized epidermal sheaths called rhamphotheca. When subjected to certain degrees of injury, birds can suffer from lesions and fractures in different parts of the body, including the beak. One can treat simple ranch lesions by antisepsis and covering it with resin while the keratin is replaced; yet in complete fractures, with segment avulsion, they need complex prostheses to restore the functions of the nozzle. The main goal of this study was to report a case of a synthetic rhinotheca prosthesis placement in a wild carcará (Caracara plancus). Case: The carcará was referred to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of the UNIUBE, at the end of May 2018, by Uberaba's Environmental Police, with a history of having been run over. On the physical examination, the animal showed aggressive behavior, low body weight, increased heart and respiratory rates, mild dehydration and complete fracture of the rhinotheca, with avulsion of the mid-distal portion and presence of necrosis in the remaining proximal remnant, the last one seen after debridement and complete cleansing of the lesion. In the following days, complementary exams were performed aiming a complete evaluation of the animal, these revealed the following: oral cavity swab, positive for Candida sp.; radiography of thoracic and pelvic limbs, without any changes; research of hemoparasites, with a negative result; and complete blood count showing marked leukocytosis. The animal was kept in the hospital's wild animal ward, with a daily handling of 400 g of chicken neck and heart, processed on a blender and was also supplemented with a variety of minerals. After the wild animal was managed for eleven months, evolving to the ideal weight set for the species, the process for making the prosthesis started. At first, the prosthesis was made manually with epoxy resin and polyamide, being molded on the animal's rhinotheca, before that, the carcará was sedated with intranasal midazolam, and then modeled in the ideal shape for the beak. Then, the definitive prosthesis was made with acrylic resin, using the previous mold as a base. The surgical procedure was performed in April 2019, with an anesthetic protocol composed of midazolam, dexmedetomidine, ketamine and morphine for sedation, and maintenance in sevoflurane. Prosthesis and rhinotheca were both fixated by bilateral perforation with a 1.0 mm drill, and later on 2 titanium screws were inserted for dental use, these measuring 1.5 mm. After being correctly threated, the screws received a thin layer of acrylic resin on top, for better fixation. Immediately after the operation, the animal was able to use the prosthesis to feed itself. After the surgical procedure, the bird was destined for a sanctuary, and months later the prosthesis eventually fell. Since then, the bird has remained without it. Discussion: Because the beak did not grow due to trauma and consequent necrosis, and the animal did not adapt well with the remnant still present, the manufacture of the prosthesis was the solution so that it could return to its natural habits and behaviors. For greater adherence and fixation, we opted for the use of 2 titanium screws for dental use with the deposition of a thin layer of acrylic resin on top of both. Prostheses can be successful in fixing, but there are no studies indicating how long they will remain viable. Therefore, even with the success of the procedure, allowing the bird to return to its natural habits and behaviors, until after the fall of the prosthesis, it is an animal that needs to be kept in captivity suitable for daily observation.

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Background: Capillaria hepatica is a nematode, zoonotic, with worldwide distribution. The main hosts are rodents, nevertheless other mammals can be affected. Although the parasite has high affinity for the liver, it rarely causes a hepaticdisease in domestic animals and humans. The diagnosis is difficult and usually a biopsy is required. The treatment is difficult and is based in anti-helminthic and corticoid, but prevention is the best strategy against the disease. The aim of thepresent report is to describe a case of hepatic capillariosis in a dog approaching the clinical signs, diagnosis and therapeutic.Case: A 12-year-old Brazilian Terrier bitch, with a history of visit to the farm and regular hunting of rats, frogs, birds andother wild animals, was attended with hyporexia and apathy. At the physical exam the dog presented elevation of rectaltemperature, intense jaundice and abdominal pain. In the biochemical exams was noticed a slight increase in globulins anda sharp increase in alkaline phosphatase (AP), total, direct and indirect bilirubin, suggesting a liver injury. In the ultrasonographic exam, hepatomegaly with dispersed hyperechoic areas were observed, suggesting hepatic steatosis. The patientwas treated with ursodesoxicolic acid and S-adenosil metionin for 30 consecutive days, showing a clinic improvement.Two months after the end of the treatment the animal worsened, showing jaundice, ascites, motor incoordination, weakness, difficulty in food and water ingestion and changes in the mental state. In the complete blood count was observed amacrocytic hypochromic regenerative anemia, leukocytosis with neutrophilia and monocytosis and thrombocytopenia.In biochemical exams was detected decrease in creatinine and albumin and increase in alanine aminotransferase and AP,suggesting hepatopathy by biliary obstruction. There were performed exams for leishmania and ehrlichiosis that testednegative. In the ultrasonographic exam it...

