Protocolos para contenção química e eletroejaculação para coleta de sêmen de queixadas (Tayassu pecari) / Chemical restraining and electroejaculation protocols for semen collection in white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari)

Background: In order to reverse the White-lipped peccary decline, besides protecting its habitat and controlling hunting,it is necessary a captive breeding program. There are reports, however, on the low fertility of white-lipped peccary, makingit difficult its reproduction in captivity, making artificial insemination one of the main tools to prevent the loss of geneticdiversity of species kept in captivity. Information on safe methods of anesthesia and the collection of semen should beinvestigated. Therefore, we aimed to compare the effects of the anesthetic protocols acepromazine/ketamine and xylazine/ketamine, as well as electroejaculation protocols, for semen collection in white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari).Materials, Methods & Results: Twelve adult male white-lipped peccaries were submitted both to the xylazine/ketamineand acepromazine/ketamine anesthetic protocols. The anesthetic induction time and duration, the degree of muscle relaxation, the time for anesthetic recovery and the quality of the animals’ recovery were evaluated. Additionally, the qualityof the sedation was evaluated based on the animal’s behavior. We also evaluated the effect of drugs on erectile functionsas well as the efficiency of 3 electroejaculation protocols with increasing or fixed voltages (2 to 4 V; 5 to 12 V; 12 V). Theacepromazine/ketamine combination promotes shorter induction time, duration and recovery from anesthesia than thexylazine/ketamine association. There were no differences, however, between the tested anesthetic protocols in relation toheart rate, respiratory rate and temperature. Ejaculate was obtained from only 2 animals when using the xylazine/ketamineprotocol and adoption of stimuli between 5 and 12 V, with 10 stimuli at each voltage. In turn, ejaculate was obtained from4 animals submitted to the acepromazine/ketamine protocol, 3 of them with the adoption of stimuli between 5 and 12 V...

Protocolos para contenção química e eletroejaculação para coleta de sêmen de queixadas (Tayassu pecari) / Chemical restraining and electroejaculation protocols for semen collection in white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari)

Background: In order to reverse the White-lipped peccary decline, besides protecting its habitat and controlling hunting,it is necessary a captive breeding program. There are reports, however, on the low fertility of white-lipped peccary, makingit difficult its reproduction in captivity, making artificial insemination one of the main tools to prevent the loss of geneticdiversity of species kept in captivity. Information on safe methods of anesthesia and the collection of semen should beinvestigated. Therefore, we aimed to compare the effects of the anesthetic protocols acepromazine/ketamine and xylazine/ketamine, as well as electroejaculation protocols, for semen collection in white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari).Materials, Methods & Results: Twelve adult male white-lipped peccaries were submitted both to the xylazine/ketamineand acepromazine/ketamine anesthetic protocols. The anesthetic induction time and duration, the degree of muscle relaxation, the time for anesthetic recovery and the quality of the animals recovery were evaluated. Additionally, the qualityof the sedation was evaluated based on the animals behavior. We also evaluated the effect of drugs on erectile functionsas well as the efficiency of 3 electroejaculation protocols with increasing or fixed voltages (2 to 4 V; 5 to 12 V; 12 V). Theacepromazine/ketamine combination promotes shorter induction time, duration and recovery from anesthesia than thexylazine/ketamine association. There were no differences, however, between the tested anesthetic protocols in relation toheart rate, respiratory rate and temperature. Ejaculate was obtained from only 2 animals when using the xylazine/ketamineprotocol and adoption of stimuli between 5 and 12 V, with 10 stimuli at each voltage. In turn, ejaculate was obtained from4 animals submitted to the acepromazine/ketamine protocol, 3 of them with the adoption of stimuli between 5 and 12 V...(AU)

Monitoramento não invasivo do estresse em animais silvestres mantidos em cativeiro / Non-invasive monitoring of stress in captive wild animals

Nas últimas décadas a preocupação com o bem-estar de animais criados em cativeiro foi intensificada e paralelamente, houve aumento da demanda por estudos relacionados à avaliação do bem-estar desses animais. Uma das maneiras de avaliar o estresse dos animais é realizar o monitoramento não invasivo por meio da quantificação da concentração de metabólitos de glicocorticóides em amostras de fezes. Esta técnica é conveniente porque causa pouca perturbação na coleta de amostras sem necessidade de imobilização dos animais, além disso, a coleta diária das fezes faz parte da rotina dos animais criados em cativeiro. A elevação na concentração de metabólitos de glicocorticoides, contudo, nem sempre está relacionada ao bem-estar empobrecido. Alguns exemplos confirmam que comportamentos positivos ao bem-estar dos animais, tais como a brincadeira, cópula e o uso de enriquecimento ambiental também estimulam a produção e elevação de glicocorticoides pelo eixo hipotálamo-pituitária-adrenal. Além disso, animais com estresse crônico também podem se habituar às condições do ambiente e apresentarem baixa produção de glicocorticoides. Dessa forma, além do monitoramento fisiológico, é recomendada a análise das respostas comportamentais para acessar o estresse. O aparecimento ou aumento na ocorrência ou frequência de comportamentos potencialmente indicadores de estresse, como pacing e outros comportamentos estereotipados, podem denotar bem-estar empobrecido.Nesse artigo, portanto, foi feita uma revisão sobre métodos usados para monitoramento não invasivo do estresse, em animais neotropicais criados em cativeiro, destacando as lacunas no conhecimento atual, para estimular novos estudos que determinem ferramentas para o monitoramento do bem-estar desses animais.

