Elucidando a imunovigilância e imunoedição tumoral: uma revisão abrangente / Elucidating tumor immunosurveillance and immunoediting: a comprehensive review

A ação do sistema imunológico contra as enfermidades neoplásicas tem se tornado uma das principais fontes de pesquisa na atualidade. As vias biológicas desse sistema são conhecidas por contribuir na limitação da progressão e na eliminação do tumor, e são delineadas por conceitos e mecanismos de imunovigilância e imunoedição. A imunovigilância é considerada o processo pelo qual o sistema imunológico reconhece e inibe o processo neoplásico. O conceito de imunoedição tem origem no sentido de que o sistema imune é capaz de moldar o perfil antigênico do tumor devido à pressão seletiva, baseada nas etapas de eliminação, equilíbrio e evasão tumoral. A resposta imunológica ocorre contra antígenos tumorais e modificações do microambiente tumoral, envolvendo diferentes componentes do sistema imune inato, como células T, células natural Killer, linfócitos B e macrófagos. Nesse sentido, conhecer esses conceitos e compreender seus respectivos mecanismos torna-se essencial na investigação de novas estratégias de prevenção e combate ao câncer. Dessa forma, esta revisão apresenta aspectos históricos e definições de imunovigilância e imunoedição tumoral, com ênfase em sua importância e aplicabilidade, assim como aos diferentes métodos utilizados em imunoterapia.

The action of the immune system against neoplastic diseases has become one of the main sources of research. The biological pathways of this system are known to contribute in limiting the progression and elimination of the tumor, and are delineated by concepts and mechanisms of immunosurveillance and immunoediting. Immunosurveillance is considered the process by which the immune system recognizes and inhibits the neoplastic process. The concept of immunoediting arises in the sense that immune system is able to shape the antigenic profile of the tumor due to selective pressure, based on the stages of tumor elimination, balance and evasion. The immune response occurs against tumor antigens and changes in the tumor microenvironment, involving different components of the innate immune system, such as T cells, natural Killer cells, B lymphocytes and macrophages. In this sense, knowing these concepts and understanding their respective mechanisms becomes essential in the investigation of new strategies for cancer prevention and cure. Thus, this review presents historical aspects and definitions of immunosurveillance and tumor immunoediting, with emphasis on its importance and applicability, such as on the different methods used in immunotherapy.

Autologous platelet-rich plasma action on skin autografts in horses / Ação do plasma rico em plaquetas autólogo em autoenxertos de pele em equinos

This study evaluated the action of autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on cutaneous wounds, containing skin autografts, in the gluteal region of horses. Seven healthy horses were used. Two 6 x 6cm cutaneous wounds were produced on each side of the gluteal region. Eight days after wound induction, grafts were performed with skin fragments harvested from the neck, as well as the application of PRP, prepared by double-centrifugation protocol. Wounds with autografts on the left side received PRP (group T), and those with autografts on the right side did not receive treatment (group C). Macroscopic and microscopic evaluations were performed, considering the integration of autografts and retraction of wound edges, as well as neovascularization, inflammatory infiltrate, young fibroblasts, collagenization, reepithelization and autografts integration. There was no difference between the groups (P > 0.05) in relation to most macroscopic and microscopic variables. However, neovascularization was significantly greater (p = 0.0191) in group T, on the 14th day after grafting. It is concluded that PRP favors the process of skin repair with autografts in horses, since it increases the neovascularization in the initial phase of wound healing. Furthermore, the PRP seems to positively influence the integration of the skin autografts and the retraction of the wound edges.

Este estudo avaliou a ação do plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) autólogo em feridas cutâneas, contendo autoenxertos de pele em equinos. Foram utilizados sete equinos hígidos, nos quais foram produzidas duas feridas cutâneas de 6 x 6cm, em cada um dos lados da região glútea. Oito dias após a indução das feridas, foram realizados enxertos com fragmentos de pele colhidos do pescoço, assim como a aplicação do PRP, preparado através de protocolo de dupla centrifugação. As feridas com autoenxertos do lado esquerdo receberam PRP (grupo T), e as com autoenxertos do lado direito não receberam tratamento (grupo C). Foram realizadas avaliações macroscópica e microscópica, considerando as variáveis integração dos autoenxertos e retração das bordas da ferida, além de neovascularização, infiltrado inflamatório, fibroblastos jovens, colagenização, reepitelização e integração dos autoenxertos. Não houve diferença entre os grupos (p > 0,05) em relação à maioria das variáveis macroscópicas e microscópicas. Contudo, a neovascularização foi significativamente maior (P = 0,0191) no grupo T, no 14º dia após a realização da enxertia. Conclui-se que o PRP favorece o processo de reparo da pele com autoenxertos em equinos, já que aumenta a neovascularização na fase inicial da cicatrização da ferida. Ainda, o PRP parece influenciar positivamente a integração dos autoenxertos de pele e a retração das bordas da ferida.