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Background: Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are a group of rare illnesses caused by deficient activity of enzymes requiredfor degradation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Each type of MPS is caused by mutations in one of the genes that encodethe 11 acid hydrolases involved in this degradation process, which are present in the lysosomes. Progressive accumulationof GAGs in the lysosomes result in cellular dysfunction and multisystemic clinical signs, with consequent decrease in quality of life and lifespan of the affected patients. The objective of the present work is to report a case of MPS type I in a dog.Case: A mixed-breed male dog of approximately 2-month-old weighing 2.5 kg was referred to Hospital Veterinário deUberaba with a distended abdomen. At the clinical examination, the patient exhibited a regular nutritional status, pale mucous membranes, 7% dehydration, an arterial pulse rate of 120 beats per minute, a respiratory rate of 40 breaths per minute,and a heart rate of 120 beats per minute. There were increased abdominal volume and tension, and hepatosplenomegaly.The abdominal percussion exam produced a dull tone. Additional findings included muscular atrophy, increased volume inthe metaphyseal areas of the thoracic and pelvic limbs, valgus limb deformity in the thoracic limbs, and instability of thehip joint. Radiographic examination revealed a series of bone alterations such as reduced vertebral bodies, a generalizeddecrease in radiopacity, thin cortical areas in long bones, narrowing of the pelvic canal, and marked deformation and irregularities in acetabular and epiphyseal (both proximal and distal) areas of the femurs and tibias. Ankylosis of the tibiotarsal andtarsometatarsal joints was also observed. There was also loss of trabecular structure and irregularities on the surfaces of allepiphyses of the bones, epiphyseal lines markedly open, and bones that were...

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Background: Perineal hernia is a serious disease characterized by weakening or atrophy and separation of the muscles andfasciae of the perineal musculature, followed by the caudal displacement of pelvic and abdominal organs to the perineumregion. Treatment is invariably surgical and several approaches have been proposed, but complication and recurrence ratesremain high. This study aimed to evaluate 120 cases of perineal hernia treated at the Veterinary Hospital of Uberaba (HVU)from 2005 to 2020, addressing the clinical and surgical aspects and the postoperative period, seeking to identify the mostrelevant factors to improve care and treatment of future patients affected by this disease.Materials, Methods & Results: The medical records of dogs with a definitive diagnosis of perineal hernia were collected.The prevalence of perineal hernia was calculated. Data were obtained regarding sex, being castrated or not, age, bodymass, race, clinical signs, affected side, possibility of hernia reduction, treatments used, associated pathologies. Of the 120cases, only 69 underwent surgery at the HVU and from these cases data were obtained regarding hernia content, surgicaltechniques, surgical wires used, recurrences and postoperative complications. Fisher’s exact test was applied to assess theinfluence of the type of surgical treatment and surgical thread on the occurrence of complications and recurrences. Perineal hernia was the second most frequently observed hernia. Mixed breed, male, non-neutered and geriatric dogs were themost affected. The most frequently observed clinical signs were related to the digestive and urinary tract, consistent withthe most commonly found hernia contents (bladder, prostate and rectum). The simple herniorrhaphy technique was themost used and showed a high number of complications. The second most used technique was...

