South American rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus spp) envenomation in dogs in the semiarid region of Brazil

Background: South American rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus spp.) envenomation is rarely reported in small animals andlivestock in Brazil. Minor swelling at the snakebite site, skeletal muscle, and renal damage, and severe neurological signscharacterize the crotalic envenomation. This case report aims to present epidemiological, clinical, and pathological dataof two cases of Crotalus durissus spp envenomation in dogs in the Northeast of Brazil.Cases: Envenomation by Crotalus durissus spp. was recorded in two dogs in Patos, State of Paraíba, Brazil. In Case 1,the dog presented flaccid paralysis, hyporeflexia, a deficit of cranial nerves, epistaxis, and gingival hemorrhages. Laboratory assay showed proteinuria, myoglobinuria, regenerative thrombocytopenia, and increased serum activities of creatinekinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The dogwas medicated with crotalic antivenom and wholly recovered from local and systemic clinical signs. In Case 2, the dogdied and was detected fang marks at the ventral region of the left mandible (two small parallel perforations spaced 2.0 cmapart) at the snakebite site. Cyanosis of the oral cavity, congestion, and hemorrhages in several organs were observed atnecropsy. Tubular nephrosis, muscular necrosis, hepatocytes swelling were observed. The owners witnessed snakebites,and the rattlesnakes (Crotalus durissus spp.) identified by the rattle at the end portion of the tail in both cases.Discussion: Natural South American rattlesnake envenomation presents complex clinical signs that makes diagnosis achallenge for veterinary practitioners. The criteria for the correct diagnosis and observed in the two dogs include witness ofthe snakebite, identification of the snake, detection of fang marks, clinical-pathological findings, and therapeutic responseto treatment with specific anti-venom....

South American rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus spp) envenomation in dogs in the semiarid region of Brazil

Background: South American rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus spp.) envenomation is rarely reported in small animals andlivestock in Brazil. Minor swelling at the snakebite site, skeletal muscle, and renal damage, and severe neurological signscharacterize the crotalic envenomation. This case report aims to present epidemiological, clinical, and pathological dataof two cases of Crotalus durissus spp envenomation in dogs in the Northeast of Brazil.Cases: Envenomation by Crotalus durissus spp. was recorded in two dogs in Patos, State of Paraíba, Brazil. In Case 1,the dog presented flaccid paralysis, hyporeflexia, a deficit of cranial nerves, epistaxis, and gingival hemorrhages. Laboratory assay showed proteinuria, myoglobinuria, regenerative thrombocytopenia, and increased serum activities of creatinekinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The dogwas medicated with crotalic antivenom and wholly recovered from local and systemic clinical signs. In Case 2, the dogdied and was detected fang marks at the ventral region of the left mandible (two small parallel perforations spaced 2.0 cmapart) at the snakebite site. Cyanosis of the oral cavity, congestion, and hemorrhages in several organs were observed atnecropsy. Tubular nephrosis, muscular necrosis, hepatocytes swelling were observed. The owners witnessed snakebites,and the rattlesnakes (Crotalus durissus spp.) identified by the rattle at the end portion of the tail in both cases.Discussion: Natural South American rattlesnake envenomation presents complex clinical signs that makes diagnosis achallenge for veterinary practitioners. The criteria for the correct diagnosis and observed in the two dogs include witness ofthe snakebite, identification of the snake, detection of fang marks, clinical-pathological findings, and therapeutic responseto treatment with specific anti-venom....(AU)

Central Diabetes insipidus in a cat

Background: Diabetes insipidus is a rare disease in cats with few reports in the scientifi c literature. It has two major forms: Central Diabetes Insipidus (CDI); characterized by decreased secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus (NDI); characterized by decreased ability to concentrate urine because of resistance to ADH. The diagnosis is based on excluding diseases with polydipsia/polyuria, the water deprivation test and response to desmopressin. This case report describes Central Diabetes Insipidus in a domestic cat, as well as its response to desmopressin administered intranasally. Case: A 2-year old, male cat of non-defi ned breed and castrated was seen due to a history of polyuria and polydipsia (PU/ PD) that arose after allegedly ingesting thorns that got stuck to its body while going out of the house. Physical examination revealed an active well-fed animal with mild dehydration and persistent paradoxical ischuria. The complementary tests performed: abdominal ultrasound, blood test, urinalysis, serum urea, creatinine, glucose, cortisol, total T4, Total T3 and vasopressin, were within the reference values, except for urinary density and T4 that were below the standard. Based on the laboratory results, conditions compatible with PU and PD symptoms were excluded; however, despite normal vasopressin levels, diabetes insipidus was not ruled...(AU)

Clinical effectiveness of autohemotherapy as an adjunct treatment of canine parvovirus

Background: Canine parvovirus is highlighted among the gastroenteric diseases that are common medical occurrences in small animals due to its clinical evolution. Although the treatment is often successful, the success rate has remained unchanged over the years, reflecting a clear need for searching more efficient protocols in order to reduce hospitalization, treatment cost and increase survival rates. Autohemotherapy efficacy has been demonstrated for several diseases and identified as a stimulating tool and immune mediator. Thus, the objective of this research was to determine the clinical effectiveness of autohemotherapy as an adjunct in the treatment of dogs suffering from parvovirus. Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty dogs suffering from parvovirus, diagnosed via immunochromatography, were distributed (n = 10) into two groups: autohemotherapy (GAHT) and control (GCO). Both groups were treated with the appropriate support therapy for hemorrhagic gastroenteritis (GHE), while the dogs of the GAHT group were also treated with the adjunct autohemotherapy (AHT). The AHT consisted of the administration of blood collected by jugular venipuncture, without anticoagulant, immediately injected in equal proportion in the semitendinosus and semimembranosus muscle region. The blood volume injected was based on animal weight:...(AU)

