Anatomy and surgical approach to the humerus, radius and ulna of common sloth (Bradypus variegatus) / Anatomia e acesso cirúrgico ao úmero, rádio e ulna de preguiça-comum (Bradypus variegatus)

The surgical clinic of wild animals has increased in routine veterinary, where fractures by traumas are of frequent occurrence. This study determined the surgical accesses for osteosynthesis of the diaphyses of the humerus, radius and ulna of common sloth (Bradypus variegatus). Seven cadavers of B. variegatus were used for determination of the muscles of the thoracic limb, as well as the most important vessels and nerves, and better bone area for fixation of internal implants. The structural conformation of the radius and ulna in Bradypus variegatus were like those described in the literature for domestic animals but the humerus presented differences in the distal extremity because it was flattened. The musculature of Bradypus variegatus showed similarities with domestic animals. Due the different conformation of the humerus the surgical access to this bone can be performed by lateral approach, from the incision of M. triceps brachii lateral head, for fixation of the implant on the lateral side of the bone. Surgical access to the radius shaft can be performed by craniolateral approach, by incising the muscular fascia and separation of the cranially M. common digital extensor, and lateral digital extensor caudally. In ulna, a caudal access to the bone can be performed followed by release of the insertion m. flexor carpoulnar for placement of the internal implant on the lateral bone face.

A clínica cirúrgica de animais silvestres tem se intensificado na rotina veterinária, onde fraturas por traumas são frequentes. O objetivo deste estudo foi a determinação de acessos cirúrgicos para osteossíntese das diáfises do úmero, rádio e ulna de preguiça-comum (Bradypus variegatus). Sete cadáveres de B. variegatus foram utilizados para determinação dos músculos do membro torácico, bem como dos vasos e nervos mais importantes, e melhor área óssea para fixação de implantes internos. A conformação estrutural do rádio e da ulna em B. variegatus eram similares às descritas na literatura para animais domésticos, o úmero apresentou diferenças na extremidade distal pois apresentou-se achatado. A musculatura de B. variegatus mostrou semelhanças com os animais domésticos. Devido à diferente conformação do úmero o acesso cirúrgico a este osso pode ser realizado por abordagem lateral, a partir da incisão do M. tríceps braquial cabeça lateral, para fixação do implante na face lateral do osso. O acesso cirúrgico à diáfise do rádio pode ser realizado por abordagem craniolateral, por incisão da fáscia muscular e separação cranialmente do M. extensor digital comum e extensor digital lateral caudalmente. Na ulna, pode-se realizar um acesso caudal ao osso seguido de liberação da inserção do M. flexor carpoulnar para colocação do implante interno na face lateral do osso.

Schistosomus reflexus in a dog and a cat

Background: Schistosomus reflexus (SR) is a congenital anomaly, that the animal presents exposed abdominal and thoracic organs. The alterations includes limbs malformation, abnormal spinal column, liver and diaphragm hypoplasia, genitourinary and gastrointestinal changes, on this way, the fetus can not survive. The aim of this study was to report the first SR case in dog and cat in Brazil, and describe anatomical, pathological and radiographic changes. Case: The puppy had ventral midline defect in the abdominal and thoracic wall extending from the sternum to the pubis with viscera exposition, including the heart, lung, liver, stomach, intestine, spleen, kidneys, moreover right army was abnormal, however no spinal column was present. It was performed radiography to evaluate bone abnormalities, and was diagnosed agenesis of carpal, metacarpal and phalange bones. The kitten had ventral midline defect measuring 4 x 2 cm, in the abdominal wall and exposition of liver, stomach, intestine and spleen, as well as tibiotarsal joint arthrogryposis on both lags. It was performed fetus radiography and no spinal column change was diagnosed. Discussion: Schistosomus reflexus is a congenital abnormality common in ruminants. Although it was few reported in dogs and cats. The two cases in this study are the firsts reposts in Brazil in these especies. In our case, the dog had exposition of abdominal and thoracic organs and died one hour after born, similar to this, another author reported a case where the thoracic and abdominal evisceration and the puppy died ten minutes after born. However, in another case with abdominal evisceration only, the puppy survived for eight days. Probably it happened because respiratore function was not compromised. The kitten had abdominal opening only, in turn, other authors reported a case whose abdominal viscera exposition was by pelvic fissure, and another case, what presented thoracic and abdominal evisceration, like our dog case...

