Effects of heated tumescence solution in bitches after unilateral mastectomy

Background: Mammary tumors, for which mastectomy is the main treatment, are the most common neoplasms in bitches. Mastectomy is painful and, in order to reduce the pain stimulus in the transoperative period, tumescent local anesthesia is associated with general inhalation anesthesia. However, despite the numerous benefits of tumescence, intraoperative hypothermia is the most common complication. In Medicine, especially in plastic and dermatological surgery, it is common to use a heated tumescence solution to prevent intraoperative hypothermia; however, in Veterinary medicine, no previous study has examined the advantages and disadvantages of using heated tumescence solution. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the transanesthetic cardiorespiratory effects of heated tumescence solution in bitches submitted to radical unilateral mastectomy. Materials, Methods & Results: Eight animals were treated with 0.1% lidocaine solution, warmed to 37-42°C, using a Klein’s cannula for administration. Chlorpromazine (0.3 mg/kg) and meperidine (3 mg/kg) were used as pre-anesthetic medication intramuscularly, and induction was performed with intravenous propofol and maintenance with isoflurane. The data collection times were as follows: 15 min after starting isoflurane administration (M1), 5 min after tumescence (M2), after beginning of surgical incision (M3), during breast pullout (M4), after clamping of the superficial caudal epigastric vein, and artery (M5), after the beginning of the approximation of the subcutaneous tissue (M6), after the beginning of the intradermal suture (M7), and at the end of the surgical procedure (Mfinal). The heart...

Effects of heated tumescence solution in bitches after unilateral mastectomy

Background: Mammary tumors, for which mastectomy is the main treatment, are the most common neoplasms in bitches. Mastectomy is painful and, in order to reduce the pain stimulus in the transoperative period, tumescent local anesthesia is associated with general inhalation anesthesia. However, despite the numerous benefits of tumescence, intraoperative hypothermia is the most common complication. In Medicine, especially in plastic and dermatological surgery, it is common to use a heated tumescence solution to prevent intraoperative hypothermia; however, in Veterinary medicine, no previous study has examined the advantages and disadvantages of using heated tumescence solution. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the transanesthetic cardiorespiratory effects of heated tumescence solution in bitches submitted to radical unilateral mastectomy. Materials, Methods & Results: Eight animals were treated with 0.1% lidocaine solution, warmed to 37-42°C, using a Kleins cannula for administration. Chlorpromazine (0.3 mg/kg) and meperidine (3 mg/kg) were used as pre-anesthetic medication intramuscularly, and induction was performed with intravenous propofol and maintenance with isoflurane. The data collection times were as follows: 15 min after starting isoflurane administration (M1), 5 min after tumescence (M2), after beginning of surgical incision (M3), during breast pullout (M4), after clamping of the superficial caudal epigastric vein, and artery (M5), after the beginning of the approximation of the subcutaneous tissue (M6), after the beginning of the intradermal suture (M7), and at the end of the surgical procedure (Mfinal). The heart...(AU)

Association between vitamin D and malignant mammary tumors in obese female dogs

Overweight and obesity are known risk factors that are involved in the development and aggressiveness of breast tumors in women. In situations of obesity, local and systemic inflammation may worsen the prognosis of oncological patients. Moreover, hypovitaminosis D increases the risk of breast tumors in women. In female dogs, low vitamin D levels have been found in cases of lymphoma, osteosarcoma and mast cell tumor. The present study aimed to make correlations between body fat composition and serum 25(OH)D concentration in female dogs with mammary tumors. Two experimental groups were formed: healthy female dogs (n = 12; control group) and female dogs with mammary tumors (n = 11). An analysis on body composition was performed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) equipment. In the tumor group, multicentric nodules were most prevalent (63,6%), with diameters of up to 8.2 cm. The most frequent histopathological diagnosis was tubular carcinoma (45.5%), and 9.1% presented metastases in axillary lymph nodes. The mean 25(OH)D concentration in the female dogs with mammary tumors (37.6 ng mL-1) was lower than the level in the control group (65.4 ng mL-1). Multivariate statistical analysis showed that elderly female dogs with malignant mammary tumors and high body fat levels presented lower 25(OH)D concentrations than those of the control group. It was concluded that female dogs with higher body adiposity presented mammary tumors of higher aggressivity, and that the higher the fat percentage was in the female dogs with malignant mammary tumors, the lower their vitamin D concentration was.(AU)

Efeitos da PEEP na ventilação controlada a volume sobre parâmetros hemodinâmicos em suínos submetidos ao pneumoperitônio associado ao cefalodeclive / Effects of PEEP on hemodynamic variables in pigs submitted to volume-controlled ventilation under pneumoperitoneum associated to cephalodeclive