Clinical effectiveness of autohemotherapy as an adjunct treatment of canine parvovirus

Background: Canine parvovirus is highlighted among the gastroenteric diseases that are common medical occurrences in small animals due to its clinical evolution. Although the treatment is often successful, the success rate has remained unchanged over the years, reflecting a clear need for searching more efficient protocols in order to reduce hospitalization, treatment cost and increase survival rates. Autohemotherapy efficacy has been demonstrated for several diseases and identified as a stimulating tool and immune mediator. Thus, the objective of this research was to determine the clinical effectiveness of autohemotherapy as an adjunct in the treatment of dogs suffering from parvovirus. Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty dogs suffering from parvovirus, diagnosed via immunochromatography, were distributed (n = 10) into two groups: autohemotherapy (GAHT) and control (GCO). Both groups were treated with the appropriate support therapy for hemorrhagic gastroenteritis (GHE), while the dogs of the GAHT group were also treated with the adjunct autohemotherapy (AHT). The AHT consisted of the administration of blood collected by jugular venipuncture, without anticoagulant, immediately injected in equal proportion in the semitendinosus and semimembranosus muscle region. The blood volume injected was based on animal weight:...

Central Diabetes insipidus in a cat

Background: Diabetes insipidus is a rare disease in cats with few reports in the scientifi c literature. It has two major forms: Central Diabetes Insipidus (CDI); characterized by decreased secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus (NDI); characterized by decreased ability to concentrate urine because of resistance to ADH. The diagnosis is based on excluding diseases with polydipsia/polyuria, the water deprivation test and response to desmopressin. This case report describes Central Diabetes Insipidus in a domestic cat, as well as its response to desmopressin administered intranasally. Case: A 2-year old, male cat of non-defi ned breed and castrated was seen due to a history of polyuria and polydipsia (PU/ PD) that arose after allegedly ingesting thorns that got stuck to its body while going out of the house. Physical examination revealed an active well-fed animal with mild dehydration and persistent paradoxical ischuria. The complementary tests performed: abdominal ultrasound, blood test, urinalysis, serum urea, creatinine, glucose, cortisol, total T4, Total T3 and vasopressin, were within the reference values, except for urinary density and T4 that were below the standard. Based on the laboratory results, conditions compatible with PU and PD symptoms were excluded; however, despite normal vasopressin levels, diabetes insipidus was not ruled...

Uso da cianobactéria spirulina associado ao amitraz no tratamento da demodiciose canina generalizada juvenil / Use of Cyanobacterium Spirulina Associated with Amitraz to Treatment in Juvenile Generalized Canine Demodiciosis

Background: The canine demodicosis (CD) is a parasitic skin disease of inflammatory, non-contagious, caused by excessive proliferation in hair follicles and sebaceous glands of a specific skin mite, Demodex canis. It is often seen in purebred dogs and short hair, and there was no gender bias. It is multifactorial, however, the juvenile form arises due to immunosuppression of cellular immunity and a hereditary predisposition, one of the most common skin disease in the veterinary clinic, especially in tropical and subtropical regions, where it tends to follow a more aggressive course. The cyanobacterium Spirulina is an aquatic microorganism that contains a huge amount of essential nutrients and bioavailable to the body, widely used in the world because of its nutritional richness and character immunostimulant, revealed in research. Thus, the aim of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of adding the cyanobacterium Spirulina in the treatment of young dogs suffering from generalized demodicosis. Material, Methods & Results: We used ten dogs with canine demodiciosis widespread youth, confirmed by the distributive pattern of injuries and the parasitologic cutaneos scraping (EPRC). The animals were divided into two experimental groups denominated GS (group spirulina) and CG (control group) of equal number (n = 5), where the fi rst (GS) received daily oral spirulina and baths weekly with amitraz for 90 days. For the animals of GC was adopted the same protocol for GS, but without the addition of spirulina. Hematologic evaluations were performed and serum biochemistry in three stages, the first before the application of design (M0) and the other every 45 days (M1 and M2). The animals were submitted to clinical and parasite every 15 days, the cure parasitic determined by obtaining three negative EPRC at intervals of 15 days between them. After discharge, the animals were followed for one year for any finding of recurrence. The dogs of the GS group (100%) had complete remission of clinical signs in an average of 52 days and parasitological cure obtained at 70 ± 5 days, with no history of relapses over a year. In the control group dogs had only three parasitologic cure within described in method (80 ± 5 days) while healing was clinically observed in 80% of the dogs at an average time of 64 days. As regards the hematology indices were observed changes in the hematocrit (Ht) CG and VCM (mean corpuscular volume) in both groups. In total leukocyte count was observed a demonstration of leukocytosis in isolade M0/GS. There was no change on the biochemical variables studied. Discussion: From the data obtained can be seen that the group that received Spirulina (GS) showed a high clinical and parasitological recovery (EPRC) earlier and more effective (52 days and 70 ± 5 days), respectively, when compared to dogs in the control group (GC). However, no observation of persistence of low hematimetric GS group, as well as the rapid recovery clinical and parasitological may have been determined by the addition of spirulina therapy control on the DCG juvenile animals studied, since it has large amount of nutrients available to the organism itself and its immunostimulating properties. However, it is necessary to adopt more organic indicators for reasons of greater benefi ts, especially as regards the immunological entities. Thus we can conclude that spirulina determined earlier recovery of affected patients DCG youth, and there was no any change clinical undesirable organic and commitment resulting from its chemical composition, revealing benefits as adjuvant therapy for the treatment of canine demodiciosis.

