Monitoring performance indicators of mechanized agricultural operations through a systemic method

ABSTRACT: Key performance indicators (KPI) are essential to decision-making in an organization, but the approach to analysis and composition used in the formulation of the KPIs can lead to errors. Analysis based only on averages does not allow for discriminating between variations that are natural to the process or special cases which require investigation. The use of control charts can identify this differentiation. However, when several charts are presented encompassing different measurement units and scales, systemic interpretation can be impaired. To assist in this interpretation, this research study aimed at proposing a method to facilitate the analysis of control charts when multiple indicators are employed in the monitoring of agricultural operations. Based on the data obtained over 26 weeks from a mechanized sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) harvesting front, six indicators were defined and analyzed through individual control charts and, systemically, through a standardized group control chart. Results show that the points identified as being outside the control zone (special causes of variation) according to the standardized group control chart were the same as those identified by the six individual charts, which demonstrates the potential of this method to summarize the information with no loss of quality of analysis.

Monitoring performance indicators of mechanized agricultural operations through a systemic method

Key performance indicators (KPI) are essential to decision-making in an organization, but the approach to analysis and composition used in the formulation of the KPIs can lead to errors. Analysis based only on averages does not allow for discriminating between variations that are natural to the process or special cases which require investigation. The use of control charts can identify this differentiation. However, when several charts are presented encompassing different measurement units and scales, systemic interpretation can be impaired. To assist in this interpretation, this research study aimed at proposing a method to facilitate the analysis of control charts when multiple indicators are employed in the monitoring of agricultural operations. Based on the data obtained over 26 weeks from a mechanized sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) harvesting front, six indicators were defined and analyzed through individual control charts and, systemically, through a standardized group control chart. Results show that the points identified as being outside the control zone (special causes of variation) according to the standardized group control chart were the same as those identified by the six individual charts, which demonstrates the potential of this method to summarize the information with no loss of quality of analysis.

Quality function deployment (QFD) reveals appropriate quality of charcoal used in barbecues

Charcoal is an important product widely used in food preparation in many parts of the world, both in developing and developed countries. However, most of the time, the main qualitative characteristics for consumers and the environment are not considered during production. Developing energy-efficient products for food preparation has been a constant pursuit of the charcoal supply chain and the aim of this study was to interact with charcoal consumers to become conversant with and classify the characteristics suitable for barbecue use. To achieve our objectives, we used the quality function deployment (QFD) method. The qualitative needs were deployed together with a multidisciplinary team assembled through interviews with several charcoal consumers. The cause and effect factors were also determined by the Ishikawa method. The technical demands of the product had the following priority order: ease of ignition, rapid formation of embers and flames, fast preparation of grilled food, and affordability. The factors relating to raw material, labor, and methodology emerged as decisive in the quality of charcoal for barbecue, and future studies should consider incorporating the results obtained in the production of charcoal and the respective consumer analysis.

Quality function deployment (QFD) reveals appropriate quality of charcoal used in barbecues

Charcoal is an important product widely used in food preparation in many parts of the world, both in developing and developed countries. However, most of the time, the main qualitative characteristics for consumers and the environment are not considered during production. Developing energy-efficient products for food preparation has been a constant pursuit of the charcoal supply chain and the aim of this study was to interact with charcoal consumers to become conversant with and classify the characteristics suitable for barbecue use. To achieve our objectives, we used the quality function deployment (QFD) method. The qualitative needs were deployed together with a multidisciplinary team assembled through interviews with several charcoal consumers. The cause and effect factors were also determined by the Ishikawa method. The technical demands of the product had the following priority order: ease of ignition, rapid formation of embers and flames, fast preparation of grilled food, and affordability. The factors relating to raw material, labor, and methodology emerged as decisive in the quality of charcoal for barbecue, and future studies should consider incorporating the results obtained in the production of charcoal and the respective consumer analysis.(AU)