Autologous platelet-rich plasma action on skin autografts in horses / Ação do plasma rico em plaquetas autólogo em autoenxertos de pele em equinos

This study evaluated the action of autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on cutaneous wounds, containing skin autografts, in the gluteal region of horses. Seven healthy horses were used. Two 6 x 6cm cutaneous wounds were produced on each side of the gluteal region. Eight days after wound induction, grafts were performed with skin fragments harvested from the neck, as well as the application of PRP, prepared by double-centrifugation protocol. Wounds with autografts on the left side received PRP (group T), and those with autografts on the right side did not receive treatment (group C). Macroscopic and microscopic evaluations were performed, considering the integration of autografts and retraction of wound edges, as well as neovascularization, inflammatory infiltrate, young fibroblasts, collagenization, reepithelization and autografts integration. There was no difference between the groups (P > 0.05) in relation to most macroscopic and microscopic variables. However, neovascularization was significantly greater (p = 0.0191) in group T, on the 14th day after grafting. It is concluded that PRP favors the process of skin repair with autografts in horses, since it increases the neovascularization in the initial phase of wound healing. Furthermore, the PRP seems to positively influence the integration of the skin autografts and the retraction of the wound edges.(AU)

Este estudo avaliou a ação do plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) autólogo em feridas cutâneas, contendo autoenxertos de pele em equinos. Foram utilizados sete equinos hígidos, nos quais foram produzidas duas feridas cutâneas de 6 x 6cm, em cada um dos lados da região glútea. Oito dias após a indução das feridas, foram realizados enxertos com fragmentos de pele colhidos do pescoço, assim como a aplicação do PRP, preparado através de protocolo de dupla centrifugação. As feridas com autoenxertos do lado esquerdo receberam PRP (grupo T), e as com autoenxertos do lado direito não receberam tratamento (grupo C). Foram realizadas avaliações macroscópica e microscópica, considerando as variáveis integração dos autoenxertos e retração das bordas da ferida, além de neovascularização, infiltrado inflamatório, fibroblastos jovens, colagenização, reepitelização e integração dos autoenxertos. Não houve diferença entre os grupos (p > 0,05) em relação à maioria das variáveis macroscópicas e microscópicas. Contudo, a neovascularização foi significativamente maior (P = 0,0191) no grupo T, no 14º dia após a realização da enxertia. Conclui-se que o PRP favorece o processo de reparo da pele com autoenxertos em equinos, já que aumenta a neovascularização na fase inicial da cicatrização da ferida. Ainda, o PRP parece influenciar positivamente a integração dos autoenxertos de pele e a retração das bordas da ferida.(AU)

Intracameral tenecteplase during phacoemulsification in rabbits: clinical assessment of the anterior segment and biochemical analysis of the aqueous humor / Tenecteplase intracameral durante a facoemulsificação em coelhos: avaliação clínica do segmento anterior e análise bioquímica do humor aquoso

To evaluate the use of tenecteplase in transoperative phacoemulsification in healthy rabbits, the study was carried out with fifteen New Zealand rabbits, divided into three groups: control group (CG), untreated group (UG) and treated group (TG). UG and TG were operated by phacoemulsification and TG received 50 µg / 0.3 mL of intracameral tenecteplase. The postoperative evaluations were 24 h, 72 h, 7 days, 15 days and 21 days. In TP21 the animals were submitted to euthanasia and aqueous humor samples were collected. No significant differences were observed in the clinical evaluations between CG and TG in relation to incidence rates of intraocular pressure (IOP), corneal edema, fibrin deposits, hyphema, aqueous flare and synechia. In the physicochemical evaluation of the aqueous humor, there were no significant differences between the three groups in relation to pH values and concentrations of chloride ions. The aqueous humor density values were statistically different between CG and the other groups. In the histological evaluation, there were no significant differences between the groups. The use of tenecteplase in transoperative phacoemulsification in rabbits did not present significant differences in terms of clinical, physicochemical and histological parameters.