Axis fracture repair with locking plate in dog

Background: Cervical fractures in dogs occur most commonly in the cranial region, mostly requiring surgery. Various types of implants are being used while fixation using plate is poorly described in the literature. The plate and screw types are a limiting factor since they can lead to loss of stability due to loosening of the screws. The use of locking plates has been advocated, which does not allow movement between the screw-plate-bone, providing extreme stability and rigidity to the system. This study describes the use of locking bone plate to stabilize axis fracture in a dog and the results obtained with this technique. Case: A 9-month-old male Poodle presented due to a history of trauma to the cervical spine caused by a fall of an object. Upon physical examination, the patient was alert and physiological parameters within the normal reference limits. However, neurological examination showed tetraplegia, hyperreflexia, preserved nociception and much cervical pain. There were no changes in the cranial nerves test. Cranial cervical lesion was initially suspected and the patient was rigidly fixed on a flat surface. The radiographic examination showed a fracture of the second cervical vertebra (axis) with anatomical axis deviation, and the patient was referred for surgery. After anesthesia, the dog was positioned dorsal decubitus and rigidly fixed on the operating table with the thoracic limbs pulled caudally. The surgical approach of the cranial cervical spine started through the ventral access until complete visualization of the fracture line and the caudal portion of the axis body. After perfect apposition and alignment of the bone fragments, rigid stabilization was performed using locking plate and screws. The patient had a favorable neurological recovery, and five days after the surgery, no change was observed in locomotion and postural reactions, besides the absence of neck pain. Discussion: The implant used in this study was small and displayed a good fit along the body axis. The locked system allowed the bolt head to lock in the hole of the plate, forming a bone-screw-plate unit that prevents its failure. In our case, the tip of the caudal screws protruded approximately two millimeters within the spinal canal, without any apparent effect on the outcome. In a previous study, in which plates were used for ventral fixation and stabilization of the atlantoaxial joint, the screws also protruded into the vertebral canal without causing any problems, presumably because the cervical vertebral canal is wider than the diameter of the spinal cord at this location. Failure rate of up to 44% has been reported for all the processes of atlantoaxial ventral fixation if the surgery is deemed successful when resolution of neurological signs occurs, and there is no need for further surgery. According to this, the present case can be considered successful taking into account the clinical outcome after surgery, the rapid reduction of pain, return to ambulation and the absence of neurological deficits. We conclude that the locking plate was a viable alternative to other fixation techniques for fractures involving the second cervical vertebra in small animals since it allowed relative stability of the fracture and an excellent neurological recovery of the patient.

Avaliação eletrocardiográfica e da pressão arterial de gatos-do-mato pequenos submetidos à neurolepanalgesia com a associação dexmedetomidina, midazolan e petidina / Electrocardiographic evaluation and blood pressure of smalls oncilla undergoing neurolepanalgesia association with dexmedetomidine, midazolam and pethidine

Desta forma, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a associação de dexmedetomidina, midazolan e petidina sobre os parâmetros eletrocardiográficos e da pressão arterial de gatos-do-mato pequenos. Foram utilizados seis gatos-do-mato pequenos, três machos e três fêmeas, provenientes do CETAS/ IBAMA de JP/ PB. Estatisticamente, observou-se variação no intervalo QT e na PAS. Variações além dos limites referenciais foram observados na FC, Pms, segmento ST e PAS. A associação dexmedetomidina-midazolan-petidina, nas doses empregadas neste experimento, não conduziu alterações de ordem eletrocardiográficas e de PA que elevem o protocolo a contra-indicação em gatos-do-mato pequenos, sendo uma alternativa segura para contenção farmacológica nesta espécie por um período não superior a 40 minutos.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of dexmedetomidine, midazolam and pethidine on electrocardiographic parameters and blood pressure in cats of the woods small. We used six cats of the woods small, three males and three females, from the CETAS/ IBAMA JP/ PB. Statistically, there was variation in the QT interval and PAS. Variations beyond the limits benchmarks were observed in FC, Pms, ST and PAS. The association dexmedetomidine-midazolam-pethidine in doses used in this experiment did not lead electrocardiographic changes in order to elevate PA and the protocol contraindicated in smalls Oncilla, with a safe alternative to chemical restraint in this species by a period not exceeding 40 minutes.