Energy embodiment in Brazilian agriculture: an overview of 23 crops

The amount of energy required to produce a commodity or to supply a service varies from one production system to another and consequently giving rise to differing levels of environmental efficiency. Moreover, since energy prices have been continuously increasing over time, this energy amount may be a factor that has economic worth. Biomass production has a variety of end-products such as food, energy, and fiber; thus, taking into account the similarity in end-product of different crops (e.g.: sunflower, peanuts, or soybean for oil) it is possible to evaluate which crops require less energy per functional unit, such as starch, oil, and protein. This information can be used in decision-making about policies for food safety or bioenergy. In this study, 23 crops were evaluated allowing for a comparison in terms of energy embodied per functional unit. Crops were grouped as follows: starch, oil, horticultural, perennial and fiber, to provide for a deeper analysis of alternatives for the groups, and subsidize further studies comparing conventional and alternative production systems such as organic or genetically modified organisms, in terms of energy. The best energy balance observed was whole sugarcane (juice, bagasse and straw) with a surplus of 268 GJ ha1 yr1; palm shows the highest energy return on investment with a ratio of approximately 30:1. For carbohydrates and protein production, cassava and soybean, respectively, emerged as the crops offering the greatest energy savings in the production of these functional foods.

Energy embodiment in Brazilian agriculture: an overview of 23 crops

The amount of energy required to produce a commodity or to supply a service varies from one production system to another and consequently giving rise to differing levels of environmental efficiency. Moreover, since energy prices have been continuously increasing over time, this energy amount may be a factor that has economic worth. Biomass production has a variety of end-products such as food, energy, and fiber; thus, taking into account the similarity in end-product of different crops (e.g.: sunflower, peanuts, or soybean for oil) it is possible to evaluate which crops require less energy per functional unit, such as starch, oil, and protein. This information can be used in decision-making about policies for food safety or bioenergy. In this study, 23 crops were evaluated allowing for a comparison in terms of energy embodied per functional unit. Crops were grouped as follows: starch, oil, horticultural, perennial and fiber, to provide for a deeper analysis of alternatives for the groups, and subsidize further studies comparing conventional and alternative production systems such as organic or genetically modified organisms, in terms of energy. The best energy balance observed was whole sugarcane (juice, bagasse and straw) with a surplus of 268 GJ ha1 yr1; palm shows the highest energy return on investment with a ratio of approximately 30:1. For carbohydrates and protein production, cassava and soybean, respectively, emerged as the crops offering the greatest energy savings in the production of these functional foods.(AU)

Material flow determination through agricultural machinery management

The approach of material embodiment in agricultural production systems is important because it determines the convergence of inputs (indirectly, the natural resources) to the field. Additionally, material flow is the basis for both environmental (energy analysis, emergy synthesis, life-cycle analysis and carbon inventories) and economical analyses. Since different materials cannot compose a single index, generally these flows are not shown, making comparisons among approaches difficult. Another aspect that makes comparisons difficult is the definition of the boundary of the studied system. If these boundaries differ, results will also be different, hiding actual distinctions among systems. The present study aims to suggest an arrangement of existing models to determine material flow in agricultural production systems. The following steps were considered: i) the adoption of a diagram language to represent the analyzed system; ii) determination of the material flow for directly applied inputs; iii) determination of the material flow for indirectly applied inputs, which included: determination of the effective field capacity; fuel consumption; machinery depreciation; and labor. Data on fuel consumption were compared with the models presented. The best model applied was a fixed parameter based on engine power (0.163 L kW-1 h-1). The determination of the material flow for maize silage production presented similar results as those obtained in regional databases.