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The common calcaneal tendon is one of the most injured tendons in dogs. Regardless the cause, if untreated, the injury may increase permanently compromising the injured limb function. This is a case reported in a seven years old, male, 31.5 Kg, very hectic behavior, Labrador dog. The dog had been suffered a cut by walking on a wasteland. At the clinical examination, he presented claudication, knee hyperextension and tarsal hyperflexion. At the common calcaneal tendon palpation, a loss of continuity was realized characterizing a rupture. The injury was surgically treated by approximating the tendon´s stumps. Aiming to reduce the tension over the tendon, a plaque was sutured in the tendon caudal surface and the tarsocrural joint was temporarily immobilized. The calcaneal tenorrhaphy with modified Kessler suture associated to an orthopedical plaque and external skeletal fixative showed to be efficient to promote a dog´s common calcaneal tendon early repairing. The healing occurred by first intention and the injured limb had a deambulatory restoration even in the first postoperative week. Such conducts have also to be considered in calcaneal tenorrhaphies in active, heavy and/or uncooperative patients.

O tendão calcâneo comum é um dos tendões mais lesionados em cães. Independente da causa, se não tratada, a lesão pode evoluir comprometendo permanentemente a função do membro acometido. Este relato é de um caso ocorrido em um cão, macho, labrador de 31,5 kg, sete anos de idade, com temperamento muito agitado. O cão tinha histórico de ter se cortado ao andar em um terreno baldio. No exame clínico foi observada claudicação, hiperextensão do joelho e hiperflexão do tarso. À palpação do tendão calcâneo comum foi percebida a perda de continuidade caracterizando ruptura. A lesão foi tratada cirurgicamente aproximando-se os cotos do tendão. Para reduzir a tensão sobre o tendão foi suturada uma placa na superfície caudal do tendão e a articulação tarsocrural foi temporariamente imobilizada. A tenorrafia calcânea com sutura de Kessler modificada em associação ao uso de placa ortopédica e fixador esquelético externo, mostraram-se eficientes em proporcionar reparação precoce do tendão calcâneo comum de cão. A cicatrização ocorreu por primeira intenção e houve restabelecimento deambulatório do membro acometido já na primeira semana pós-operatória. Estas condutas também devem ser consideradas em tenorrafias calcâneas de pacientes ativos, pesados e ou pouco colaborativos.

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Background: Compulsive disorders are excessive and repetitive behaviors that jeopardize the quality of life of both animaland guardian. It generally affects dogs between 6 and 36 months of age and its etiology is associated to stress, anxiety andgenetic predisposition. Clinical manifestations are the usual behaviors of the dog, but overly and inappropriately done.Diagnosis is based on a history of repetitive behavior and on clinical and complementary exams to discard other diseases.The aim of this study is to report a case of compulsive disorder in a female Border Collie dog, including diagnostic andtherapeutic approaches.Case: A 5-month-old, female, Border Collie dog was presented to Uberaba’s Veterinary Hospital owing to a chasingshadows behavior that started as a playtime activity but intensified to the point of becoming a repetitive and excessive act,followed by self-trauma and excessive barking. Clinical examination showed lesions in nasal planum region. No alterationswere observed on neurological examination apart from the chasing of shadows that also happened in the consultation room.Therefore, since there were no other findings on clinical and neurological exams, and since the manifestation occurredas a response to environmental stimuli (presence of shadows), it was established a presumptive diagnosis of compulsivedisorder. Treatment with trazodone chlorhydrate was performed, and it was indicated ovariohysterectomy, a follow-upwith a professional behaviorist and trainer and environment modifications. After a fortnight, it was observed a discreetimprovement of the clinical signs, hence a second anxiolytic, clomipramine, was added to the treatment. Approximately3 months after the beggining of therapy, there was improvement of the animal’s clinical picture...