Perfil hematológico e bioquímico de cães com gastroenterite hemorrágica por parvovírus diagnosticados pelo método de imunocromatografia / Hematological and biochemical profile of dogs with parvovirus gastroenteritis diagnosed by immunochromatography method

Objetivou-se com a realização deste trabalho determinar as características hematológicas e bioquímicas, de cães acometidos por gastroenterite por Parvovirus, diagnosticados pelo método da imunocromatografia rápida. Foram utilizados cães procedentes de Patos, PB, apresentando sinais de distúrbios gastroentéricos, evidenciados após avaliação clínica geral e laboratorial como quadro gastroentérico infeccioso viral através ensaio imonocromatográfico. O método de imunoensaio cromatográfico empregado neste estudo mostrou-se eficiente no diagnóstico do CPV em cães acometidos por gastroenterite hemorrágica evidenciando de forma precisa o agente primário envolvido. Porém o diagnóstico definitivo não pode ser baseado em apenas um único teste, devendo ser reportado ao profissional Médico Veterinário sua utilização sob aspecto complementar à correlação com outros achados para sua elucidação. Os dados obtidos nesta pesquisa referentes à hematologia e bioquímica sérica apresentaram variações significativas, dignas de serem consideradas frente a achados laboratoriais e suspeita clínica presuntiva de quadros gastroentéricos virais, bem como servirão como valores referenciais para animais acometidos por gastroenterites hemorrágicas, auxiliando clínicos de pequenos animais em sua rotina ambulatorial na elucidação do agente causal.

The objective of this work was to determine the hematological and biochemical characteristics of dogs with parvovirus gastroenteritis diagnosed by rapid immunochromatgraphy method. It was used dogs from Patos municipality, SP, Brazil, showing clinical signs of a gastrointestinal disorder, evident after clinical and laboratory admitted as a general framework gastrointestinal viral infection through testing immunochromatography. The method of chromatographic immunoassay used in this study proved effective in the diagnosis of CPV in dogs affected by hemorrhagic gastroenteritis showing the primary agent involved. However, the diagnosis cannot be based on just a single test, should be reported to the professional veterinarian complementary aspect of its use in correlation with other findings for their elucidation. Data from this survey relating to hematology and serum biochemistry showed significant variations, worthy of considerations before the laboratory finding sand clinical suspicion of presumptive viral gastrointestinal frames, as well as serve as reference values for animals affected by hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, helping small animal clinical in their routine outpatient clinic in the elucidation of the causative agent.

Exigência líquida de zinco, cobre e ferro para cordeiros em pastejo no semiárido / Net requirements of zinc, copper and iron to grazing lambs in semiarid

Este trabalho teve por objetivo determinar as exigências líquidas de zinco (Zn), cobre (Cu) e ferro (Fe) de cordeiros Santa Inês em pastejo na região semiárida. Os animaiscom peso vivo entre 20 e 30 kg apresentaram conteúdo corporal no peso de corpo vazio (PCV) para esses minerais de 60,26 a 76,37 mg kg-1, 10,78 a 16,72 mg kg-1 e 133,44 a126,98 mg kg-1, respectivamente. Observou-se que com o aumento do PCV, as concentrações de Cu e Zn também aumentavam, enquanto a de Fe diminuía. As exigências líquidas para cordeiros em regime de pastejo variaram de 1,69 a 7,86 mg dia-1 para Cu e 7,20 a 27,4 mg dia-1 para Zn. Os resultados obtidos no presente trabalho, para exigências desses minerais, foram maiores do que as exigências dietéticas recomendadas pelo do NRC (1985),que são de 7 a 11 mg, com máximo de 25 mg e de 20 a 30 mg, com máximo de 750 mg kg-1 de alimento, para Cu e Zn, respectivamente. As exigências líquidas de Fe variaram de 8,46 a 26,66 mg dia-1, e portanto, menores do que as recomendadas pelo NRC (1985) para este mineral que são de 30 a 50 mg kg-1 de alimento.(AU)

This work had as an aim determine the net requirements of Zinc (Zn), Copper(Cu) and Iron (Fe) of Santa Inês lambs raised grazing in the semi-arid area. Animals with body weight between 20 e 30 kg showed corporea contents in empty body weight (EBW) in these minerals from 60.26 to 76.37 mg kg-1, 10.78 to 16.72 mg kg-1 and from 33.44 to 126.98 mg kg-1, respectively. It was observed that increasing the PCV increased Cu and Zn concentration but decreased the Fe concentratiêson. The net requirements for lambs underpasture varied from 1.69 to 7.86 mg day-1 for Cu and from 7.20 to 27.4 mg day-1 for Zn. The results obtained in the present experiment suggest that the dietary requirements in Cu and Zn are higher than those recommended by NRC (1985), between 7 and 11 mg, with amaximum value of 25 mg for Cu and between 20 and 30 mg, with a maximum of 750 mg kg-1 of food for Zn, respectively. The net requirements for Fe varied from 8.46 to 26.66 mg day-1 and were lower than that recommended by NRC (1985) for this mineral, from 30 to 50 mg kg-1 of diet.(AU)

Exigência líquida de zinco, cobre e ferro para cordeiros em pastejo no semiárido / Net requirements of zinc, copper and iron to grazing lambs in semiarid

Este trabalho teve por objetivo determinar as exigências líquidas de zinco (Zn), cobre (Cu) e ferro (Fe) de cordeiros Santa Inês em pastejo na região semiárida. Os animaiscom peso vivo entre 20 e 30 kg apresentaram conteúdo corporal no peso de corpo vazio (PCV) para esses minerais de 60,26 a 76,37 mg kg-1, 10,78 a 16,72 mg kg-1 e 133,44 a126,98 mg kg-1, respectivamente. Observou-se que com o aumento do PCV, as concentrações de Cu e Zn também aumentavam, enquanto a de Fe diminuía. As exigências líquidas para cordeiros em regime de pastejo variaram de 1,69 a 7,86 mg dia-1 para Cu e 7,20 a 27,4 mg dia-1 para Zn. Os resultados obtidos no presente trabalho, para exigências desses minerais, foram maiores do que as exigências dietéticas recomendadas pelo do NRC (1985),que são de 7 a 11 mg, com máximo de 25 mg e de 20 a 30 mg, com máximo de 750 mg kg-1 de alimento, para Cu e Zn, respectivamente. As exigências líquidas de Fe variaram de 8,46 a 26,66 mg dia-1, e portanto, menores do que as recomendadas pelo NRC (1985) para este mineral que são de 30 a 50 mg kg-1 de alimento.