A abordagem da incorporação material em sistemas agrícolas é importante, pois determina a convergência de insumos (indiretamente, de recursos naturais) no campo. Além disso, os fluxos de materiais são a base para quaisquer análises ambientais (análises de energia, síntese de emergia, ciclo de vida e inventários de carbono) e econômicas. Uma vez que diferentes materiais não podem compor um único índice, geralmente esses fluxos não são mostrados. Isso dificulta comparações entre análises. Outro aspecto que contribui para isso é a definição dos limites dos sistemas estudados. Se eles diferirem os resultados serão diferentes, disfarçando as distinções reais entre eles. O presente estudo visa sugerir um arranjo de modelos existentes para a determinação dos fluxos de energia e materiais em sistemas agrícolas. Os seguintes passos foram considerados: i) a adoção de uma linguagem de diagramação para representar o sistema analisado; ii) a determinação do fluxo de materiais dos insumos diretamente aplicados; iii) a determinação do fluxo de materiais dos insumos indiretamente aplicados, que envolve a capacidade de campo operacional dos sistemas mecanizados, o consumo de combustível, a depreciação de maquinário e a mão-de-obra. Dados de consumo de combustível foram comparados com os modelos apresentados. O melhor modelo aplicado foi o fixado em função da potência do motor (0,163 L kW-1 h-1). A determinação dos fluxos de materiais para a produção de silagem de milho apresentou resultados similares aos dados de abordagem mais ampla.

Material flow determination through agricultural machinery management

The approach of material embodiment in agricultural production systems is important because it determines the convergence of inputs (indirectly, the natural resources) to the field. Additionally, material flow is the basis for both environmental (energy analysis, emergy synthesis, life-cycle analysis and carbon inventories) and economical analyses. Since different materials cannot compose a single index, generally these flows are not shown, making comparisons among approaches difficult. Another aspect that makes comparisons difficult is the definition of the boundary of the studied system. If these boundaries differ, results will also be different, hiding actual distinctions among systems. The present study aims to suggest an arrangement of existing models to determine material flow in agricultural production systems. The following steps were considered: i) the adoption of a diagram language to represent the analyzed system; ii) determination of the material flow for directly applied inputs; iii) determination of the material flow for indirectly applied inputs, which included: determination of the effective field capacity; fuel consumption; machinery depreciation; and labor. Data on fuel consumption were compared with the models presented. The best model applied was a fixed parameter based on engine power (0.163 L kW-1 h-1). The determination of the material flow for maize silage production presented similar results as those obtained in regional databases.

A abordagem da incorporação material em sistemas agrícolas é importante, pois determina a convergência de insumos (indiretamente, de recursos naturais) no campo. Além disso, os fluxos de materiais são a base para quaisquer análises ambientais (análises de energia, síntese de emergia, ciclo de vida e inventários de carbono) e econômicas. Uma vez que diferentes materiais não podem compor um único índice, geralmente esses fluxos não são mostrados. Isso dificulta comparações entre análises. Outro aspecto que contribui para isso é a definição dos limites dos sistemas estudados. Se eles diferirem os resultados serão diferentes, disfarçando as distinções reais entre eles. O presente estudo visa sugerir um arranjo de modelos existentes para a determinação dos fluxos de energia e materiais em sistemas agrícolas. Os seguintes passos foram considerados: i) a adoção de uma linguagem de diagramação para representar o sistema analisado; ii) a determinação do fluxo de materiais dos insumos diretamente aplicados; iii) a determinação do fluxo de materiais dos insumos indiretamente aplicados, que envolve a capacidade de campo operacional dos sistemas mecanizados, o consumo de combustível, a depreciação de maquinário e a mão-de-obra. Dados de consumo de combustível foram comparados com os modelos apresentados. O melhor modelo aplicado foi o fixado em função da potência do motor (0,163 L kW-1 h-1). A determinação dos fluxos de materiais para a produção de silagem de milho apresentou resultados similares aos dados de abordagem mais ampla.