Videolaparoscopic procedures have gained prominence due to their low invasiveness, causing less surgical trauma and better post-surgical recovery. However, the increase in intra-abdominal pressure due to the institution of pneumoperitoneum can alter the patient's homeostasis. Therefore, volume-controlled ventilation, associated with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), improves arterial oxygenation and prevents pulmonary collapse, but it can lead to important hemodynamic changes. The aim of this study was to evaluate, comparatively, the effects of positive end expiratorypressure (PEEP) on hemodynamic variables of pigs submitted to volume-controlled ventilation, during pneumoperitoneum and maintained in head-down tilt and determine which PEEP value promotes greater stability on hemodynamic variables. Twenty-four pigs were used, between 55 and 65-day-old, weighing between 15 and 25 kg, randomly divided into 3 distinct groups differentiated by positive end-expiratory pressure: PEEP 0 (volume-controlled ventilation and PEEP of 0 cmH2O), PEEP 5 (volume-controlled ventilation and PEEP of 5 cmH2O) and PEEP 10 (volume-controlled ventilation and PEEP of 10 cmH2O). Volume-controlled ventilation was adjusted to 8 mL/kg of tidal volume and a respiratory rate of 25 movements per min. Anesthesia was maintained with continuous infusion of propofol (0.2 mg/kg/min) and midazolam (1 mg/kg/h). Pneumoperitoneum was performed with carbon dioxide (CO2), keeping the intraabdominal pressure at 15 mmHg and the animals were positioned on a 30° head-down tilt. The evaluations of hemodynamic variables started 30 min after induction of anesthesia (M0), followed by measurements at 15-min intervals (from M15 to M90), completing a total of 7 evaluations. The variables of interest were collected over 90 min and submitted to analysis of variance followed by Tukey's post-hoc test, with P < 0.05. The PEEP 10 group had higher values of CVP and mCPP, while the PEEP 5 group, mPAP and PVR were higher. The PEEP 0 group, on the other hand, had higher means of CI. Regarding the moments, there were differences in HR, SAP, DAP, MAP, CO, IC and TPR. According to the literature, important hemodynamic effects due to pneumoperitoneum are reported, which can be caused by the pressure used in abdominal insufflation, CO2 accumulation, duration of the surgical procedure, hydration status and patient positioning. Mechanical ventilation associated with PEEP can also cause an increase in intrathoracic pressure and, therefore, reduce cardiac output. Cardiovascular changes are proportional to the PEEP used. Central venous pressure (PVC) measure the patient's preload, and intrathoracic pressure can interfere with this parameter. The peak pressure values in the PEEP 10 group were higher than the other groups, demonstrating that the increase in intrathoracic pressure results in higher PVC values. Regarding PAPm and PCPm, these variables can be influenced according to the PEEP values and the patient's position. In relation to CI, the increase in PEEP may reflect on intrathoracic pressure, resulting in greater compression of the heart, with a consequent reduction in cardiac output and cardiac index. Therefore, it is concluded that the PEEP effects of 0 cmH2O and 5 cmH2O on hemodynamics are discrete, under the proposed conditions.(AU)

Hypersensitivity in chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) due to the association of lidocaine and bupivacaine in neural-guided femoral and sciatic nerve block

Background: Osteosyntheses, orthopedic surgeries that cause highly painful stimulation, are increasingly common inveterinary medicine. Epidural anesthesia is used to provide intraoperative and postoperative analgesia in mammals undergoing pelvic limb surgery. In birds, the synsacrum, the bone originating from the fusion of the lumbar and sacral vertebrae,makes this route inapplicable, thus peripheral nerve block is an easier option in this species. This report describes a caseof local hypersensitivity following the association of lidocaine and bupivacaine in anesthetic blocks of the femoral andsciatic nerves in chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus).Case: A study was conducted in chickens evaluating the effectiveness of anesthetic sciatic and femoral nerve blocks, guidedby a neural stimulator. Thirty-two 42-day-old male chickens of the species Gallus gallus domesticus, double breasted,weighing 1.86 ± 0.5 kg, were randomly divided into four groups: control (CG), lidocaine (LG), bupivacaine (BC) andthe association of lidocaine and bupivacaine (LBG). The doses used were 4 mg/kg of 2% lidocaine and 2 mg/kg of 0.5%bupivacaine, without vasoconstrictor. For CG, 0.9% NaCl solution was used, respecting the total volume of 1 mL/kg.Only one bird from the LBG showed side effects, presenting sensory and motor loss for 24 h after the administration ofthese drugs, before euthanasia was performed using anesthetic induction with isoflurane through a face mask, followedby the intravenous administration of propofol and then potassium chloride. The chicken was submitted to a necropsy andmacroscopically, soft, irregular, brownish lesions with a grayish focus were observed...