This work had as an aim determine the net requirements of Zinc (Zn), Copper(Cu) and Iron (Fe) of Santa Inês lambs raised grazing in the semi-arid area. Animals with body weight between 20 e 30 kg showed corporea contents in empty body weight (EBW) in these minerals from 60.26 to 76.37 mg kg-1, 10.78 to 16.72 mg kg-1 and from 33.44 to 126.98 mg kg-1, respectively. It was observed that increasing the PCV increased Cu and Zn concentration but decreased the Fe concentratiêson. The net requirements for lambs underpasture varied from 1.69 to 7.86 mg day-1 for Cu and from 7.20 to 27.4 mg day-1 for Zn. The results obtained in the present experiment suggest that the dietary requirements in Cu and Zn are higher than those recommended by NRC (1985), between 7 and 11 mg, with amaximum value of 25 mg for Cu and between 20 and 30 mg, with a maximum of 750 mg kg-1 of food for Zn, respectively. The net requirements for Fe varied from 8.46 to 26.66 mg day-1 and were lower than that recommended by NRC (1985) for this mineral, from 30 to 50 mg kg-1 of diet.

Auto-hemoterapia, uma nova ou antiga alternativa terapêutica? Revisão de literatura / Autohemotherapy, a new or old therapeutic alternative? Literature review

Avanços científicos e tecnológicos voltados ao tratamento de diversas enfermidades são hoje responsáveis por proporcionar uma melhor perspectiva e qualidade de vida. Diante dos custos, acessibilidade e efeitos colaterais que alguns destes modelos terapêuticos podem originar, faz-se necessário e é crescente a busca por alternativas que minimizem estes fatores tão indesejados. Neste contexto, há mais de um século, surgiu a auto-hemoterapia. Embora ainda hoje muito questionada e pouco pesquisada, esta terapia vem ganhando espaço nos estudos científicos, demonstrando respostas clínicas às mais diversas patologias tanto para os seres humanos quanto para os animais. Nesta revisão serão abordados aspectos inerentes ao histórico, à técnica, formas de administração, mecanismo de ação, aplicabilidade e contraindicações,visando assim reunir informações que possibilitem uma melhor compreensão sobre este tema.AU

Scientific and technological advances directed at treating various diseases are today responsible for providinga better perspective and quality of life. Due to costs, accessibility and collateral effects that some of these therapeutic models can originate, it is necessary and crescent the research for alternatives that minimize these unwanted factors. In this context, for over a century, arises the autohemotherapy. Although it is still nowadays widely questioned and little investigated this therapy has been gaining space in the scientifics studies, demonstrating clinical responses to several pathologies both human beings and animals. In this review, will be approached aspects inherent in to the historical, technique, forms of administration, mechanism of action, contraindications, and applicability, thus aiming to gather information to enable a better understanding of the topic.AU

Auto-hemoterapia, uma nova ou antiga alternativa terapêutica? Revisão de literatura / Autohemotherapy, a new or old therapeutic alternative? Literature review

Avanços científicos e tecnológicos voltados ao tratamento de diversas enfermidades são hoje responsáveis por proporcionar uma melhor perspectiva e qualidade de vida. Diante dos custos, acessibilidade e efeitos colaterais que alguns destes modelos terapêuticos podem originar, faz-se necessário e é crescente a busca por alternativas que minimizem estes fatores tão indesejados. Neste contexto, há mais de um século, surgiu a auto-hemoterapia. Embora ainda hoje muito questionada e pouco pesquisada, esta terapia vem ganhando espaço nos estudos científicos, demonstrando respostas clínicas às mais diversas patologias tanto para os seres humanos quanto para os animais. Nesta revisão serão abordados aspectos inerentes ao histórico, à técnica, formas de administração, mecanismo de ação, aplicabilidade e contraindicações,visando assim reunir informações que possibilitem uma melhor compreensão sobre este tema.

Scientific and technological advances directed at treating various diseases are today responsible for providinga better perspective and quality of life. Due to costs, accessibility and collateral effects that some of these therapeutic models can originate, it is necessary and crescent the research for alternatives that minimize these unwanted factors. In this context, for over a century, arises the autohemotherapy. Although it is still nowadays widely questioned and little investigated this therapy has been gaining space in the scientifics studies, demonstrating clinical responses to several pathologies both human beings and animals. In this review, will be approached aspects inherent in to the historical, technique, forms of administration, mechanism of action, contraindications, and applicability, thus aiming to gather information to enable a better understanding of the topic.