Para avaliar o uso da tenecteplase na facoemulsificação transoperatória em coelhos sadios, o estudo foi realizado com quinze coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia, divididos em três grupos: grupo controle (CG) grupo não tratado (UG) e grupo tratado (TG). UG e TG foram operados por facoemulsificação e TG recebeu 50 µg / 0,3 mL de tenecteplase intracameral. As avaliações pós-operatórias foram 24 h, 72 h, 7 dias, 15 dias e 21 dias. No TP21 os animais foram submetidos à eutanásia e amostras de humor aquoso foram coletadas. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas nas avaliações clínicas entre o CG e o TG em relação às taxas de incidência de pressão intraocular (PIO), edema de córnea, depósitos de fibrina, hifema, flare aquoso e sinéquia. Na avaliação físico-química do humor aquoso, não houve diferenças significativas entre os três grupos em relação aos valores de pH e concentrações de íons cloreto. Os valores de densidade de humor aquoso foram estatisticamente diferentes entre CG e os outros grupos. Na avaliação histológica, não houve diferenças significativas entre os grupos. O uso da tenecteplase na facoemulsificação transoperatória em coelho não apresentou diferenças significativas em termos de parâmetros clínicos, físico-químicos e histológicos.

Intracameral tenecteplase during phacoemulsification in rabbits: clinical assessment of the anterior segment and biochemical analysis of the aqueous humor / Tenecteplase intracameral durante a facoemulsificação em coelhos: avaliação clínica do segmento anterior e análise bioquímica do humor aquoso

To evaluate the use of tenecteplase in transoperative phacoemulsification in healthy rabbits, the study was carried out with fifteen New Zealand rabbits, divided into three groups: control group (CG), untreated group (UG) and treated group (TG). UG and TG were operated by phacoemulsification and TG received 50 µg / 0.3 mL of intracameral tenecteplase. The postoperative evaluations were 24 h, 72 h, 7 days, 15 days and 21 days. In TP21 the animals were submitted to euthanasia and aqueous humor samples were collected. No significant differences were observed in the clinical evaluations between CG and TG in relation to incidence rates of intraocular pressure (IOP), corneal edema, fibrin deposits, hyphema, aqueous flare and synechia. In the physicochemical evaluation of the aqueous humor, there were no significant differences between the three groups in relation to pH values and concentrations of chloride ions. The aqueous humor density values were statistically different between CG and the other groups. In the histological evaluation, there were no significant differences between the groups. The use of tenecteplase in transoperative phacoemulsification in rabbits did not present significant differences in terms of clinical, physicochemical and histological parameters.(AU)

Para avaliar o uso da tenecteplase na facoemulsificação transoperatória em coelhos sadios, o estudo foi realizado com quinze coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia, divididos em três grupos: grupo controle (CG) grupo não tratado (UG) e grupo tratado (TG). UG e TG foram operados por facoemulsificação e TG recebeu 50 µg / 0,3 mL de tenecteplase intracameral. As avaliações pós-operatórias foram 24 h, 72 h, 7 dias, 15 dias e 21 dias. No TP21 os animais foram submetidos à eutanásia e amostras de humor aquoso foram coletadas. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas nas avaliações clínicas entre o CG e o TG em relação às taxas de incidência de pressão intraocular (PIO), edema de córnea, depósitos de fibrina, hifema, flare aquoso e sinéquia. Na avaliação físico-química do humor aquoso, não houve diferenças significativas entre os três grupos em relação aos valores de pH e concentrações de íons cloreto. Os valores de densidade de humor aquoso foram estatisticamente diferentes entre CG e os outros grupos. Na avaliação histológica, não houve diferenças significativas entre os grupos. O uso da tenecteplase na facoemulsificação transoperatória em coelho não apresentou diferenças significativas em termos de parâmetros clínicos, físico-químicos e histológicos.(AU)