Capacity of the mechanical harvesting process of sugar cane billets

The mechanized harvest of sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum L.) in Brazil is an irreversible trend and it comes with a great concern about the quality of the cane delivered to the industry. A key component to quality is the billet length which affects the processing of raw material, cane deterioration, invisible losses and load density of transport vehicles. Thus, due to the importance of the billet standard in quality and cost of raw material, this study aimed to evaluate if the mechanized harvesting of sugar cane can supply the quality requirements for the crushing process, regarding the billet length. A plot with burnt sugar cane (3.2 ha) and another one with green sugar cane (8.0 ha) were selected to be harvested by two (2) self-propelled sugar cane harvesters. For each harvested 0.4 ha a sample from each infield wagon was collected. The sample was composed by ten billets. The variability in burnt sugar cane was higher than in green sugar cane, and both harvesters did not present the capacity of keeping the billets with similar lengths when operating either in burnt or green conditions.

A colheita mecanizada de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum officinarum L.) no Brasil é uma tendência irreversível e junto a ela vem à preocupação com a qualidade da matéria-prima que chega à indústria. O tamanho de rebolos tem influência nessa qualidade por afetar o processo de deterioração da cana, perdas invisíveis e a densidade de carga no transbordo e transporte. Considerando-se a importância do padrão do rebolo na qualidade e custo da matéria-prima, avaliou-se se a colheita mecanizada de cana-de-açúcar pode atender às exigências de qualidade da moagem no que se refere ao indicador tamanho de rebolo. Para tanto, uma área de cana queimada (3,2 ha) e outra de cana crua (8,0 ha) foram selecionadas. As áreas foram colhidas por duas colhedoras automotrizes. Para cada colhedora e área, uma amostra a cada 0,4 ha colhidos foi coletada, junto ao conjunto de transbordo e cada amostra era composta por dez rebolos. Os resultados foram analisados por meio de gráficos de controle, e a capacidade do processo de corte foi determinada. Houve maior variabilidade na condição de cana queimada em relação à cana crua, e que ambas as colhedoras não têm a capacidade de manter os rebolos em tamanhos semelhantes, quando operando nessas duas condições diferentes.

Capacity of the mechanical harvesting process of sugar cane billets

The mechanized harvest of sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum L.) in Brazil is an irreversible trend and it comes with a great concern about the quality of the cane delivered to the industry. A key component to quality is the billet length which affects the processing of raw material, cane deterioration, invisible losses and load density of transport vehicles. Thus, due to the importance of the billet standard in quality and cost of raw material, this study aimed to evaluate if the mechanized harvesting of sugar cane can supply the quality requirements for the crushing process, regarding the billet length. A plot with burnt sugar cane (3.2 ha) and another one with green sugar cane (8.0 ha) were selected to be harvested by two (2) self-propelled sugar cane harvesters. For each harvested 0.4 ha a sample from each infield wagon was collected. The sample was composed by ten billets. The variability in burnt sugar cane was higher than in green sugar cane, and both harvesters did not present the capacity of keeping the billets with similar lengths when operating either in burnt or green conditions.

A colheita mecanizada de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum officinarum L.) no Brasil é uma tendência irreversível e junto a ela vem à preocupação com a qualidade da matéria-prima que chega à indústria. O tamanho de rebolos tem influência nessa qualidade por afetar o processo de deterioração da cana, perdas invisíveis e a densidade de carga no transbordo e transporte. Considerando-se a importância do padrão do rebolo na qualidade e custo da matéria-prima, avaliou-se se a colheita mecanizada de cana-de-açúcar pode atender às exigências de qualidade da moagem no que se refere ao indicador tamanho de rebolo. Para tanto, uma área de cana queimada (3,2 ha) e outra de cana crua (8,0 ha) foram selecionadas. As áreas foram colhidas por duas colhedoras automotrizes. Para cada colhedora e área, uma amostra a cada 0,4 ha colhidos foi coletada, junto ao conjunto de transbordo e cada amostra era composta por dez rebolos. Os resultados foram analisados por meio de gráficos de controle, e a capacidade do processo de corte foi determinada. Houve maior variabilidade na condição de cana queimada em relação à cana crua, e que ambas as colhedoras não têm a capacidade de manter os rebolos em tamanhos semelhantes, quando operando nessas duas condições diferentes.

