Resumo
In this study, we describe and present original data on the bionomics and ecology of Tachygonus erythroxyli Hespenheide, New Species, on Erythroxylum subsessile (Mart.). Thirty individuals of E. subsessile were analysed every two months, from October, 2006 to October, 2007 at the National Park of Restinga de Jurubatiba (PNRJ) Carapebus, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Females of T. erythroxyli lay their eggs singly on the upper surface of the host's leaves. The mine of T. erythroxyli is expanded with three bubbles, each one representing one larval instar. These mines occur throughout the year in at least half of the host plants and are markedly more abundant in summer. We obtained three parasitoid species, making a total of 53% of the rate of parasitism. Cirrospilus sp. (Eulophidae) was the most prevalent and represented 88% of the parasitoids. The great abundance of Tachygonus mines, their high frequency in their host plant, and local monophagy of this leaf miner weevil suggest a close association between T. erythroxyli and Erythroxylum subsessile.
No presente estudo, foram descritos e apresentados os primeiros dados sobre bionomia e ecologia de Tachygonus erythroxyli Hespenheide, New Species, em Erythroxylum subsessile (Mart.). Trinta indivíduos de E. subsessile foram amostrados a cada dois meses, de outubro de 2006 a outubro de 2007, no Parque Nacional da Restinga de Jurubatiba (PNRJ), Carapebus-Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Fêmeas de T. erythroxyli colocam ovos isolados na face superior das folhas do seu hospedeiro. A mina de T. erythroxyli é do tipo expandida e apresenta um formato de três bolhas, sendo que cada bolha corresponde a um estádio da larva. Essas minas ocorrem ao longo de todo o ano em pelo menos metade das plantas hospedeiras, sendo marcadamente mais abundantes no verão. Foram obtidas três espécies de parasitoides que, juntas, demonstraram uma taxa de parasitismo de 53%. Cirrospilus sp. (Eulophidae) foi a mais abundante e representou 88% dos parasitoides. A grande abundância de minas de Tachygonus, a alta frequência em seu hospedeiro e a monofagia local desse besouro minador de folhas sugere uma forte associação entre T. erythroxyli e Erythroxylum subsessile.
Resumo
This study was undertaken to compare selenite-cystine-novobiocin (SCN) broth, tetrationate-novobiocin (TN) broth and Rappaport-Vassiliadisnovobiocin (RVN) broth as enrichment and MacConkey (MC) agar, brilliant green (BG) agar, Hektoen (HE) agar, Salmonella-Shigella (SS) agar and xylose Iysine desoxycholate (XLD) agar as plating media for isolating Salmonella from broiler carcasses and chicken feces. The carcasses were washed with 300mL of Buffer Peptone Water 0.1% (BPW). The BPW solation was incubated 6h at ambient temperature and up to 24 h/43ºC. From this, 2 mL were inoculate in 20 mL of enrichment broth, incubated at 43ºC/24h. The enrichment broth was plated on the five tested selective agars, also incubated at 43ºC/24h. Up to five colonies from each plate were inoculated in TSI agar and LIA agar, incubated at 37ºC/24h. The genus of Salmonella was confirmed by slide agglutination test using poly serum anti-somatic Salmonella antigens (O) and poly serum anti-fiagellar (H) Salmonella antigens. The feces were experimentally contaminated with eight Salmonella serotypos (Agona, Anatum, Enteritidis, Havana, Intantis, Owakam, Schwazengrundand Typhimurium). Each serotype was tested five times. Salmonella serotypes were added in the sample of feces individually so that the final concentration of the bacterium was 1,2 x iO³ ufclg. Two grams of each sample were inoculated in 20 mL of the enrichment broth. The proceduring from this point wes the same adopted to carcasses examination. To broiler carcasses there was no statistic difference (p>0, 001) among the enrichment broth and among plating media. However the use of two enrichment broth (SCN and TN) and two agars between XLD agar, SS agar and HE agar gave the bost results. The assay done with feces showed that the TN broth was much better than the others and, in this case it can be plated either HE agar, or VB agar or SS agar The results from the broiler carcasses examination and the feces examination showed that it is not easy to determine the better bacteriologic routine to search for Salmonella and suggest that the association of two eorichments broth and two plating media may improve the test.