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Background: Uterine prolapse is an obstetric emergency because the exposed tissue can present edema, devitalization oreven gangrene, depending on the evolution time and on the severity of circulatory changes. Haemorrhage due to the ruptureof ovarian or uterine vessels can evolve rapidly to hypovolemic shock. More rarely, secondary thromboembolism to theuterine strangulation can be developed, complication that can also lead to death. This study reports the case of a BrazilianMolosser bitch treated by reducing total uterine prolapse, complemented with hysteropexy, in order to prevent recurrenceand maintain its reproductive ability.Case: A 5-year-old Brazilian Molosser bitch was attended presenting double firm and tubular mass protruding through thevulva. The patient gave birth to five live pups, the last two of which needed to be pulled. Two days after parturition, she hadabdominal contraction when a mass protruded from the vagina. A total uterine prolapse was diagnosed, since both uterinehorns were found exposed and inverted, with exposition of the endometrium and the areas of placental implantation, togetherwith the body of the uterus. The tissue was apparently edematous and lightly parched, with the presence of strange bodies,but without signals of circulatory complications or lacerations. Due to interest of the guardian in preserving the reproductive ability, an internal reduction via ventral medial celiotomy and the fixation of the uterus in the lateral abdominal wall(hysteropexy) was chosen in order to diminish the possibility of relapse in future parturition.Discussion: The definitive treatment of the uterine prolapse can be realized through ovariohysterectomy when the exposeduterine tissue is highly compromised or there is vessel rupture or no reproductive purpose for the female. The amputation of everted tissue through the vulva is also an option, but the risk of intracavitary bleeding during tissue resectionmust be considered...

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ABSTRACT: Gallus gallus domesticus' immune system is a promising tool for generation of antibody-based immunobiologics. Immunoglobulin y (IgY) is extracted from egg yolk and has equivalent functions to mammal's igg antibody. Avian immune system can be stimulated to produce a high-quality antibody repertoire. In this review, we present an overview of avian immune system emphasizing igy and its applications as an immunobiologic.

RESUMO: O sistema imunológico deGallus gallus domesticus é uma ferramenta promissora para a geração de imunobiológico a partir de anticorpos. A imunoglobulina Y (IgY) é extraída da gema do ovo e apresenta funções equivalentes ao anticorpo IgG dos mamíferos. O sistema imune aviário pode ser estimulado para produzir um repertório de anticorpos de alta qualidade. Nesta revisão apresentamos aspectos gerais do sistema imune aviário enfatizando o IgY e suas aplicações como um imunobiológico.

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O presente relato buscou analisar os índices de prenhez de acordo com o estagio de desenvolvimento embrionário. Todos os embriões tinham sete dias de desenvolvimento e eram provenientes de doadoras da raça Nelore (Bos taurus indicus). O lócus da análise ocorreu no município de Uberaba Minas Gerais no período de agosto a outubro de 2016. Os animais foram submetidos ao mesmo manejo sanitário, alimentar e também ao mesmo protocolo hormonal. Ao todo foram avaliados 443 animais de raças e idades diferentes, trabalhadas como barriga de aluguel na transferência de embrião em tempo fixo. Tendo a fase embrionária blastocisto inicial uma taxa de prenhez de 31,95%, blastocisto 42,27%, blastocisto expandido 48,16%, e blastocisto eclodido 56,66%. A taxa de prenhez média foi de 44,46%. Frente aos resultados obtidos, observou-se que uso de embriões em blastocisto expandido e blastocisto eclodido nas transferências de embrião em tempo fixo resultam em melhores índices de prenhez.