Energy balance methodology and modeling of supplementary forage production for cattle in Brazil

Cattle is the main protein source in Brazil and cattle production depends on preserving forage in order to decrease the influence of dry periods on grass production. To minimize such problems, some new techniques have been created to increase the yield which also leads to energy demand increase. Energy balance is a vital tool to evaluate the efficiency of energy consumption in production systems. There is no standard methodology established for this determination. It is also difficult to analyze different management options because of the complexity of the production systems and the interactions among variables. Therefore the purpose of this study is to develop a methodology that supports the development of a model, using a spreadsheet, and to use it to analyze the energy balance of production systems. The model was applied to a traditional production system of maize (Zea mays L.) silage and a Bermuda grass (Cynodon spp.) haylage. The gross energy balance presented was 14.1 energy units of output per energy units of input for maize silage and 0.98 for haylage. For the digestible energy balance, the values were 9.1 and 0.99, respectively. The total energy demanded was 74.3% in maize silage fertilizations and 99.7% in haylage irrigation. Yield and dry matter contents were indicated in a sensitivity analysis as the main critical variables for maize, whereas for haylage, it was not possible to indicate any. The best alternative scenarios for improving energy efficiency in maize silage and haylage production were the reductions of fertilizer concentration and irrigation use, respectively.

A pecuária é a principal fonte de proteína no Brasil, e sofre pela estacionalidade das chuvas, necessitando-se da suplementação alimentar. Para amenizar tais problemas surgem técnicas visando o aumento da produtividade, porém demandando mais energia. O balanço energético é uma importante ferramenta para avaliar a eficiência com que um sistema de produção utiliza os insumos, pois relaciona os fluxos de energia de entrada (input) e a energia disponibilizada pelo sistema (output). No entanto, não há uma metodologia padrão para tal análise, e ainda analisar diferentes opções não é uma tarefa fácil, pela complexidade de sistemas agrícolas e pelas interações de suas variáveis. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho objetivou propor uma metodologia de determinação do balanço energético, que desse suporte ao desenvolvimento de um modelo em planilha eletrônica. Este foi utilizado para avaliar dois sistemas: um de produção de silagem de milho (Zea mays L.) e um de silagem emurchecida de Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.). A silagem de milho apresentou balanços energéticos bruto de 14,08 e a emurchecida 0,98, já para o balanço de energia digestível foram 9,12 e 0,99, respectivamente. As adubações demandaram 73,4% do total de energia na silagem de milho e a irrigação 99,7% na emurchecida. A análise de sensibilidade indicou produtividade e teor de matéria seca como variáveis críticas do balanço energético para a silagem de milho. Na emurchecida tal análise não indicou variável alguma. Reduções da concentração do fertilizante e uso de irrigação foram as melhores alternativas para o milho e o Tifton 85, respectivamente.

Energy balance methodology and modeling of supplementary forage production for cattle in Brazil

Cattle is the main protein source in Brazil and cattle production depends on preserving forage in order to decrease the influence of dry periods on grass production. To minimize such problems, some new techniques have been created to increase the yield which also leads to energy demand increase. Energy balance is a vital tool to evaluate the efficiency of energy consumption in production systems. There is no standard methodology established for this determination. It is also difficult to analyze different management options because of the complexity of the production systems and the interactions among variables. Therefore the purpose of this study is to develop a methodology that supports the development of a model, using a spreadsheet, and to use it to analyze the energy balance of production systems. The model was applied to a traditional production system of maize (Zea mays L.) silage and a Bermuda grass (Cynodon spp.) haylage. The gross energy balance presented was 14.1 energy units of output per energy units of input for maize silage and 0.98 for haylage. For the digestible energy balance, the values were 9.1 and 0.99, respectively. The total energy demanded was 74.3% in maize silage fertilizations and 99.7% in haylage irrigation. Yield and dry matter contents were indicated in a sensitivity analysis as the main critical variables for maize, whereas for haylage, it was not possible to indicate any. The best alternative scenarios for improving energy efficiency in maize silage and haylage production were the reductions of fertilizer concentration and irrigation use, respectively.