Hypersensitivity in chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) due to the association of lidocaine and bupivacaine in neural-guided femoral and sciatic nerve block

Background: Osteosyntheses, orthopedic surgeries that cause highly painful stimulation, are increasingly common inveterinary medicine. Epidural anesthesia is used to provide intraoperative and postoperative analgesia in mammals undergoing pelvic limb surgery. In birds, the synsacrum, the bone originating from the fusion of the lumbar and sacral vertebrae,makes this route inapplicable, thus peripheral nerve block is an easier option in this species. This report describes a caseof local hypersensitivity following the association of lidocaine and bupivacaine in anesthetic blocks of the femoral andsciatic nerves in chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus).Case: A study was conducted in chickens evaluating the effectiveness of anesthetic sciatic and femoral nerve blocks, guidedby a neural stimulator. Thirty-two 42-day-old male chickens of the species Gallus gallus domesticus, double breasted,weighing 1.86 ± 0.5 kg, were randomly divided into four groups: control (CG), lidocaine (LG), bupivacaine (BC) andthe association of lidocaine and bupivacaine (LBG). The doses used were 4 mg/kg of 2% lidocaine and 2 mg/kg of 0.5%bupivacaine, without vasoconstrictor. For CG, 0.9% NaCl solution was used, respecting the total volume of 1 mL/kg.Only one bird from the LBG showed side effects, presenting sensory and motor loss for 24 h after the administration ofthese drugs, before euthanasia was performed using anesthetic induction with isoflurane through a face mask, followedby the intravenous administration of propofol and then potassium chloride. The chicken was submitted to a necropsy andmacroscopically, soft, irregular, brownish lesions with a grayish focus were observed...(AU)

Postoperative analgesia time in dogs submitted to mastectomy and anesthetized with tumescent solutions of lidocaine or ropivacaine

Background: Mastectomy, a procedure with high pain stimulation, is the treatment of choice for bitches with breast cancer. Tumescent anaesthesia is widely used for transoperative and postoperative analgesia in bitches submitted to mastectomy, because facilitates tissue divulsion, also contributing significantly for the rapid recovery of patients. Although, there is no consensus as to which local anesthetic to use and at what concentration it should be used. Herein was investigated which local anesthetics, lidocaine or ropivacaine, when used in tumescent solutions, could provide a more lasting analgesic effect in the postoperative period in bitches submitted to radical unilateral mastectomy. Materials, Methods & Results: Sixteen bitches were sedated with chlorpromazine (0.3 mg/kg) and meperidine (3 mg/kg) followed by anesthesia with propofol and isofluorane. Then, bitches were randomly assigned to two groups (n= 8 each): LG group, infused with 15 mL/kg of tumescence solution containing 0.1% lidocaine; and RG group, infused with 15 mL/kg of tumescence solution with 0.1% ropivacaine. The study was conducted in a double-blind fashion. Control group did not include, because the patients would be submitted to severe or unbearable pain, according to the short-form of the Glasgow pain Scale (CMPS-SF). The heart (HR) and respiratory (ƒ) rates, and systolic blood pressure (SBP) were measured in the pre-operative period and immediately after extubation (Mextub) and at 0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 8 h, and 12 h after the extubation. Analgesic efficacy was assessed using the CMPS-SF and von Frey filaments. Both groups showed higher means for HR at 0.5 h (167 ± 7 in LG; 170 ± 7 in RG) than at 4 h (117 ± 7 in LG; 120 ± 7 in RG). CMPS-SF revealed higher medians (P = 0.038) at the Mextub and 12 h time points for the LG [5 (3-6) and 1 (0-2)] than for the RG [5 (2-5) and 0 (0-1)]. Discussion: Pain was excluded as a possible explanation...

Effects of nitrous oxide on cardiovascular parameters in pigs anesthetized with propofol and subjected to pressure-controlled ventilation / Efeitos do óxido nitroso sobre parâmetros cardiovasculares em suínos anestesiados com propofol e mantidos em ventilação controlada à pressão

This paper evaluated the effects of the ratio of nitrous oxide to oxygen (50% of each) on cardiovascular parameters in pigs anesthetized with propofol and maintained in ventilation with intermittent positive pressure. Sixteen Large White pigs, weighing between 15 and 20 kg, were divided into two groups of eight animals, and designated as follows: GPN (propofol/nitrous oxide) and GPA (propofol/compressed air). In order to allow endotracheal intubation, the animals received azaperone (2 mg kg-1, IM) followed, after 20 minutes, by intravenous propofol. After successful intubation, continuous infusion of propofol was initiated at a dose of 0.4 mg kg-1minute-1. From this point, the GPN group received N2O (diluted in 50% oxygen), while the GPA group received compressed air (diluted in 50% oxygen). Rocuronium was then administered by continuous intravenous infusion at 0.6 mg kg-1h-1. Pressure-controlled ventilation (PCV) was started and adjusted to 15 cmH2O, and the respiratory rate was set to reach capnometry readings between 35-45 mmHg. The measurement of parameters (heart rate, mean arterial pressure, cardiac index, systemic vascular resistance index, stroke index) begun 15 minutes after the administration of rocuronium, and was repeated in 15-minute intervals for 60 minutes. Data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA followed by Bonferroni test. The results showed that the 1:1 ratio combination of nitrous oxide to oxygen (50% each) did not alter the mentioned parameters in pigsanesthetized with propofol and maintained at pressure-controlled ventilation, indicating that it is a safeprotocol for the cardiovascular system.(AU)