Schistosomus reflexus in a dog and a cat

Background: Schistosomus reflexus (SR) is a congenital anomaly, that the animal presents exposed abdominal and thoracic organs. The alterations includes limbs malformation, abnormal spinal column, liver and diaphragm hypoplasia, genitourinary and gastrointestinal changes, on this way, the fetus can not survive. The aim of this study was to report the first SR case in dog and cat in Brazil, and describe anatomical, pathological and radiographic changes. Case: The puppy had ventral midline defect in the abdominal and thoracic wall extending from the sternum to the pubis with viscera exposition, including the heart, lung, liver, stomach, intestine, spleen, kidneys, moreover right army was abnormal, however no spinal column was present. It was performed radiography to evaluate bone abnormalities, and was diagnosed agenesis of carpal, metacarpal and phalange bones. The kitten had ventral midline defect measuring 4 x 2 cm, in the abdominal wall and exposition of liver, stomach, intestine and spleen, as well as tibiotarsal joint arthrogryposis on both lags. It was performed fetus radiography and no spinal column change was diagnosed. Discussion: Schistosomus reflexus is a congenital abnormality common in ruminants. Although it was few reported in dogs and cats. The two cases in this study are the firsts reposts in Brazil in these especies. In our case, the dog had exposition of abdominal and thoracic organs and died one hour after born, similar to this, another author reported a case where the thoracic and abdominal evisceration and the puppy died ten minutes after born. However, in another case with abdominal evisceration only, the puppy survived for eight days. Probably it happened because respiratore function was not compromised. The kitten had abdominal opening only, in turn, other authors reported a case whose abdominal viscera exposition was by pelvic fissure, and another case, what presented thoracic and abdominal evisceration, like our dog case...(AU)

Squamous cell carcinoma in third eyelid of cat / Carcinoma de células escamosas em terceira pálpebra de felino

Background: The third eyelid neoplasms are uncommon in cats. The squamous cell carcinoma are easily found in head and neck of same species, although is unusual in eye region. The more common localization is eyelid and eyeball, being 60 and 15%, respectively. It could be diagnosed by citology, histopathology, imunohistochemistry and molecular biology. The surgery is more effective treatment, because the tumor can be totally removed and it must available surgical margin. The aim of this study was to report a case of squamous cell carcinoma in third eyelid of a cat and show how it was treated with radical surgery.Case: A 11-year-old spayed female domestic short-haired white and black colored cat was presented for evaluation at Maria Dias Teixeira Hospital of Amazonia Federal Rural University (UFRA), of an red ocular mass fast growth in the left eye for 2 months. Physical exam was within normal limits. The animal presented discomfort on the region, when it was manipulated. The mass was ulcerated and blood-tinged ocular discharge, had 3.3 x 2 cm, beginning on third eyelid and overlay all the eyeball. Blood was collated to make exams. Complete blood count and serum chemistry profiles were within normal ranges, but leukocytes were increased and it was treated with Amoxicillin (22 mg/kg). It was performed biopsy to histopathology and immunohistochemistry diagnose, and radiography and [...]

Squamous cell carcinoma in third eyelid of cat / Carcinoma de células escamosas em terceira pálpebra de felino

Background: The third eyelid neoplasms are uncommon in cats. The squamous cell carcinoma are easily found in head and neck of same species, although is unusual in eye region. The more common localization is eyelid and eyeball, being 60 and 15%, respectively. It could be diagnosed by citology, histopathology, imunohistochemistry and molecular biology. The surgery is more effective treatment, because the tumor can be totally removed and it must available surgical margin. The aim of this study was to report a case of squamous cell carcinoma in third eyelid of a cat and show how it was treated with radical surgery.Case: A 11-year-old spayed female domestic short-haired white and black colored cat was presented for evaluation at Maria Dias Teixeira Hospital of Amazonia Federal Rural University (UFRA), of an red ocular mass fast growth in the left eye for 2 months. Physical exam was within normal limits. The animal presented discomfort on the region, when it was manipulated. The mass was ulcerated and blood-tinged ocular discharge, had 3.3 x 2 cm, beginning on third eyelid and overlay all the eyeball. Blood was collated to make exams. Complete blood count and serum chemistry profiles were within normal ranges, but leukocytes were increased and it was treated with Amoxicillin (22 mg/kg). It was performed biopsy to histopathology and immunohistochemistry diagnose, and radiography and [...](AU)