Evaluation of wound healing treated with latex derived from rubber trees and Aloe Vera extract in rats

PURPOSE: To compare the use of latex derivative and Aloe vera extract to wound healing. METHODS: Twenty one rats were randomly divided into three groups and each one had a wound made by incision. The treatment consisted in: derivative of latex (GL), Aloe vera extract (GA) and saline solution (GC). The wound area was measured on the 7th, 14th and 21st days and macroscopic and microscopic evaluation were done. RESULTS: The comparison between the measurements of the wounds presented statistical difference in GC and GA from the 7th day of evaluation and GL from the 14th day. The extent of the wound was significantly smaller by the 7th day in GL. Histologically, in GL, the neovascularization was significant on the 7th, 14th and 21st days. On the 21st day the scar was large and little mature. In GA and GC, the findings were similar on the 7th, 14th and 21st days with a slight better organization of skin and collagen on the 21st in GA. CONCLUSIONS: Statistical analysis did not allow for the definition of the best topical agent. The latex had the highest angiogenesis, but a possible foreign body granuloma. Aloe vera has revealed a healing process adequated temporally in histology.(AU)

Ovarian blood vessel occlusion as a surgical sterilization method in rats

To evaluate the female sterilization by occlusion of the ovarian blood flow, using the rat as experimental model. Fifty-five females rats were divided into four groups: I (n=10), bilateral ovariectomy, euthanized at 60 or 90 days; II (n=5), opening the abdominal cavity, euthanized at 90 days; III (n=20), bilateral occlusion of the ovarian blood supply using titanium clips, euthanized at 60 or 90 days; and IV (n=20), bilateral occlusion of the ovarian blood supply using nylon thread, euthanized at 60 or 90 days. The estrous cycle was monitored by vaginal cytology. After euthanasia, the reproductive tissues were evaluated histologically. RESULTS: Ovarian atresia was identified macroscopically at 60 days after surgery in the rats in groups III and IV; however, most of the rats in group III maintained cyclicity. Histology of the tissues from group IV revealed that the ovarian tissue was replaced by dense fibrous connective tissue that was slightly vascularized and that intact follicles were absent by 90 days. OOvarian blood vessels occluded caused ischemia, leading to progressive tissue necrosis, and bilateral occlusion using a nylon ligature is a viable method for surgical sterilization.(AU)

Metastatic squamous cell carcinoma in a horse / Carcinoma de células escamosas metastático em um equino

Background: Squamous cell carcinoma is a relatively commum cutaneous neoplasia in a horse, originated mainly in external genitalia, periocular region, especially, eyelids and oral cavitity. Squamous cell carcinoma metastasis was considered rare. Depigmentation, ultraviolet light exposure and actinic acantosis were considered etiopathologic factors. The squamous cell carcinoma rarely metastasizing however causes severely local invasion. The diagnosis confirmation just was done for histopathological and citopathological exams. The following report outlines clinical and pathological findings of a case of a metastatic squamous cell carcinoma to multiple sites in a horse revealed after anatomopathological exam. Case: The case consisted of a 10-month old Appaloosa x Mangalarga horse whose owners main complaint was a multiple ulcerative tumor in the nasal region of the animal. The horse presented depigmented libs, narines, prepuce and peniane tegument. The lesion beginning at 12 months and the horse presented sneezing and intermittent epistaxis of the right narine and moderated sialorheia. During clinical evaluation, the animal presented discrete dispneia e severe emaciation. The tumor invaded into deep inner nasal cavity, causing partial stenosis of the nasal passage of the left nasal cavity. However, stenosis and bleeding is not allowed to specify the compromised extension...(AU)

Metastatic squamous cell carcinoma in a horse / Carcinoma de células escamosas metastático em um equino