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar os efeitos da associação de óxido nitroso (N2O) ao oxigênio, na proporção de 50% cada, sobre os parâmetros cardiovasculares em suínos anestesiados com propofol e mantidos em ventilação com pressão positiva intermitente. Para isso, foram utilizados 16 suínos da raça Large White com pesos entre 15 e 20 kg, distribuídos em dois grupos de oito animais cada, assim nomeados: GPN (GrupoPropofol/Óxidonitroso) e GPA (GrupoPropofol/Arcomprimido). Os animais receberam azaperona (2mgkg-1,IM) e após 20 minutos, administrou-se propofol por via intravenosa, em doses suficientes para permitir a intubação traqueal. Após intubação, iniciou-se a infusão contínua de propofol na dose de 0,4mgkg-1minuto-1. A partir deste momento, os animais do GPN receberam N2O diluído em 50% de oxigênio e os do GPA, ar comprimido diluído em 50% de oxigênio. Ato contínuo, administrou-se, por infusão intravenosa contínua, rocurônio a 0,6mgkg-1h-1. A ventilação controlada a pressão (VCP) foi iniciada e ajustada a 15cmH2O e a freqüência respiratória foi regulada para alcançar valores de capnometria entre 35-45mmHg. A medição dos parâmetros (freqüência cardíaca, pressão arterial média, índice cardíaco, índice da resistência periférica total, índice sistólico) iniciou-se após 15 minutos da administração de rocurônio, repetindo-se a cada 15 minutos, durante um intervalo de 60 minutos. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística pela ANOVA seguida pelo teste de Bonferroni.Os resultados mostraram que a associação do óxido nitroso ao oxigênio na proporção de 50% cada emsuíno anestesiado com propofol e mantido em ventilação controlada à pressão não provoca alteraçõescardiovasculares clinicamente relevantes.(AU)

Anestesia epidural: revisão de literatura / Epidural anesthesia: literature review

A anestesia epidural e uma técnica de anestesia regional, onde é feita a deposição de anestésico ou analgésico ao redor da dura-máter e por difusão chega as raízes nervosas sensitivas e motoras dos nervos espinhais. Pode ser amplamente empregada já que é de fácil aplicação e baixo custo. Minimiza o efeito dos anestésicos gerais, quando associada a estas, por diminui a dose dos fármacos utilizadas e por proporcionar analgesia e relaxamento muscular trans e pós-operatória. (AU)

The epidural anesthesia and regional anesthesia technique, where you do the deposition of anesthetic or analgesic around the dura mater and broadcast reaches the sensory and motor nerve roots of the spinal nerves. It can be widely used since it is easy to apply and low cost. Minimizes the effect of general anesthetics, when associated to those for decreases the dose of drug used and for providing analgesia and muscle relaxation and trans postoperative. (AU)

Anestesia epidural: revisão de literatura / Epidural anesthesia: literature review

A anestesia epidural e uma técnica de anestesia regional, onde é feita a deposição de anestésico ou analgésico ao redor da dura-máter e por difusão chega as raízes nervosas sensitivas e motoras dos nervos espinhais. Pode ser amplamente empregada já que é de fácil aplicação e baixo custo. Minimiza o efeito dos anestésicos gerais, quando associada a estas, por diminui a dose dos fármacos utilizadas e por proporcionar analgesia e relaxamento muscular trans e pós-operatória.

The epidural anesthesia and regional anesthesia technique, where you do the deposition of anesthetic or analgesic around the dura mater and broadcast reaches the sensory and motor nerve roots of the spinal nerves. It can be widely used since it is easy to apply and low cost. Minimizes the effect of general anesthetics, when associated to those for decreases the dose of drug used and for providing analgesia and muscle relaxation and trans postoperative.