Associação dexmedetomidina, midazolan e petidina na neuroleptoanagesiade gato-do-mato pequeno (Leopardus tigrinus,Schreder, 1775) / Association dexmedetomidine, midazolam and pethidine in neuroleptoanagesia of Oncilla (Leopardustigrinus, Schreder, 1775)

A contenção química de felídeos silvestres representa um desafio ao anestesista devido a preocupaçãonão só com a segurança do paciente como também com a da equipe envolvida. Neste sentido objetivou-seavaliar a neuroleptoanalgesia em gato-do-mato pequeno com a associação dexmedetomidina, midazolan epetidina. Para tanto utilizou-se seis animais nos quais foram avaliados: a qualidade do relaxamento muscular,da analgesia e da contenção; o período de latência (PL); período hábil (PH); período de recuperação(PR); frequência cardíaca (FC); frequência respiratória (FR); pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e temperaturaretal (TR). O PL médio foi de 4 minutos, o PH médio foi de 63,75 ± 6,49 minutos e apenas 2 animais apresentaramPR de 48 e 55min respectivamente, os demais recuperaram-se subitamente. A FR foi o parâmetro quemais declinou, embora sua variação assim como a dos demais tenha se mantido dentro de limites segurospara a espécie. A qualidade da analgesia foi classificada como boa já o relaxamento muscular e a contençãofarmacológica como excelentes. O protocolo avaliado apresenta-se como uma alternativa para a contençãofarmacológica de gato-do-mato pequeno em procedimentos de até 40 minutos.(AU)

The chemical restraint of the wild felids its a challenge to the anesthetist due to concern not only with thesafety to the patient, but also with the team. Thus aimed to evaluate the neuroleptoanalgesia in oncilla withdexmedetomidine, midazolam and pethidine associated. For this purpose we used six animals which wereassessed: the quality of the muscle relaxation, analgesia and contention, the latency period (LP); reasonable period (RP); recovery period (ReP); heart rate (HR); respiratory rate (RR); systolic arterial pressure (SAP)and rectal temperature (RT). The average LP was 4 minutes, the RP was 63,75 minutes and only 2 animalshad ReP of 48 and 55 minutes respectively, the others suddenly recovery. The RR was a parameter of majordecline, although it variation (as well as the others) occurred in safe limits for oncilla. The quality of theanalgesia was assessed as good, muscle relaxation and restraint as excellent. The protocol evaluated is presentedas an alternative to pharmacological restraint of oncilla in procedures up to 40 minutes.(AU)

Associação dexmedetomidina, midazolan e petidina na neuroleptoanagesiade gato-do-mato pequeno (Leopardus tigrinus,Schreder, 1775) / Association dexmedetomidine, midazolam and pethidine in neuroleptoanagesia of Oncilla (Leopardustigrinus, Schreder, 1775)

A contenção química de felídeos silvestres representa um desafio ao anestesista devido a preocupaçãonão só com a segurança do paciente como também com a da equipe envolvida. Neste sentido objetivou-seavaliar a neuroleptoanalgesia em gato-do-mato pequeno com a associação dexmedetomidina, midazolan epetidina. Para tanto utilizou-se seis animais nos quais foram avaliados: a qualidade do relaxamento muscular,da analgesia e da contenção; o período de latência (PL); período hábil (PH); período de recuperação(PR); frequência cardíaca (FC); frequência respiratória (FR); pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e temperaturaretal (TR). O PL médio foi de 4 minutos, o PH médio foi de 63,75 ± 6,49 minutos e apenas 2 animais apresentaramPR de 48 e 55min respectivamente, os demais recuperaram-se subitamente. A FR foi o parâmetro quemais declinou, embora sua variação assim como a dos demais tenha se mantido dentro de limites segurospara a espécie. A qualidade da analgesia foi classificada como boa já o relaxamento muscular e a contençãofarmacológica como excelentes. O protocolo avaliado apresenta-se como uma alternativa para a contençãofarmacológica de gato-do-mato pequeno em procedimentos de até 40 minutos.

The chemical restraint of the wild felids it’s a challenge to the anesthetist due to concern not only with thesafety to the patient, but also with the team. Thus aimed to evaluate the neuroleptoanalgesia in oncilla withdexmedetomidine, midazolam and pethidine associated. For this purpose we used six animals which wereassessed: the quality of the muscle relaxation, analgesia and contention, the latency period (LP); reasonable period (RP); recovery period (ReP); heart rate (HR); respiratory rate (RR); systolic arterial pressure (SAP)and rectal temperature (RT). The average LP was 4 minutes, the RP was 63,75 minutes and only 2 animalshad ReP of 48 and 55 minutes respectively, the others suddenly recovery. The RR was a parameter of majordecline, although it variation (as well as the others) occurred in safe limits for oncilla. The quality of theanalgesia was assessed as good, muscle relaxation and restraint as excellent. The protocol evaluated is presentedas an alternative to pharmacological restraint of oncilla in procedures up to 40 minutes.