Background: Squamous cell carcinoma is a relatively commum cutaneous neoplasia in a horse, originated mainly in external genitalia, periocular region, especially, eyelids and oral cavitity. Squamous cell carcinoma metastasis was considered rare. Depigmentation, ultraviolet light exposure and actinic acantosis were considered etiopathologic factors. The squamous cell carcinoma rarely metastasizing however causes severely local invasion. The diagnosis confirmation just was done for histopathological and citopathological exams. The following report outlines clinical and pathological findings of a case of a metastatic squamous cell carcinoma to multiple sites in a horse revealed after anatomopathological exam. Case: The case consisted of a 10-month old Appaloosa x Mangalarga horse whose owners main complaint was a multiple ulcerative tumor in the nasal region of the animal. The horse presented depigmented libs, narines, prepuce and peniane tegument. The lesion beginning at 12 months and the horse presented sneezing and intermittent epistaxis of the right narine and moderated sialorheia. During clinical evaluation, the animal presented discrete dispneia e severe emaciation. The tumor invaded into deep inner nasal cavity, causing partial stenosis of the nasal passage of the left nasal cavity. However, stenosis and bleeding is not allowed to specify the compromised extension...

Mortality of Cebus apella by Molineus torulosus parasitism in Midwestern Brazil

Background: Wild and captivity monkeys are infested by several parasites species, mainly, Strongyloides sp. and Acanthocephala sp, which has been identifi ed as the major causes of illness and death. However, Molineus torulosus is a pathogenic nematode found in Neotropical New World Primates and causes severe illness in small primates due to severe gastrointestinal injury. In South America, the parasite was described in Cebus apella and C. olivecaeus from French Guyana and were verified the occurrence in tropical forests. Thus, it is the first report about M. torulosus infestation in capitivity capuchin monkeys in Brazil. Case: Two capuchin monkeys were presented for necropsy. According to veterinarian the monkeys had about fi ve years old and weighed 0.9 kg and lived in a particular park in urban with 20 to 30 capuchin monkeys group. The veterinarian described that six capuchin monkeys were found dead in two months period. One of the monkeys were found dead and another one had respiratory disturbance, apathy, prostration, cyanotic mucosa, feces with green coloration and death after four days in observation and isolation of the group. Necropsy confirmed emaciation and moderate splenomegaly, great amount of fibrin on the intestine and presence of multifocal 1 to 2 cm nodules in small intestine with numerous parasites mainly initial portion. In the small intestine, were found several free helminthes in the feces. No parasite was attached in the gut wall. The parasites in the nodules were submitted to a standard nematode key identification, confirming the infestation by M. torulosus. The parasites were small, slender, pale red, of 4 to 6 mm length. There were no significant macroscopic findings in the other organ systems. The histological examination of nodules sections revealed an intense granulomatous inflammatory response surrounded by proliferating fibrous connective tissue and the central portion contained a mass of nematode parasites and their eggs surrounded by eosinophilic debris. The small intestine revealed the presence of eggs and larvae at the villi, epithelium and crypts necrosis areas, villi atrophy and congestion, mononuclear inflammatory reaction. Discussion: There are no reports of Molineus torulosus parasitism in captivity capuchin monkeys in Brazil. The clinical signs described in the present case were unspecific and the parasite identification was a necropsy found. However, the infestation with M. torulosus was associated with enteritis and diarrhea. The parasite causes hemorrhagic or ulcerative enteritis, sometimes associated with diverticula of the intestinal wall. Furthermore, the capuchin monkeys death in the present case was assigned with a fibrinous peritonitis and septicemia because a gut wall necrosis caused by M. torulosus infestation. Thus, the high density of M. torulosus in the small intestine is believed to be responsible for the death of these capuchin monkeys. The present report identifies the nematode M. torulosus and associated with capuchin monkey mortality. Thus, the present case also highlights the importance of performing a complete necropsy on monkeys, including thorough examination of the gastrointestinal system, and stresses the value of saving fresh tissues for diagnostic procedures including parasite recovery and identification.

Avaliações histológica e histomorfométrica de testículos de bovinos com dermatite digital / Testis histologic and histomorphometric evaluations of cattle with digital dermatitis

A infecção da região digital é a causa mais comum de claudicação em bovinos, podendo levar à inutilização de animais de alta produção e destinados à reprodução. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar aspectos histológicos e histomorfométricos dos testículos de bovinos com dermatite digital. Foram analisadas diferentes porções dos testículos de 20 bovinos da raça Nelore, entre 25 e 30 meses, sendo 10 com de dermatite digital e 10 saudáveis. Todas as amostras testiculares avaliadas apresentaram algum grau de degeneração do epitélio tubular seminífero. Infiltrado inflamatório intersticial mononuclear foi observado em testículos de bovinos saudáveis e com dermatite digital. A altura do epitélio tubular seminífero de todas as regiões testiculares foi maior nos animais com dermatite digital, assim como foram observados maior área da luz tubular e maior diâmetro tubular nos testículos desses bovinos. Concluiu-se que bovinos jovens da raça Nelore apresentam diferentes graus de degeneração testicular, bem como orquite intersticial crônica inespecífica, sem relação com a dermatite digital. Ainda, as alterações histomorfométricas dos testículos desses bovinos não possuem relação com a enfermidade podal.