Efeitos hemodinâmicos da infusão contínua de butorfanol em cães anestesiados com propofol / Hemodinamic effects of continuous rate infusion of butorphanol in propofol-anesthetized dogs

The aim of this study was to evaluate the hemodynamic effects of the total intravenous anesthesiawith propofol and butorphanol in dogs. For that purpose, twenty adult healthy crossbred dogs wereused. The animals were equally allocated into two groups (PG and BG) and induced to the anesthesiawith intravenous propofol (10 mg/kg). After orotracheal intubation, controlled ventilation wasinstituted with 60% oxygen and flow of 30 mL/kg/min in a closed system, with controlled volume.The anesthetic maintenance was accomplished with propofol (0.6 mg/kg/min). The butorphanol group(BG) received, butorphanol 0.1 mg/kg IV, followed by continuous infusion (40 ?g/kg/h). The placebogroup (PG) received only NaCl 0.9% in bolus, followed by venous infusion, in identical volume of the BG. Baseline hemodynamic measurements were performed before opioid or saline administration(M0) and immediately after, every 15 minutes (M15 to M75). Administration of butorphanol resultedin decrease of total peripheric resistance (TPR), arterial pressures (SAP, DAP, MAP) and cardiacoutput (CO), without clinical relevance. The results allow us to conclude that association providessafe anesthesia for patients with ventilatory support.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos hemodinâmicos decorrentes da anestesia total intravenosa compropofol e butorfanol em cães. Para tal, foram utilizados 20 animais adultos hígidos, sem raçadefinida, distribuídos em dois grupos, designados como GB e GP, induzidos à anestesia com propofol(10 mg/kg). Após a intubação orotraqueal, instituiu-se ventilação controlada com oxigênio a 60%e fluxo de 30 mL/kg/min em circuito fechado, com volume controlado. A manutenção anestésicafoi realizada com a administração de 0,6 mg/kg/min de propofol. O grupo butorfanol (GB) recebeubutorfanol 0,1 mg/kg IV, seguido de infusão contínua (40 ?g/kg/h). O grupo placebo (GP) recebeusomente NaCl 0,9% em bolus, seguido de infusão venosa, em volume idêntico ao do GB. As variáveishemodinâmicas foram avaliadas antes da aplicação do opioide ou da solução de NaCl a 0,9% (M0)e imediatamente após, em intervalos de 15 minutos (M15 a M75). A administração de butorfanolresultou em redução da resistência periférica total (RPT), das pressões arteriais (PAS, PAD e PAM)e do débito cardíaco (DC), sem relevância clínica. Os resultados permitem concluir que a associaçãoproporciona anestesia segura para pacientes com suporte ventilatório.(AU)

Efeitos hemodinâmicos da infusão contínua de butorfanol em cães anestesiados com propofol / Hemodinamic effects of continuous rate infusion of butorphanol in propofol-anesthetized dogs

The aim of this study was to evaluate the hemodynamic effects of the total intravenous anesthesiawith propofol and butorphanol in dogs. For that purpose, twenty adult healthy crossbred dogs wereused. The animals were equally allocated into two groups (PG and BG) and induced to the anesthesiawith intravenous propofol (10 mg/kg). After orotracheal intubation, controlled ventilation wasinstituted with 60% oxygen and flow of 30 mL/kg/min in a closed system, with controlled volume.The anesthetic maintenance was accomplished with propofol (0.6 mg/kg/min). The butorphanol group(BG) received, butorphanol 0.1 mg/kg IV, followed by continuous infusion (40 ?g/kg/h). The placebogroup (PG) received only NaCl 0.9% in bolus, followed by venous infusion, in identical volume of the BG. Baseline hemodynamic measurements were performed before opioid or saline administration(M0) and immediately after, every 15 minutes (M15 to M75). Administration of butorphanol resultedin decrease of total peripheric resistance (TPR), arterial pressures (SAP, DAP, MAP) and cardiacoutput (CO), without clinical relevance. The results allow us to conclude that association providessafe anesthesia for patients with ventilatory support.

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos hemodinâmicos decorrentes da anestesia total intravenosa compropofol e butorfanol em cães. Para tal, foram utilizados 20 animais adultos hígidos, sem raçadefinida, distribuídos em dois grupos, designados como GB e GP, induzidos à anestesia com propofol(10 mg/kg). Após a intubação orotraqueal, instituiu-se ventilação controlada com oxigênio a 60%e fluxo de 30 mL/kg/min em circuito fechado, com volume controlado. A manutenção anestésicafoi realizada com a administração de 0,6 mg/kg/min de propofol. O grupo butorfanol (GB) recebeubutorfanol 0,1 mg/kg IV, seguido de infusão contínua (40 ?g/kg/h). O grupo placebo (GP) recebeusomente NaCl 0,9% em bolus, seguido de infusão venosa, em volume idêntico ao do GB. As variáveishemodinâmicas foram avaliadas antes da aplicação do opioide ou da solução de NaCl a 0,9% (M0)e imediatamente após, em intervalos de 15 minutos (M15 a M75). A administração de butorfanolresultou em redução da resistência periférica total (RPT), das pressões arteriais (PAS, PAD e PAM)e do débito cardíaco (DC), sem relevância clínica. Os resultados permitem concluir que a associaçãoproporciona anestesia segura para pacientes com suporte ventilatório.