Sensibilidade “in vitro” de Bactérias Isoladas das Fezes de CãesAcometidos por Parvovirose / In vitro Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Bacteria Isolated of Feces of Dogs with Parvovirose

Objetivou-se com este estudo evidenciar e avaliar o perfil de sensibilidade e ocorrência de resistênciaantimicrobiana de bactérias isoladas das fezes de cães acometidos por parvovirose. Foram colhidas12 amostras fecais de cães acometidos por gastroenterite hemorrágica por Parvovírus, diagnosticadosatravés do método de imunoensaio cromatográfico. As amostras foram encaminhadas ao Laboratóriode Microbiologia para a realização da identificação bacteriológica e teste de sensibilidadeantimicrobiana. Com base nos resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que cepas de Escherichia coli forampredominantes nos distúrbios gastroentéricos por Parvovírus. No que se refere a sensibilidade antimicrobiana,considerando as cepas de um modo geral, foram observados maiores índices de sensibilidadea amoxicilina + clavulanato, ampicilina e gentamicina, em contrapartida, altos índices deresistência a cefalotina, neomicina e tetraciclina. Desta forma, ressalta-se a importância da realizaçãode análises microbiológicas, bem como o uso racional de antimicrobianos, frente a desordens gastrointestinaisem cães.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evidence and to evaluate the sensibility profile and occurrenceof resistance antimicrobial of isolated bacteria of the feces of dogs attacked by parvovirose. Wecollected fecal samples from 12 dogs affected by hemorrhagic gastroenteritis Parvovirus, diagnosedby the method of chromatographic immunoassay. The samples were sent to the microbiology laboratoryto perform bacterial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Based on theseresults, we conclude that E. coli strains were predominant in the gastrointestinal disturbances byParvovirus in dogs. The antimicrobial sensitivi ty, considering the strains in general, showed higherlevels of sensitivity to amoxicillin + clavulanate, ampicillin and gentamicin, however, highrates of resistance to cephalothin, neomycin and tetracycline. Thus, it emphasizes the importanceof performing microbiological analyzes as well rational use of antibiotics for treatment of gastrointestinaldisorders in dogs.(AU)

Sensibilidade “in vitro” de Bactérias Isoladas das Fezes de CãesAcometidos por Parvovirose / In vitro Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Bacteria Isolated of Feces of Dogs with Parvovirose

Objetivou-se com este estudo evidenciar e avaliar o perfil de sensibilidade e ocorrência de resistênciaantimicrobiana de bactérias isoladas das fezes de cães acometidos por parvovirose. Foram colhidas12 amostras fecais de cães acometidos por gastroenterite hemorrágica por Parvovírus, diagnosticadosatravés do método de imunoensaio cromatográfico. As amostras foram encaminhadas ao Laboratóriode Microbiologia para a realização da identificação bacteriológica e teste de sensibilidadeantimicrobiana. Com base nos resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que cepas de Escherichia coli forampredominantes nos distúrbios gastroentéricos por Parvovírus. No que se refere a sensibilidade antimicrobiana,considerando as cepas de um modo geral, foram observados maiores índices de sensibilidadea amoxicilina + clavulanato, ampicilina e gentamicina, em contrapartida, altos índices deresistência a cefalotina, neomicina e tetraciclina. Desta forma, ressalta-se a importância da realizaçãode análises microbiológicas, bem como o uso racional de antimicrobianos, frente a desordens gastrointestinaisem cães.

The objective of this study was to evidence and to evaluate the sensibility profile and occurrenceof resistance antimicrobial of isolated bacteria of the feces of dogs attacked by parvovirose. Wecollected fecal samples from 12 dogs affected by hemorrhagic gastroenteritis Parvovirus, diagnosedby the method of chromatographic immunoassay. The samples were sent to the microbiology laboratoryto perform bacterial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Based on theseresults, we conclude that E. coli strains were predominant in the gastrointestinal disturbances byParvovirus in dogs. The antimicrobial sensitivi ty, considering the strains in general, showed higherlevels of sensitivity to amoxicillin + clavulanate, ampicillin and gentamicin, however, highrates of resistance to cephalothin, neomycin and tetracycline. Thus, it emphasizes the importanceof performing microbiological analyzes as well rational use of antibiotics for treatment of gastrointestinaldisorders in dogs.

Influência da associação acepromazina e lidocaína na dose de indução anestésica com propofol em cadelas / Influence of acepromazine and lidocaine association on propofol anesthetic

Avaliaram-se os efeitos da associação acepromazina e lidocaína na dose de indução anestésica com propofole sobre as variáveis cardiovasculares e respiratórias de cadelas. Foram utilizadas seis fêmeas, sem raçadefinida, sadias, as quais participaram de quatro protocolos, diferenciando-se um do outro pela medicaçãopré-anestésica (MPA) empregada, respeitando-se um intervalo de 15 dias entre cada procedimento.Formaram-se os grupos denominados GAL (acepromazina 0,2 mg/kg e lidocaína 5 mg/kg IM), GLI (lidocaína5 mg/kg IM), GAC (acepromazina 0,2 mg/kg IM) e GPL (solução placebo de NaCl a 0,9 % 0,1 ml/kgIM). Decorridos 20 minutos da MPA, induziu-se a anestesia com propofol na dose inicial de 4 mg/kg, porvia intravenosa, sendo readministrado 10% desta até a depressão do reflexo laringotraqueal. Foram avaliadastemperatura retal (TR), frequências cardíaca (FC) e respiratória (ƒ), eletrocardiografia (ECG), dosede indução e o período hábil do propofol. As mensurações tiveram início antes da MPA (M0), 20 minutosapós a administração desta e antes do propofol (M20) e seguidas de intervalos de 10 minutos (M30, M40 eM50). Os dados obtidos para TR, FC, ƒ e ECG foram submetidos à ANOVA, seguido pelo teste de Tukey,e os demais ao teste t de Student (p<0,05). Apenas a TR apresentou alteração significativa. A dose indutorado propofol foi maior no GPL que nos demais grupos, sendo considerada menor no GAL. Conclui-se quea acepromazina associada à lidocaína diminui a dose de indução do propofol aumentando o período hábilanestésico, determinando mínimos efeitos nas variáveis fisiológicas e eletrocardiográficas(AU)