The infection of the digital area is the most common cause of lameness in cattle, leading to the rejection of high-production animals destined to reproduction. This study aimed at histological and histomorphometric evaluations of the testis of bovines with digital dermatitis. Different portions of testis from 20 Nellore animals, ten healthy and ten with digital dermatitis, between 25 and 30 months of age, were analyzed. All analyzed testis showed some degree of degeneration of the seminiferous epithelium. Mononuclear interstitial infiltrate was observed in testis of both healthy bovines and the ones with digital dermatitis. Bovines with digital dermatitis presented higher height of seminiferous tubular epithelium in all regions of testis, larger area of the tubular lumen, and larger tubular diameter. We concluded that young Nellore bovines show different degrees of testicular degeneration, as well as chronic nonspecific interstitial orchitis, unrelated to digital dermatitis. The testis histomorphometric changes of these animals are not related with foot disease.

Avaliações histológica e histomorfométrica de testículos de bovinos com dermatite digital / Testis histologic and histomorphometric evaluations of cattle with digital dermatitis

A infecção da região digital é a causa mais comum de claudicação em bovinos, podendo levar à inutilização de animais de alta produção e destinados à reprodução. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar aspectos histológicos e histomorfométricos dos testículos de bovinos com dermatite digital. Foram analisadas diferentes porções dos testículos de 20 bovinos da raça Nelore, entre 25 e 30 meses, sendo 10 com de dermatite digital e 10 saudáveis. Todas as amostras testiculares avaliadas apresentaram algum grau de degeneração do epitélio tubular seminífero. Infiltrado inflamatório intersticial mononuclear foi observado em testículos de bovinos saudáveis e com dermatite digital. A altura do epitélio tubular seminífero de todas as regiões testiculares foi maior nos animais com dermatite digital, assim como foram observados maior área da luz tubular e maior diâmetro tubular nos testículos desses bovinos. Concluiu-se que bovinos jovens da raça Nelore apresentam diferentes graus de degeneração testicular, bem como orquite intersticial crônica inespecífica, sem relação com a dermatite digital. Ainda, as alterações histomorfométricas dos testículos desses bovinos não possuem relação com a enfermidade podal.(AU)

The infection of the digital area is the most common cause of lameness in cattle, leading to the rejection of high-production animals destined to reproduction. This study aimed at histological and histomorphometric evaluations of the testis of bovines with digital dermatitis. Different portions of testis from 20 Nellore animals, ten healthy and ten with digital dermatitis, between 25 and 30 months of age, were analyzed. All analyzed testis showed some degree of degeneration of the seminiferous epithelium. Mononuclear interstitial infiltrate was observed in testis of both healthy bovines and the ones with digital dermatitis. Bovines with digital dermatitis presented higher height of seminiferous tubular epithelium in all regions of testis, larger area of the tubular lumen, and larger tubular diameter. We concluded that young Nellore bovines show different degrees of testicular degeneration, as well as chronic nonspecific interstitial orchitis, unrelated to digital dermatitis. The testis histomorphometric changes of these animals are not related with foot disease.(AU)

Angiogenic activity of Calendula officinalis flowers L. in rats / Atividade angiogenica das flores da Calendula officinalis L. em ratos

Purpose: In this work, angiogenic activity of Calendula officinalis L. (Asteraceae) ethanolic extract and dichloromethane and hexanic fractions were evaluated, considering medicinal properties, especially healing activity, are attributed to this plant. Methods: Models using 36 rats and 90 embryonated eggs were used to evaluate healing and angiogenic activities of extracts and fractions of the plant, through the induction of skin wounds and the chorioallantoic membrane, respectively. The effect of vascular proliferation was also tested from the study to verify the intensity of expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in cutaneous wounds in rats. Results: The angiogenic activity of the extract and the fractions was evidenced in both experimental models. It was verified that this effect is not directly related to the expression of VEGF and it could be associated to other pro-angiogenic factors. Conclusion: The healing activity referred to C. officinalis is related, among other factors, to its positive effect on angiogenesis, characterized by the induction of neovascularization.(AU)