EFEITOS HEMODINÂMICOS DA INFUSÃO CONTÍNUA DE BUTORFANOL EM CÃES ANESTESIADOS COM PROPOFOL

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the hemodynamic effects of the total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and butorphanol in dogs. For that purpose, twenty adult healthy crossbred dogs were used. The animals were equally allocated into two groups (PG and BG) and induced to the anesthesia with intravenous propofol (10 mg/kg). After orotracheal intubation, controlled ventilation was instituted with 60% oxygen and flow of 30 mL/kg/min in a closed system, with controlled volume. The anesthetic maintenance was accomplished with propofol (0.6 mg/kg/min). The butorphanol group (BG) received, butorphanol 0.1 mg/kg IV, followed by continuous infusion (40 g/kg/h). The placebo group (PG) received only NaCl 0.9% in bolus, followed by venous infusion, in identical volume of the BG. Baseline hemodynamic measurements were performed before opioid or saline administration (M0) and immediately after, every 15 minutes (M15 to M75). Administration of butorphanol resulted in decrease of total peripheric resistance (TPR), arterial pressures (SAP, DAP, MAP) and cardiac output (CO), without clinical relevance. The results allow us to conclude that association provides safe anesthesia for patients with ventilatory support.

Resumo Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos hemodinâmicos decorrentes da anestesia total intravenosa com propofol e butorfanol em cães. Para tal, foram utilizados 20 animais adultos hígidos, sem raça definida, distribuídos em dois grupos, designados como GB e GP, induzidos à anestesia com propofol (10 mg/kg). Após a intubação orotraqueal, instituiu-se ventilação controlada com oxigênio a 60% e fluxo de 30 mL/kg/min em circuito fechado, com volume controlado. A manutenção anestésica foi realizada com a administração de 0,6 mg/kg/min de propofol. O grupo butorfanol (GB) recebeu butorfanol 0,1 mg/kg IV, seguido de infusão contínua (40 g/kg/h). O grupo placebo (GP) recebeu somente NaCl 0,9% em bolus, seguido de infusão venosa, em volume idêntico ao do GB. As variáveis hemodinâmicas foram avaliadas antes da aplicação do opioide ou da solução de NaCl a 0,9% (M0) e imediatamente após, em intervalos de 15 minutos (M15 a M75). A administração de butorfanol resultou em redução da resistência periférica total (RPT), das pressões arteriais (PAS, PAD e PAM) e do débito cardíaco (DC), sem relevância clínica. Os resultados permitem concluir que a associação proporciona anestesia segura para pacientes com suporte ventilatório.

Pressão intraocular, pressão arterial média e diâmetro pupilar em coelhos (Oryctolagus cuniculus) submetidos ao bloqueio retrobulbar com diferentes protocolos anestésicos / Intraocular pressure, mean arterial blood pressure and pupillary diameter in rabbits ( (Oryctolagus cuniculus) ) subjected to retrobulbar block with different anesthetic protocols

The aim of this study was to evaluate four protocols of loco regional anesthesia for ophthalmicprocedures that could provide safety and life support, in addition to maintain intraocular pressurestable, with eye centralization and eyelid akinesia. 20 New Zealand rabbits were used to perform localanesthesia by retrobulbar block with four protocols: 2% lidocaine with epinephrine, 2% lidocainewithout epinephrine associated with tramadol, 1% ropivacaine and bupivacaine 0.5 %. Each animalreceived an anesthetic volume of 1 mL. All anesthetic protocols used promoted eyelid akinesia and centralization of the eye during the assessment period. The retrobulbar block with the proposedanesthetic protocols proved to be feasible and safe for the maintenance of intraocular pressure,invasive blood pressure and pupillary diameter and can be used in intraocular surgeries, respecting thetime of action of each anesthetic. All protocols showed an excellent blockage action but bupivacainepromoted the highest pupil diameter compared to the other drugs tested.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi buscar novos protocolos de anestesia loco regional para procedimentosoftálmicos que proporcionem segurança e manutenção das funções vitais, além de manter a pressãointraocular estável, com centralização do bulbo do olho e acinesia palpebral. Foram utilizados 20coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia para a realização de quatro protocolos de anestesia local através dobloqueio retrobulbar com lidocaína 2% com vasoconstritor, lidocaína 2% sem vasoconstritor associadaao tramadol, ropivacaína 1% e bupivacaína 0,5%, cada animal recebeu o volume anestésico de 1,0 mL.Todos os protocolos anestésicos utilizados promoveram acinesia palpebral e centralização do bulbodo olho durante todo o período de avaliação. A realização do bloqueio retrobulbar com os protocolosanestésicos demonstrou ser factível e segura quanto à manutenção da pressão intraocular, pressãoarterial invasiva e diâmetro pupilar e pode ser utilizada para realização de cirurgias intraoculares. Osanestésicos proporcionaram bom bloqueio retrobulbar, entretanto a bupivacaína foi o anestésico queocasionou o maior diâmetro pupilar comparativamente aos demais fármacos testados.(AU)