The present report aims to analyze pregnancy rate according to the stageof embryo development at the moment of embryo transfer. All embryos hadseven days of development in vitro and came from Nelore breed (Bostaurus indicus) oocyte donors. The study was performed in Uberaba,Minas Gerais, from August to October 2016. The recipient females wereunder the same sanitary, nutritional and hormonal protocol. In total, 443animals of different breeds and ages have been selected. These femaleswere used as receptors in fixed-time embryo transfer programs. Pregnancyrates of 31.95%, 42.27%, 48.16% and 56.66% were obtained for earlyblastocyst, blastocyst, expanded blastocyst and hatched blastocyst,respectively. The mean pregnancy rate was 44.46%. According to theobtained results, it has been possible to observe that expanded andhatched blastocysts result in better pregnancy rates in fixed-time embryotransfer.

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La importancia del búfalo está ligado a su capacidad para duplicar la producción (carne y leche) y su resistencia a la tracción, con lo que la notoriedad de la especie en la economía mundial y las inversiones en programas de tecnología similares a los utilizados en el ganado. Estos programas destinados a aumentar la incorporación de la biotecnología reproductiva con el fin de obtener una mayor rebaño búfalo genética en el país y el aumento de la productividad de los mismos. Por lo tanto, el objetivo principal de todos los análisis de semen consiste en precisión, objetiva, rápida y de bajo costo y puede predecir la fertilidad dela muestra. Por consiguiente, el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las características morfológicas, la concentración, la apariencia, el color, la densidad y la integridad de la membrana plasmática de toro eyacula de diferentes edades en el momento que se enfríe. En el presente estudio, hemos utilizado 4 toros búfalo seminales de los cultivos utilizando vagina artificial. El semen fresco se analizó para determinar el volumen, aspecto, color, concentración (cámara de Neubauer), morfología realizado por microscopía de interferencia diferencial (DIC) y la cinética de esperma por el sistema CASA. La edad de los animales entre 48 y 84 meses difiere en relación con los defectos y la concentración de espermatozoides en los búfalos. En el aspecto seminal [...]

The importance of the bubaline species is tied to its dual ability of production of meat and milk and its traction capacity, taking notoriety in the global economy and investments in technology programs similar to those used in cattle. These programs aim to increase the incorporation of reproductive biotechnologies in order to obtain a genetic increment of buffalo herds to increase their productivity. Therefore, the main aim of all semen analysis is get accuracy, objectively, fast and affordable to predict the fertility of the sample. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the morphological characteristics, concentration, appearance, color, density and plasma membrane integrity of fresh ejaculates of bulls from different ages. They were used four buffalo bulls for semen collection using artificial vagina. The fresh semen was analyzed for volume, appearance, color, concentration (Neubauer chamber), morphology performed by differential interference microscopy (DIC) and sperm kinetics by CASA system. The age of the animals between 48 and 84 months differ in relation to major defects and sperm concentration in buffaloes. In the buffalo, seminal aspect [...]

A importância da espécie bubalina está ligada a sua dupla habilidade de produção (carne e leite) e sua força de tração, levando notoriedade à espécie no cenário econômico mundial e a investimentos em programas tecnológicos semelhantes aos aplicados em bovinos. Esses programas visam aumentar a incorporação de biotecnologias reprodutivas a fim de se obter um incremento genético dos rebanhos bubalinos existentes no país e aumento da produtividade dos mesmos. Portanto, o principal objetivo de todas as análises de sêmen é obter precisão, de forma objetiva, rápida e barata podendo prever a fertilidade da amostra. Assim sendo, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar as características morfológicas, a concentração, aspecto, cor, densidade e a integridade da membrana plasmática dos ejaculados de touros de diferentes idades no momento a fresco. Foram utilizados 4 touros bubalinos para colheitas seminais utilizando vagina artificial. O sêmen fresco foi analisado quanto ao seu volume, aspecto, cor, concentração (câmara de Neubauer), morfologia realizada por microscopia de interferência diferencial (DIC) e a cinética espermática pelo sistema CASA. A idade dos animais entre 48 a 84 meses diferem em relação aos defeitos maiores e concentração espermática em búfalos. Em búfalos, o aspecto seminal [...]