Objetivo: Neste trabalho a atividade sobre a angiogenese do extrato etanolico (EEC) e das fracoes diclorometano e hexanica das flores de Calendula officinalis L. (Asteraceae) cultivada no Brasil foram avaliados, visto que propriedades medicinais tem sido atribuidas as flores da planta, destacando-se a atividade cicatrizante. Metodos: Modelos utilizando 36 ratos e 90 ovos embrionados foram usados para avaliar as atividades cicatrizante e angiogenica dos extratos e fracoes da planta, por meio da inducao de feridas cutaneas e da membrana corioalantoide, respectivamente. O efeito proliferativo vascular foi tambem testado a partir do estudo imunoistoquimico, realizado para verificar a intensidade da expressao do fator de crescimento endotelial vascular (VEGF) na derme de ratos. Resultados: A atividade angiogenica do extrato e das fracoes foi evidenciada nos dois modelos experimentais empregados. Foi evidenciado que este efeito nao estava diretamente relacionado a expressao do VEGF, podendo estar associado a outros fatores pro-angiogenicos. Conclusao: A atividade cicatrizante referida a C. officinalis esta relacionada ao seu efeito positivo sobre a angiogenese, e este foi caracterizado pela inducao de neovascularizacao.(AU)

Carcinoma escamoso oral em gato jovem / Squamous Cell Carcinoma Oral in Young Feline

Background: Oral neoplasms are common in cats. Just the percentage of oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) accounts for about 70% of all feline oral tumors also it is considered highly invasive and malignant. There are reports that the flea collar increases five times the risk oral SCC development. In addition, smoke exposure is also considered a risk factor, and the animals were exposed to tobacco when makes it self-cleaning. SCC well differentiated is characterized histologically by numerous keratin pearls formation and clearly evident intercellular bridges with poor mitotic activity and nuclear pleomorphism. The median age of cats with oral SCC is about 11-13 years, but, cats as young as three years and as old as twenty-one years have been previously reported. However, it was not found reports of oral SCC in cats at age younger than one year old. The aim of this article is reports one case of oral SCC feline at age of three months old. Five days after surgical procedure the patient returned to the veterinary and the owner report that it returned to eating well. Case: It was exanimate a three months old male mixed breed cat presenting oral volume increased and the biopsy test was suggested. However, the owner returned 3 months later when the animal showed tumor 6 cm in diameter, dysphagia, tongue protrusion, excessive salivation, halitosis and weight loss. It was indicated a wide surgical excision of tumoral mass. The tissue was submitted to histopathology. Discussion: The historical, macroscopic characteristics and predisponents factors may aid in carcinoma diagnosis, however, the cytologic or histological examination of tissue confirms this diagnosis. Therefore, the microscopic evaluation revealed a malignant neoplastic proliferation of stratified squamous epithelial cells desmosomal junctions evident, few foci keratin pearl formation and presence of mononuclear inflammatory reaction perifocal.(...)

Carcinoma escamoso oral em gato jovem / Squamous Cell Carcinoma Oral in Young Feline