In recent decades, concerns about the welfare of captive-bred animals have intensified and, in parallel, measures addressed to evaluating the effects of an artificial environment and animal welfare are in demand. One way to assess animal stress is to perform noninvasive monitoring by evaluating the concentration of glucocorticoid metabolites in samples of feces. This technique is safe, convenient and practical, because there is no need to immobilize the animals, and feces collection is part of the daily routine adopted in captive breeding, so it hardly disturbs the subjects. The evaluation, however, needs to be interpreted with caution, because a rise in the concentration of glucocorticoid metabolites is not always related to poor welfare. For instance, positive behaviors such as play, copula and environmental enrichment can also increase glucocorticoid production by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenalaxis. In addition, animals with chronic stress may become habituated to their conditions and present a low production of glucocorticoid. Therefore, besides monitoring physiology, it is advisable to analyze behavioral responses toassess stress. The emergence or increase in the occurrence or frequency of behavior that is potentially indicative of stress,such as pacing and other stereotyped behaviors, may denote poor animal welfare. Therefore, in this paper we reviewed the methods used for non-invasive monitoring of physiological stress in Neotropical animals kept in captivity and highlighted the gaps to stimulate further research.

Monitoramento não invasivo do estresse em animais silvestres mantidos em cativeiro / Non-invasive monitoring of stress in captive wild animals

Nas últimas décadas a preocupação com o bem-estar de animais criados em cativeiro foi intensificada e paralelamente, houve aumento da demanda por estudos relacionados à avaliação do bem-estar desses animais. Uma das maneiras de avaliar o estresse dos animais é realizar o monitoramento não invasivo por meio da quantificação da concentração de metabólitos de glicocorticóides em amostras de fezes. Esta técnica é conveniente porque causa pouca perturbação na coleta de amostras sem necessidade de imobilização dos animais, além disso, a coleta diária das fezes faz parte da rotina dos animais criados em cativeiro. A elevação na concentração de metabólitos de glicocorticoides, contudo, nem sempre está relacionada ao bem-estar empobrecido. Alguns exemplos confirmam que comportamentos positivos ao bem-estar dos animais, tais como a brincadeira, cópula e o uso de enriquecimento ambiental também estimulam a produção e elevação de glicocorticoides pelo eixo hipotálamo-pituitária-adrenal. Além disso, animais com estresse crônico também podem se habituar às condições do ambiente e apresentarem baixa produção de glicocorticoides. Dessa forma, além do monitoramento fisiológico, é recomendada a análise das respostas comportamentais para acessar o estresse. O aparecimento ou aumento na ocorrência ou frequência de comportamentos potencialmente indicadores de estresse, como pacing e outros comportamentos estereotipados, podem denotar bem-estar empobrecido.Nesse artigo, portanto, foi feita uma revisão sobre métodos usados para monitoramento não invasivo do estresse, em animais neotropicais criados em cativeiro, destacando as lacunas no conhecimento atual, para estimular novos estudos que determinem ferramentas para o monitoramento do bem-estar desses animais.(AU)

In recent decades, concerns about the welfare of captive-bred animals have intensified and, in parallel, measures addressed to evaluating the effects of an artificial environment and animal welfare are in demand. One way to assess animal stress is to perform noninvasive monitoring by evaluating the concentration of glucocorticoid metabolites in samples of feces. This technique is safe, convenient and practical, because there is no need to immobilize the animals, and feces collection is part of the daily routine adopted in captive breeding, so it hardly disturbs the subjects. The evaluation, however, needs to be interpreted with caution, because a rise in the concentration of glucocorticoid metabolites is not always related to poor welfare. For instance, positive behaviors such as play, copula and environmental enrichment can also increase glucocorticoid production by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenalaxis. In addition, animals with chronic stress may become habituated to their conditions and present a low production of glucocorticoid. Therefore, besides monitoring physiology, it is advisable to analyze behavioral responses toassess stress. The emergence or increase in the occurrence or frequency of behavior that is potentially indicative of stress,such as pacing and other stereotyped behaviors, may denote poor animal welfare. Therefore, in this paper we reviewed the methods used for non-invasive monitoring of physiological stress in Neotropical animals kept in captivity and highlighted the gaps to stimulate further research.(AU)