The effects of the acepromazine and lidocaine association on propofol anesthetic induction and atcardiovascular and respiratory parameters in female dogs were evalueted. Six female, mixed breed,healthy were submitted to four treatments, in which different preanesthetic medication (PAM) wereused, 15 d apart, thereby resulting in groups namely GAL (acepromazine 0.2 mg/kg and lidocaine5 mg/kg IM), GLI (lidocaine 5 mg/kg IM), GAC (acepromazine 0.2 mg/kg IM) and GPL (placebosolution of 0.9% NaCl 0.1 ml/kg IM). After 20 minutes of PAM, anesthesia was induced with propofolat an initial dose of 4 mg/kg intravenously, being readministered 10% of this, until depression of laryngotracheal reflex occurred. The clinical variables rectal temperature (RT), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate(f), electrocardiogram (ECG), induction dose and propofol active period were evaluated. The measurements wererecorded before the PAM (M0), 20 minutes after administration of it and before propofol (M20) and additionalrecordings were performed at 10-minute intervals (M30, M40 and M50). The data obtained to TR, HR, f and ECGwere subjected to ANOVA, followed by Tukey test, and the others were submitted to Students t test (p <0.05).Only RT showed significant variation. The dose of propofol was higher in GPL than in the other groups, beingconsidered smaller in the GAL. It was concluded that acepromazine with lidocaine reduces the induction dose ofpropofol anesthesia by increasing the anesthetic active period, determining minimal effects on physiological andelectrocardiograph variables(AU)

Influência da associação acepromazina e lidocaína na dose de indução anestésica com propofol em cadelas / Influence of acepromazine and lidocaine association on propofol anesthetic

Avaliaram-se os efeitos da associação acepromazina e lidocaína na dose de indução anestésica com propofole sobre as variáveis cardiovasculares e respiratórias de cadelas. Foram utilizadas seis fêmeas, sem raçadefinida, sadias, as quais participaram de quatro protocolos, diferenciando-se um do outro pela medicaçãopré-anestésica (MPA) empregada, respeitando-se um intervalo de 15 dias entre cada procedimento.Formaram-se os grupos denominados GAL (acepromazina 0,2 mg/kg e lidocaína 5 mg/kg IM), GLI (lidocaína5 mg/kg IM), GAC (acepromazina 0,2 mg/kg IM) e GPL (solução placebo de NaCl a 0,9 % 0,1 ml/kgIM). Decorridos 20 minutos da MPA, induziu-se a anestesia com propofol na dose inicial de 4 mg/kg, porvia intravenosa, sendo readministrado 10% desta até a depressão do reflexo laringotraqueal. Foram avaliadastemperatura retal (TR), frequências cardíaca (FC) e respiratória (ƒ), eletrocardiografia (ECG), dosede indução e o período hábil do propofol. As mensurações tiveram início antes da MPA (M0), 20 minutosapós a administração desta e antes do propofol (M20) e seguidas de intervalos de 10 minutos (M30, M40 eM50). Os dados obtidos para TR, FC, ƒ e ECG foram submetidos à ANOVA, seguido pelo teste de Tukey,e os demais ao teste t de Student (p<0,05). Apenas a TR apresentou alteração significativa. A dose indutorado propofol foi maior no GPL que nos demais grupos, sendo considerada menor no GAL. Conclui-se quea acepromazina associada à lidocaína diminui a dose de indução do propofol aumentando o período hábilanestésico, determinando mínimos efeitos nas variáveis fisiológicas e eletrocardiográficas

The effects of the acepromazine and lidocaine association on propofol anesthetic induction and atcardiovascular and respiratory parameters in female dogs were evalueted. Six female, mixed breed,healthy were submitted to four treatments, in which different preanesthetic medication (PAM) wereused, 15 d apart, thereby resulting in groups namely GAL (acepromazine 0.2 mg/kg and lidocaine5 mg/kg IM), GLI (lidocaine 5 mg/kg IM), GAC (acepromazine 0.2 mg/kg IM) and GPL (placebosolution of 0.9% NaCl 0.1 ml/kg IM). After 20 minutes of PAM, anesthesia was induced with propofolat an initial dose of 4 mg/kg intravenously, being readministered 10% of this, until depression of laryngotracheal reflex occurred. The clinical variables rectal temperature (RT), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate(f), electrocardiogram (ECG), induction dose and propofol active period were evaluated. The measurements wererecorded before the PAM (M0), 20 minutes after administration of it and before propofol (M20) and additionalrecordings were performed at 10-minute intervals (M30, M40 and M50). The data obtained to TR, HR, f and ECGwere subjected to ANOVA, followed by Tukey test, and the others were submitted to Student’s t test (p <0.05).Only RT showed significant variation. The dose of propofol was higher in GPL than in the other groups, beingconsidered smaller in the GAL. It was concluded that acepromazine with lidocaine reduces the induction dose ofpropofol anesthesia by increasing the anesthetic active period, determining minimal effects on physiological andelectrocardiograph variables