Pressão intraocular, pressão arterial média e diâmetro pupilar em coelhos (Oryctolagus cuniculus) submetidos ao bloqueio retrobulbar com diferentes protocolos anestésicos / Intraocular pressure, mean arterial blood pressure and pupillary diameter in rabbits ( (Oryctolagus cuniculus) ) subjected to retrobulbar block with different anesthetic protocols

The aim of this study was to evaluate four protocols of loco regional anesthesia for ophthalmicprocedures that could provide safety and life support, in addition to maintain intraocular pressurestable, with eye centralization and eyelid akinesia. 20 New Zealand rabbits were used to perform localanesthesia by retrobulbar block with four protocols: 2% lidocaine with epinephrine, 2% lidocainewithout epinephrine associated with tramadol, 1% ropivacaine and bupivacaine 0.5 %. Each animalreceived an anesthetic volume of 1 mL. All anesthetic protocols used promoted eyelid akinesia and centralization of the eye during the assessment period. The retrobulbar block with the proposedanesthetic protocols proved to be feasible and safe for the maintenance of intraocular pressure,invasive blood pressure and pupillary diameter and can be used in intraocular surgeries, respecting thetime of action of each anesthetic. All protocols showed an excellent blockage action but bupivacainepromoted the highest pupil diameter compared to the other drugs tested.

O objetivo deste estudo foi buscar novos protocolos de anestesia loco regional para procedimentosoftálmicos que proporcionem segurança e manutenção das funções vitais, além de manter a pressãointraocular estável, com centralização do bulbo do olho e acinesia palpebral. Foram utilizados 20coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia para a realização de quatro protocolos de anestesia local através dobloqueio retrobulbar com lidocaína 2% com vasoconstritor, lidocaína 2% sem vasoconstritor associadaao tramadol, ropivacaína 1% e bupivacaína 0,5%, cada animal recebeu o volume anestésico de 1,0 mL.Todos os protocolos anestésicos utilizados promoveram acinesia palpebral e centralização do bulbodo olho durante todo o período de avaliação. A realização do bloqueio retrobulbar com os protocolosanestésicos demonstrou ser factível e segura quanto à manutenção da pressão intraocular, pressãoarterial invasiva e diâmetro pupilar e pode ser utilizada para realização de cirurgias intraoculares. Osanestésicos proporcionaram bom bloqueio retrobulbar, entretanto a bupivacaína foi o anestésico queocasionou o maior diâmetro pupilar comparativamente aos demais fármacos testados.

PRESSÃO INTRAOCULAR, PRESSÃO ARTERIAL MÉDIA E DIÂMETRO PUPILAR EM COELHOS ( (Oryctolagus cuniculus) ) SUBMETIDOS AO BLOQUEIO RETROBULBAR COM DIFERENTES PROTOCOLOS ANESTÉSICOS

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate four protocols of loco regional anesthesia for ophthalmic procedures that could provide safety and life support, in addition to maintain intraocular pressure stable, with eye centralization and eyelid akinesia. 20 New Zealand rabbits were used to perform local anesthesia by retrobulbar block with four protocols: 2% lidocaine with epinephrine, 2% lidocaine without epinephrine associated with tramadol, 1% ropivacaine and bupivacaine 0.5 %. Each animal received an anesthetic volume of 1 mL. All anesthetic protocols used promoted eyelid akinesia and centralization of the eye during the assessment period. The retrobulbar block with the proposed anesthetic protocols proved to be feasible and safe for the maintenance of intraocular pressure, invasive blood pressure and pupillary diameter and can be used in intraocular surgeries, respecting the time of action of each anesthetic. All protocols showed an excellent blockage action but bupivacaine promoted the highest pupil diameter compared to the other drugs tested.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi buscar novos protocolos de anestesia loco regional para procedimentos oftálmicos que proporcionem segurança e manutenção das funções vitais, além de manter a pressão intraocular estável, com centralização do bulbo do olho e acinesia palpebral. Foram utilizados 20 coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia para a realização de quatro protocolos de anestesia local através do bloqueio retrobulbar com lidocaína 2% com vasoconstritor, lidocaína 2% sem vasoconstritor associada ao tramadol, ropivacaína 1% e bupivacaína 0,5%, cada animal recebeu o volume anestésico de 1,0 mL. Todos os protocolos anestésicos utilizados promoveram acinesia palpebral e centralização do bulbo do olho durante todo o período de avaliação. A realização do bloqueio retrobulbar com os protocolos anestésicos demonstrou ser factível e segura quanto à manutenção da pressão intraocular, pressão arterial invasiva e diâmetro pupilar e pode ser utilizada para realização de cirurgias intraoculares. Os anestésicos proporcionaram bom bloqueio retrobulbar, entretanto a bupivacaína foi o anestésico que ocasionou o maior diâmetro pupilar comparativamente aos demais fármacos testados.