Resumo

A viabilidade e maturidade fetais podem ser estimadas através da avaliação dos fluídos fetais em muitas espécies, no entanto a composição bioquímica do líquido amniótico durante a gestação ainda não está bem definida para a espécie equina. O objetivo deste estudo foi estabelecer e comparar o perfil bioquímico do liquido amniótico em diferentes momentos da gestação e no momento do parto para um melhor entendimento da fisiologia da gestação de equinos. Foram avaliados valores encontrados para pH, osmolaridade, glicose, uréia, creatinina, gamma-GT, sódio, potássio, cloretos e proteína total no liquido amniótico colhido de 122 éguas comparando-se os resultados encontrados entre as colheitas em terço inicial (TI), médio (TM) e final (TF) da gestação e no momento do parto (MP). [...] Valores para gamma GT diferiram apenas entre os grupos TF e MP e mais estudos devem ser conduzidos sobre sua função no liquido amniótico das espécies domésticas. Os valores de sódio e cloretos não diferiram significativamente entre os grupos estudados e as concentrações de potássio diferiram apenas entre os grupos TF e MP refletindo a manutenção do equilíbrio eletrolítico do líquido amniótico equino durante a gestação. As concentrações de proteínas totais variaram de maneira heterogênea entre os grupos, porém todos estes demonstraram baixas concentrações. Concluímos que a composição bioquímica do liquido amniótico equino varia de acordo com o desenvolvimento fetal e pode ser utilizada como mensuração da viabilidade e maturidade do feto no futuro, no entanto devido ao pequeno número de estudos conduzidos e diferenças encontradas em seus resultados, outros estudos devem ser realizados para a melhor definição do perfil bioquímico do líquido amniótico equino durante as fases gestacionais e no momento do parto.

The viability and fetal maturity can be estimated by biochemical evaluation of the fetal fluids of several species; however the biochemical composition of amniotic fluid during pregnancy is not fully defined for equine. The aim of this study was to establish and compare the biochemical profile of amniotic fluid in different moments of pregnancy and at delivery, in order to better explain the peculiarities of the physiology of pregnancy in mares. The values founded for pH, osmolarity, glucose, urea, creatinine, gamma-GT, Sodium, potassium, chloride and total protein were evaluated in amniotic fluid collected from 122 mares comparing the results between the initial-third (IT), mid-third (MT) and latter-third (FT) of gestation and at delivery (D). [...] Concentrations of urea tended to be statistically different in at least one of the groups. A significant increase in creatinine concentrations was observed during the initial-third, medium-third and the final-third of pregnancy and the value found at delivery remained equal to final-third. Values for Gamma GT differed only between FT and D groups and more studies should be conducted about its role in the amniotic fluid of domestic species. For the sodium and chloride ions, they were not significantly different between the studied stages, and the potassium ion was significantly different only between FT and D reflecting the maintenance of electrolyte balance of the amniotic fluid during equine pregnancy. Total protein concentrations were different between groups, but all the groups showed low concentrations. We conclude that the values of the parameters studied varied according with the fetal development and can be used for the evaluation of fetal viability and maturity in the future, but the scarce number of studies in this area and the difference between the results found in literature demonstrate the need of more works to establish the biochemical profile of equine amniotic fluid during pregnancy and at delivery.