Background: Oral neoplasms are common in cats. Just the percentage of oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) accounts for about 70% of all feline oral tumors also it is considered highly invasive and malignant. There are reports that the flea collar increases five times the risk oral SCC development. In addition, smoke exposure is also considered a risk factor, and the animals were exposed to tobacco when makes it self-cleaning. SCC well differentiated is characterized histologically by numerous keratin pearls formation and clearly evident intercellular bridges with poor mitotic activity and nuclear pleomorphism. The median age of cats with oral SCC is about 11-13 years, but, cats as young as three years and as old as twenty-one years have been previously reported. However, it was not found reports of oral SCC in cats at age younger than one year old. The aim of this article is reports one case of oral SCC feline at age of three months old. Five days after surgical procedure the patient returned to the veterinary and the owner report that it returned to eating well. Case: It was exanimate a three months old male mixed breed cat presenting oral volume increased and the biopsy test was suggested. However, the owner returned 3 months later when the animal showed tumor 6 cm in diameter, dysphagia, tongue protrusion, excessive salivation, halitosis and weight loss. It was indicated a wide surgical excision of tumoral mass. The tissue was submitted to histopathology. Discussion: The historical, macroscopic characteristics and predisponents factors may aid in carcinoma diagnosis, however, the cytologic or histological examination of tissue confirms this diagnosis. Therefore, the microscopic evaluation revealed a malignant neoplastic proliferation of stratified squamous epithelial cells desmosomal junctions evident, few foci keratin pearl formation and presence of mononuclear inflammatory reaction perifocal.(...)(AU)

Dois casos de leucemia linfone canina diagnosticados ao exame post mortem / Two canine lymphoid leukemias diagnosed in post mortem exam

Leucemias são neoplasias mesenquimais malignas com origem nas células da medula óssea e/ou sangue e classificadas em mieloide ou linfoide a depender do tipo celular envolvido. Dois casos de leucemia linfoide canina foram diagnosticados ao exame post mortem. O primeiro, um cão, Bull Terrier, de dois anos e histórico de aumento de volume abdominal, diarréia escura e icterícia. O segundo, uma cadela, Dálmata, de nove anos, que apresentava emagrecimento progressivo e lesões cutâneas havia seis meses. Ao exame macroscópico, os dois animais apresentaram linfadenomegalia generalizada e hepatoesplenomegalia. A partir dos exames histopatológico e imunoistoquímico, utilizando os anticorpos anti-CD3 e anti-CD79a, foram confirmados os diagnósticos de leucemia linfóide aguda e crônica, respectivamente, ambas de imunofenótipo T.(AU)

Leukemias are malignant mesenchymal neoplasias from the bone marrow cells and/or blood cells and it may be myeloid or limphoyd depending cell type involved. Two cases of canine lymphoid leukemia were diagnosed in post mortem exam. The first dog, a male two years old Bull Terrier, with enlarged abdominal volume, diarrhea and jaundice. The second one, a nine years old female Dalmatian, with progressive weight loss and skin lesions for six months. At necropsy, both animals showed generalized lymphadenomegaly and hepatosplenomegaly. Histopathologic exam and immunohistochemical stain, with anti-CD3 and anti-CD79a antibodies, confirmed acute and chronic lymphoid leukemia, respectively, both with T immunophenotype.(AU)

Dois casos de leucemia linfone canina diagnosticados ao exame post mortem / Two canine lymphoid leukemias diagnosed in post mortem exam

Leucemias são neoplasias mesenquimais malignas com origem nas células da medula óssea e/ou sangue e classificadas em mieloide ou linfoide a depender do tipo celular envolvido. Dois casos de leucemia linfoide canina foram diagnosticados ao exame post mortem. O primeiro, um cão, Bull Terrier, de dois anos e histórico de aumento de volume abdominal, diarréia escura e icterícia. O segundo, uma cadela, Dálmata, de nove anos, que apresentava emagrecimento progressivo e lesões cutâneas havia seis meses. Ao exame macroscópico, os dois animais apresentaram linfadenomegalia generalizada e hepatoesplenomegalia. A partir dos exames histopatológico e imunoistoquímico, utilizando os anticorpos anti-CD3 e anti-CD79a, foram confirmados os diagnósticos de leucemia linfóide aguda e crônica, respectivamente, ambas de imunofenótipo T.

Leukemias are malignant mesenchymal neoplasias from the bone marrow cells and/or blood cells and it may be myeloid or limphoyd depending cell type involved. Two cases of canine lymphoid leukemia were diagnosed in post mortem exam. The first dog, a male two years old Bull Terrier, with enlarged abdominal volume, diarrhea and jaundice. The second one, a nine years old female Dalmatian, with progressive weight loss and skin lesions for six months. At necropsy, both animals showed generalized lymphadenomegaly and hepatosplenomegaly. Histopathologic exam and immunohistochemical stain, with anti-CD3 and anti-CD79a antibodies, confirmed acute and chronic lymphoid leukemia, respectively, both with T immunophenotype.