A pecuária é a principal fonte de proteína no Brasil, e sofre pela estacionalidade das chuvas, necessitando-se da suplementação alimentar. Para amenizar tais problemas surgem técnicas visando o aumento da produtividade, porém demandando mais energia. O balanço energético é uma importante ferramenta para avaliar a eficiência com que um sistema de produção utiliza os insumos, pois relaciona os fluxos de energia de entrada (input) e a energia disponibilizada pelo sistema (output). No entanto, não há uma metodologia padrão para tal análise, e ainda analisar diferentes opções não é uma tarefa fácil, pela complexidade de sistemas agrícolas e pelas interações de suas variáveis. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho objetivou propor uma metodologia de determinação do balanço energético, que desse suporte ao desenvolvimento de um modelo em planilha eletrônica. Este foi utilizado para avaliar dois sistemas: um de produção de silagem de milho (Zea mays L.) e um de silagem emurchecida de Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.). A silagem de milho apresentou balanços energéticos bruto de 14,08 e a emurchecida 0,98, já para o balanço de energia digestível foram 9,12 e 0,99, respectivamente. As adubações demandaram 73,4% do total de energia na silagem de milho e a irrigação 99,7% na emurchecida. A análise de sensibilidade indicou produtividade e teor de matéria seca como variáveis críticas do balanço energético para a silagem de milho. Na emurchecida tal análise não indicou variável alguma. Reduções da concentração do fertilizante e uso de irrigação foram as melhores alternativas para o milho e o Tifton 85, respectivamente.

Qualidade das operações de preparo de solo por controle estatístico de processo

Agricultural enterprises must have a professional business management and competitive operational techniques to face competition. The statistical process control (SPC) technique is one of the tools that improve quality and productivity of the companies. Developed and used in factories, the SPC has a large application potential for farming and stocking. Facing this potential development, the aim of this study was to evaluate the quality control effects on tillage operations using the SPC as an evaluation tool. The quality control for the chisel operation provided a reduction of 38.4% on data average variability and increased desired data to 45.0%. For the harrow operation, provided a reduction of 9.8% of the average diameter, and increased in 75.0% the desired stone diameter rate for the area.

A concorrência em escala mundial obriga as empresas a buscar maior eficiência administrativa e operacional. As técnicas de controle estatístico de processo (CEP) são uma das ferramentas que permitem a melhoria da qualidade e produtividade nas empresas. Desenvolvido e largamente aplicado nas indústrias, o CEP tem grande potencial de utilização na agropecuária. Tendo em vista o desenvolvimento desse potencial, esse trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar os efeitos da utilização do controle de qualidade em operações agrícolas de preparo do solo para a cultura do milho utilizando-se como ferramenta de análise o CEP. A utilização do controle na operação de escarificação proporcionou redução da variabilidade de dados de profundidade de trabalho média em 38,4% e aumento de 45,0% dos dados desejados. Na gradagem, houve redução de 9,8% dos dados médios de tamanho de torrões, e um aumento de 75,0% de torrões aceitáveis.

Qualidade das operações de preparo de solo por controle estatístico de processo

Agricultural enterprises must have a professional business management and competitive operational techniques to face competition. The statistical process control (SPC) technique is one of the tools that improve quality and productivity of the companies. Developed and used in factories, the SPC has a large application potential for farming and stocking. Facing this potential development, the aim of this study was to evaluate the quality control effects on tillage operations using the SPC as an evaluation tool. The quality control for the chisel operation provided a reduction of 38.4% on data average variability and increased desired data to 45.0%. For the harrow operation, provided a reduction of 9.8% of the average diameter, and increased in 75.0% the desired stone diameter rate for the area.