Resumo

O presente estudo descreve uma técnica para obtenção de fragmentos luteais empregando-se a colpotomia. Os animais foram submetidos à anestesia epidural e no fórnix vaginal e, após dez minutos, realizou-se uma incisão no fundo vaginal com lâmina de bisturi, bem como procedeu-se à dissecção do tecido, até que fossem possíveis o acesso à cavidade pélvica e a tração dos ovários para o interior vaginal. Realizou-se, então, a colheita de biopsia luteínica, com o auxílio de uma pinça do tipo Yomann. Sinais de dor e estresse foram observados apenas em duas colheitas durante a incisão no fundo vaginal, a tração do ovário ou durante a biopsia luteínica. Contudo, esses sinais foram observados em dez colheitas durante a dissecção da parede vaginal e peritôneo. Registrou-se a ocorrência de ataxia em 38,81% colheitas, a qual esteve relacionada, normalmente, a um procedimento mais longo. As ataxias podem ser divididas em leve (15/26), moderada (6/26) e severa (5/26). A avaliação da presença de adesões ovarianas ipsilaterais à incisão realizou-se apenas até a quarta colheita, sendo notadas em dezesseis colheitas. O protocolo empregado mostrou-se um método seguro e eficiente na obtenção de fragmentos luteais. A baixa incidência de aderências permite o uso consecutivo das fêmeas sem interferência nas ovulações e colheitas subsequentes.

The present study describes a technique to obtain consecutive luteal samples by colpotomy. The animals received an epidural anesthesia and local anesthesia (vaginal vault) and after ten minutes the vaginal vault was incised with a scalpel blade and tissue was dissected to provide access to the pelvic cavity and to retract the ovary into the vagina. Then, a luteal biopsy was performed with a Yomann biopsy nipper. Signs indicative of pain and stress during the vaginal vault incision, traction of ovary or luteal biopsy were observed only in two collections. However, these signs were observed in ten collections during dissection of the vaginal wall and peritoneum. The occurrence of ataxia was observed in 26 collections and it was usually related to a longer duration of the procedure. Ataxia could be divided in light (15/26), moderate (6/26) and severe (5/26). The occurrence of ovarian adhesions ipsilateral to the incision was evaluated only in the initial four collections. Adhesions were present in 16 collections. The protocol described above provided a safe and efficient method to acquire luteal samples. The low incidence of adhesions allows the consecutive use of females without any interference in subsequent ovulations and collections.

Resumo

The aim of the present study was to characterize the follicular dynamics during early pregnancy in Murrah heifers. Ten heifers were submitted to daily transrectal ultrasonographic examination, from the 18th to 60th day of pregnancy. Three animals presented follicular waves of 9.67?0.58 days in duration and the dominant and largest subordinate follicles measured, respectively, 11.9?1.3 mm and 7.0?1.0 mm. The growth plateau was 6.00?1.00 days in duration. The remaining seven heifers presented an irregular follicular development with three different patterns as follow: the first irregular observed pattern, characterized by waves of 7.91±1.68 days in duration, with the dominant follicle and the largest subordinated follicle reaching maximum diameter of 11.4±1.1 and 7.0±1.6 mm, respectively. The deviation on this pattern happened on day 3.57±0.53 and the plateau had an average duration of 4.67±1.37 days. The second irregular observed pattern presented waves lasting 6.44±1.81 days, with the dominant follicle and the largest subordinated follicle reaching maximum diameter of 9.0±0.6 and 6.8±0.4 mm, respectively. The deviation happened on day 4.00±1.41 after the wave detection. The third irregular pattern observed was characterized by periods of subsequent follicular growth without defined phases as described for the first and second patterns. In conclusion, from the 18th to 60th day o

O objetivo do presente estudo foi caracterizar a dinâmica folicular durante a gestação inicial em novilhas Murrah. Dez novilhas foram submetidas ao exame ultra-sonográfico transretal diário do 18º ao 60º dia de gestação. Três animais apresentaram ondas foliculares de 9,67?0,58 dias de duração, folículo dominante e maior subordinado com diâmetro de 11,9?1,3 mm e 7,0?1,0 mm, respectivamente, e platô com 6,00?1,00 dias de duração. As sete novilhas restantes apresentaram três padrões de crescimento folicular irregulares: o primeiro padrão irregular observado foi caracterizado por ondas de 7,91±1,68 dias de duração, folículo dominante e maior subordinado alcançando diâmetro máximo de 11,4±1,1 e 7,0±1,6 mm, respectivamente, desvio observado no dia 3,57±0,53 e fase de platô tendo uma duração média de 4,67±1,37 dias. No segundo padrão irregular observado as ondas foliculares apresentavam duração de 6,44±1,81 dias, com o folículo dominante e maior subordinado alcançando diâmetro de 9,0±0,6 e 6,8±0,4 mm, respectivamente, e com o desvio observado 4,00±1,41 dias após a detecção da onda. O terceiro padrão irregular observado foi caracterizado por períodos repetitivos de crescimento folicular sem a caracterização de fases definidas como descrito para o primeiro e segundo padrões. Em conclusão, do 18º ao 60º dia de gestação, o desenvolvimento folicular é caracterizado por ondas de diferentes