Este trabalho foi desenvolvido para avaliar, comparativamente, os caldos de enriquecimento Rapapport-novobiocina (RVN), selenito-cistinanovobiocina (SCN) e tetrationato-novobiocina (TN) e os meios para plaqueamento ágar Hektoen (HE), ágar MacConkey (MC), ágar Salmonella-Shigella (SS), ágar verde brilhante (VB) e ágar xilose lisina desoxicolato (XLD), utilizados no isolamento de Salmonella em carcaças de frango e fezes de aves. O procedimento bacteriológico consistiu das etapas de pré-enriquecimento, enriquecimento em caldos seletivos, plaqueamento, testes bioquímicos presuntivos e confirmação sorológica com soros polivalentes anti antígenos somáticos e flagelares de Salmonella.. As fezes foram experimentalmente contaminadas com 8 sorotipos de Salmonella (Agona, Anatum, Enteritidis, Havana, Infantis, Owakam, Schwazengrund e Typhimurium) e a concentração final foi aproximadamente de 1,2 x 10² ufc/g. As fezes foram inoculadas nos caldos enriquecedores e a partir daí, seguiu-se o mesmo procedimento utilizado para as carcaças. Os resultados referentes às carcaças de frango não foram estatisticamente diferentes (p>0,01) para os caldos e as placas. Todavia, verificou-se superioridade numérica em relação aos caldos SCN e TN sobre o caldo RVN, e em relação ao ágar XLD sobre os demais. Verificou-se também que com o emprego de dois caldos de enriquecimento e de dois meios para plaqueamento pode-se obter maior positividade. Quanto ao exame das fezes, o caldo TN mostrou-se superior aos demais (p>0,01), não havendo diferença (p>0,01) de resultados para os meios de plaqueamento. Os resultados sugerem que a utilização de mais de um meio de enriquecimento e de plaqueamento poderia aumentar as chances de isolamento de Salmonella.
Resumo
This study was undertaken to compare selenite-cystine-novobiocin (SCN) broth, tetrationate-novobiocin (TN) broth and Rappaport-Vassiliadisnovobiocin (RVN) broth as enrichment and MacConkey (MC) agar, brilliant green (BG) agar, Hektoen (HE) agar, Salmonella-Shigella (SS) agar and xylose Iysine desoxycholate (XLD) agar as plating media for isolating Salmonella from broiler carcasses and chicken feces. The carcasses were washed with 300mL of Buffer Peptone Water 0.1% (BPW). The BPW solation was incubated 6h at ambient temperature and up to 24 h/43ºC. From this, 2 mL were inoculate in 20 mL of enrichment broth, incubated at 43ºC/24h. The enrichment broth was plated on the five tested selective agars, also incubated at 43ºC/24h. Up to five colonies from each plate were inoculated in TSI agar and LIA agar, incubated at 37ºC/24h. The genus of Salmonella was confirmed by slide agglutination test using poly serum anti-somatic Salmonella antigens (O) and poly serum anti-fiagellar (H) Salmonella antigens. The feces were experimentally contaminated with eight Salmonella serotypos (Agona, Anatum, Enteritidis, Havana, Intantis, Owakam, Schwazengrundand Typhimurium). Each serotype was tested five times. Salmonella serotypes were added in the sample of feces individually so that the final concentration of the bacterium was 1,2 x iO³ ufclg. Two grams of each sample were inoculated in 20 mL of the enrichment broth. The proceduring from this point wes the same adopted to carcasses examination. To broiler carcasses there was no statistic difference (p>0, 001) among the enrichment broth and among plating media. However the use of two enrichment broth (SCN and TN) and two agars between XLD agar, SS agar and HE agar gave the bost results. The assay done with feces showed that the TN broth was much better than the others and, in this case it can be plated either HE agar, or VB agar or SS agar The results from the broiler carcasses examination and the feces examination showed that it is not easy to determine the better bacteriologic routine to search for Salmonella and suggest that the association of two eorichments broth and two plating media may improve the test.
Este trabalho foi desenvolvido para avaliar, comparativamente, os caldos de enriquecimento Rapapport-novobiocina (RVN), selenito-cistinanovobiocina (SCN) e tetrationato-novobiocina (TN) e os meios para plaqueamento ágar Hektoen (HE), ágar MacConkey (MC), ágar Salmonella-Shigella (SS), ágar verde brilhante (VB) e ágar xilose lisina desoxicolato (XLD), utilizados no isolamento de Salmonella em carcaças de frango e fezes de aves. O procedimento bacteriológico consistiu das etapas de pré-enriquecimento, enriquecimento em caldos seletivos, plaqueamento, testes bioquímicos presuntivos e confirmação sorológica com soros polivalentes anti antígenos somáticos e flagelares de Salmonella.. As fezes foram experimentalmente contaminadas com 8 sorotipos de Salmonella (Agona, Anatum, Enteritidis, Havana, Infantis, Owakam, Schwazengrund e Typhimurium) e a concentração final foi aproximadamente de 1,2 x 10² ufc/g. As fezes foram inoculadas nos caldos enriquecedores e a partir daí, seguiu-se o mesmo procedimento utilizado para as carcaças. Os resultados referentes às carcaças de frango não foram estatisticamente diferentes (p>0,01) para os caldos e as placas. Todavia, verificou-se superioridade numérica em relação aos caldos SCN e TN sobre o caldo RVN, e em relação ao ágar XLD sobre os demais. Verificou-se também que com o emprego de dois caldos de enriquecimento e de dois meios para plaqueamento pode-se obter maior positividade. Quanto ao exame das fezes, o caldo TN mostrou-se superior aos demais (p>0,01), não havendo diferença (p>0,01) de resultados para os meios de plaqueamento. Os resultados sugerem que a utilização de mais de um meio de enriquecimento e de plaqueamento poderia aumentar as chances de isolamento de Salmonella.