Descrição morfológica dos ramos colaterais do arco aórtico e suas principais ramificações em Leopardus pardalis / Morphologic description of the collateral branches from aortic arch and its main ramifications in Leopardus pardalis

Com o objetivo de contribuir com o conhecimento da anatomia da jaguatirica (L. pardalis) estudou-se um animal proveniente da Mina de Bauxita Paragominas -Vale do Rio Doce doado, após morte natural, ao Instituto de Saúde e Produção Animal- ISPA da Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia- UFRA. Após o preenchimento do sistema arterial com látex corado em vermelho, foi realizada dissecação para observação da disposição dos ramos do arco aórtico. Os únicos ramos que emergiram do arco aórtico foram o tronco braquiocefálico e a artéria subclávia esquerda. Do tronco braquiocefálico, surgiu primeiramente, a artéria carótida comum esquerda e, logo após, a artéria subclávia direita emergiu em tronco com a artéria carótida comum direita. A artéria subclávia esquerda originou os seguintes ramos: a artéria vertebral, a artéria torácica interna, o tronco costocervical e a artéria cervical superficial. A artéria subclávia direita teve origem cranial e uma trajetória homóloga à esquerda, originando ramos semelhantes.

In order to contribute for the knowledge of the anatomy of the ocelot (L. pardalis), it was studied an animal from the Mina de Bauxita Paragominas/PA - Vale do Rio Doce, donated, after natural death, to the Instituto de Saúde e Produção Animal ISPA of the Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia - UFRA. After filling the arterial system with red colored latex, the dissection was performed to observe the arrangement of the branches of the aortic arch. The only branches that emerged from the aortic arch were the brachiocephalicus trunk and the left subclavian artery. From the brachiocephalicus trunk first came the left common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery emerged in the trunk with the right common carotid artery. The left subclavian artery originated the following branches: vertebral artery, internal thoracic artery, the costocervicalis trunk and cervical superficial artery. The right subclavian artery had a cranial origin and had a homologue trajectory to the left, resulting in similar branches.

Topografia do cone medular da jaguatirica (Leopardus pardalis) / Topography of the medullar cone in ocelot (Leopardus pardalis)

Na Medicina Veterinária, a anestesia epidural é uma das técnicas anestésicas regionais mais utilizadas e com boa margem de segurança. No entanto, é necessário ter conhecimento dos procedimentos anestésicos bem como da anatomia da região a ser manipulada. Assim, este trabalho tem o propósito de disponibilizar dados anatômicos que sirvam de base para a prática das anestesias epidurais em Leopardus pardalis, em especial aqueles relativos à topografia do cone medular. Foi utilizado um exemplar adulto, macho, de jaguatirica, proveniente de Área de Mina Bauxita Paragominas - Vale S.A., a qual foi fixada em solução aquosa de formaldeído a 10% e armazenado na mesma solução. Após o afastamento da pele e remoção da musculatura epiaxial, procedeu-se a remoção dos arcos vertebrais, em toda a extensão da coluna vertebral. A base do cone medular foi registrada na altura da vértebra L4 e seu ápice em S3 e um comprimento total de 8,5cm, o que demonstra um longo cone medular, acompanhado pela cauda equina. Ressalte-se que a espécie supramencionada apresenta cinco vértebras lombares e três sacrais. Portanto, sugerimos a região sacrococcígea como o local mais adequado para a realização de anestesia epidural nesta espécie.

In veterinary medicine, epidural anesthesia is one of regional anesthetic techniques are used most and with good margin of safety. However, you must have knowledge of anesthetic procedures and the anatomy of the region to be manipulated. This paper aims to provide anatomical data as a basis for the practice of epidural anesthesia, especially those related to the topography of the cone. We used an exemplary young male, the ocelot, from the area of Mina Bauxita Paragominas - VALE S.A., which was fixed in aqueous 10% formaldehyde and stored in the same solution. After the removal of skin and muscle removal epiaxial, proceeded to the removal of vertebral arches, the whole length of the spine. The base of the cone was recorded at the time of the L4 vertebra and its peak in S3 and a length of 8.5 cm, which shows a long medullar cone, accompanied by the lumbopelvic. It should be noted that the species mentioned are five lumbar vertebrae and three sacral. Therefore, we suggest the sacrococcygeal region as the most appropriate place to perform epidural anesthesia in this species.