Resumo

Este estudo avaliou os níveis séricos de cortisol e progesterona de fêmeas bovinas submetidas a manejo diário e semanal. Foram utilizadas 07 vacas Nelore (Bos taurus indicus) primíparas e multíparas, em dois experimentos. No experimento 1, os animais foram manejados diariamente, acompanhados durante 21 dias consecutivos, tempo equivalente a um ciclo estral. Já no experimento 2, os animais foram acompanhados por 09 semanas consecutivas. Todos os animais foram conduzidos ao tronco de contenção, submetidos a palpação transretal e ultrassonografia do aparelho genital feminino, assim como venopunção jugular. As amostras de plasma foram congeladas e, posteriormente, utilizadas para a dosagem das concentrações plasmáticas de cortisol e progesterona pela técnica de radioimunoensaio. As concentrações plasmáticas de progesterona dos animais do experimento 1 variaram entre 0,13 a 4,42 ng/mL (p < 0,05), enquanto que os do experimento 2 não variaram entre as semanas (0,17 a 1,2 ng/mL; p > 0,05). A dosagem de cortisol apresentou valores médios entre 10 a 50 ng/mL nos animais do experimento 1, e 8,3 a 62 ng/mL nos do experimento 2. Houve correlação positiva entre o cortisol e a progesterona nos animais do experimento 2 (r = 0,909; p < 0,05), mas não nos do experimento 1 (r = 0,03; p > 0,05). Os procedimentos de manejo utilizados tanto no experimento 1 como no 2 foram capazes de induzir estresse nos animais.

Resumo

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Thirty Nelore cows were submitted to estrus synchronization using a single administration of lecirelina, at 25 mg dosage and seven days later, D+ Cloprostenol at, 0.15 mg being both administered intra-muscularly. The first 16 cows ovulating were selected and daily evaluation was performed by rectal palpation and ultrasound of the female reproductive tract followed by blood sampling. Endometrial samples were collected by biopsy at days 0, 5, 9, 13 and 19 of the estrous cycle to detect the presence of estrogen and progesterone receptors by immunohistochemistry. The cows were distributed in 3 groups: control (without endometrial sampling, n=8), D0 (sampling initiated at the day of ovulation, n=4) and D13 (sampling initiated at day 13 of the estrous cycle, n=4). The mean inter-estrus interval was 23.80 l 2.70. The progesterone plasma mean concentrations ranged from 0.06 ng/mL to 4.53 ng/mL, decreasing throughout the cycle and reaching the lowest value close to ovulation. The pattern was characterized by increasing values during the luteal phase. The estradiol 17-b mean concentrations ranged from 6.22 pg/mL to 14.10 pg/mL and these values did not change throughout the estrous cycle. The results obtained by the rectal palpation revealed that the uterine tone and thickness were changing throughout the estrous cycle, being elevated during the period close to ovulation, and they were decreased during the progesterone phase. The ultrasound demonstrates that the amount of fluid content on the cranial vaginal compartment and in the uterine horn lumen was modified throughout the cycle. The largest amount of fluid was observed during the closest period to estrus and small fluid accumulation was observed during the progesterone phase. However, cows that were submitted to endometrial sampling presented more fluid during the progesterone phase