A concorrência em escala mundial obriga as empresas a buscar maior eficiência administrativa e operacional. As técnicas de controle estatístico de processo (CEP) são uma das ferramentas que permitem a melhoria da qualidade e produtividade nas empresas. Desenvolvido e largamente aplicado nas indústrias, o CEP tem grande potencial de utilização na agropecuária. Tendo em vista o desenvolvimento desse potencial, esse trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar os efeitos da utilização do controle de qualidade em operações agrícolas de preparo do solo para a cultura do milho utilizando-se como ferramenta de análise o CEP. A utilização do controle na operação de escarificação proporcionou redução da variabilidade de dados de profundidade de trabalho média em 38,4% e aumento de 45,0% dos dados desejados. Na gradagem, houve redução de 9,8% dos dados médios de tamanho de torrões, e um aumento de 75,0% de torrões aceitáveis.

Planning soil tillage using quality function deployment (QFD)

The Brazilian forest sector represents about 4% of gross domestic product (GDP) which is correspondent to US$ 21.0 billion. The natural forest area is approximately 4.8 million hectares and for the near future there will be a need to increase the planted area. To avoid or minimize the impact of mechanized practices on forest soils, the reduced tillage has been developed. The aim of this work is to define the technical priorities of the reduced tillage for eucalyptus seedlings, using quality function deployment (QDF). The design requirements classified as the most important to attend seedling demands were the furrow width and depth, and clod sizes. QFD has the potential to be applied to agro-forestry systems to translate plant demands into technical requirements.

O setor florestal brasileiro representa aproximadamente 4% do produto interno bruto, valor estimado em US$ 21 bilhões. As florestas denominadas artificiais, ocupam ao redor de 4,8 milhões de hectares sendo previsto uma necessidade de ampliação para atender a demanda futura, além do replantio das áreas cohidas. Uma das preocupações com essas áreas é evitar a compactação do solo devido as operações mecanizadas e uma das técnicas é o preparo reduzido. O objetivo deste trabalho é definir as prioridades do preparo do solo de acordo com as necessidades da muda de eucaliptus; para tanto utilizou-se da função desdobramento da qualidade (QFD) para identificá-las. Os requisitos técnicos largura e profundidade do sulco e tamanho dos torrões foram os mais importantes para atender as demandas das mudas. O QFD é uma técnica que tem potencial de aplicação, tanto na área florestal como agrícola, para identificar e traduzir as demandas das culturas em requisitos técnicos.

Planning soil tillage using quality function deployment (QFD)

The Brazilian forest sector represents about 4% of gross domestic product (GDP) which is correspondent to US$ 21.0 billion. The natural forest area is approximately 4.8 million hectares and for the near future there will be a need to increase the planted area. To avoid or minimize the impact of mechanized practices on forest soils, the reduced tillage has been developed. The aim of this work is to define the technical priorities of the reduced tillage for eucalyptus seedlings, using quality function deployment (QDF). The design requirements classified as the most important to attend seedling demands were the furrow width and depth, and clod sizes. QFD has the potential to be applied to agro-forestry systems to translate plant demands into technical requirements.

O setor florestal brasileiro representa aproximadamente 4% do produto interno bruto, valor estimado em US$ 21 bilhões. As florestas denominadas artificiais, ocupam ao redor de 4,8 milhões de hectares sendo previsto uma necessidade de ampliação para atender a demanda futura, além do replantio das áreas cohidas. Uma das preocupações com essas áreas é evitar a compactação do solo devido as operações mecanizadas e uma das técnicas é o preparo reduzido. O objetivo deste trabalho é definir as prioridades do preparo do solo de acordo com as necessidades da muda de eucaliptus; para tanto utilizou-se da função desdobramento da qualidade (QFD) para identificá-las. Os requisitos técnicos largura e profundidade do sulco e tamanho dos torrões foram os mais importantes para atender as demandas das mudas. O QFD é uma técnica que tem potencial de aplicação, tanto na área florestal como agrícola, para identificar e traduzir as demandas das culturas em requisitos técnicos.