Parâmetros ventilométricos e hemogasométricos em cadelas submetidas à ovariohisterectomia, pré-medicadas com tramadol ou morfina e anestesiadas com isofluorano / Ventilometric parameters and arterial blood gases in bitches undergoingovariohisterectomy, pre-medicated with morphine or tramadol and anesthetized with isoflurane

Avaliaram-se os efeitos nos parâmetros ventilométricos e hemogasométricos em cadelas submetidas à ovário-histerectomia (OHE),pré-medicadas com tramadol ou morfina e anestesiadas com isofluorano. Utilizaram-se 12 cadelas sem raça definida (SRD), divididasem dois grupos (n= 6 para cada grupo), todas com indução anestésica com propofol e manutenção com isofluorano em O2 a 100%, sendo que a diferença entre os grupos se deu pela pré-medicação com tramadol (GT 4mg/kg IM) ou morfina (GM 0,4 mg/kg IM). As observações das variáveis iniciaram-se 30 minutos após a administração do bolus de propofol (M0). As demais colheitas dos dados foram realizadas em intervalos de 15 minutos, por um período de 60 minutos (M15, M30, M45 e M60, respectivamente). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os grupos ou momentos para as variáveis hemogasométricas, entretanto, as médias de pH, déficit de base (DB) e pressão parcial de dióxido de carbono no sangue arterial (PaCO2) ficaram fora da faixa normal para a espécie canina. Foram encontradas diferenças significativas para as variáveis: volume corrente (GM > GT de M0 a M60), pico de fluxo inspiratório e expiratório (GM > GT) e pressão de pico inspiratório, sendo que GM foi maior que GT em M0.Concluiu-se que ambos os opioides são seguros, não causando alterações importantes na ventilometria quando utilizados na pré-medicação em cadelas anestesiadas com isofluorano e submetidas à OHE, porém, a anestesia inalatória com isofluorano deve ser utilizada com cautela em animais com propensão à acidemia.(AU)

We evaluated the effects on blood gas and ventilometric parameters in bitches undergoing ovariohysterectomy (OHE), pre-medicatedwith morphine or tramadol and anesthetized with isoflurane. We used 12 mongrel dogs, distributed into two groups (n = 6 foreach group), all with induction of anesthesia with propofol and maintained with isoflurane in 100% O2, and the difference betweengroups was given by premedication with tramadol (GT - 4mg/kg IM) or morphine (GM - 0.4 mg / kg IM). The measurement of allvariables was performed 30 minutes after propofol bolus (M0), and then, in intervals of 15 minutes, during 60 minutes (M15, M30,M45 and M60). No significant differences were found between groups or times for the gas variables, however pH, PaCO2 and DBwere outside the normal range for dogs. Significant differences were found for the variables: tidal volume (GM> GT M0 to M60),peak inspiratory and expiratory flow (GM> GT) and peak inspiratory pressure (GM was higher than GT in M0). It was concludedthat both opioids are safe and will not cause major changes in ventilometry when used in premedication in dogs anesthetized withisoflurane and submitted to OHE, however, inhalation anesthesia with isoflurane should be used with caution in animals with atendency to acidemia.(AU)

Estudo retrospectivo de protocolos anestésicos em mielografias realizadas no hospital veterinário "Governador Laudo Natel" Jaboticabal - SP: 174 casos reportados de 2000 a 2009 / A retrospective study of anesthetic protocols in myelography at "Governador Laudo Natel" veterinary hospital Jaboticabal SP: 174 cases reported from 2000 to 2009

A mielografia é um exame radiográfico contrastado que permite a avaliação de alterações na medula não evidentes nas radiografias simples. No entanto, para a sua realização é necessária a injeção de contraste na cisterna magna ou no espaço lombar e para tal o paciente deve estar anestesiado, intubado e com suporte ventilatório adequado para minimizar os possíveis riscos do exame em questão, que incluem convulsão, apneia, bradicardia e parada cardiorrespiratória, podendo acarretar o óbito. Com esse trabalho objetivou-se analisar os protocolos anestésicos utilizados e suas complicações no período de 2000 a 2009 no Hospital Veterinário "Governador Laudo Natel". Foram avaliados 173 prontuários de cães e uma gata que receberam a associação de fármacos de maneiras distintas. O principal protocolo utilizado neste estudo foi a associação de meperidina, diazepam e propofol, presente em 26,43% das anestesias. Os fármacos anestésicos utilizados devem ser selecionados baseando-se nas opções existentes e nas condições gerais do paciente. De todas as complicações observadas, a mais frequente foi a convulsão em 35% dos casos. Também foram registrados episódios de bradicardia (29%), parada cardiorrespiratória (16%) e apneia (10%). (AU)

Myelography procedure is a contrast examination of the spinal cord that allows to verified abnormalities non visible by conventional radiographs. A myelography to be performed is necessary to inject a contrast media at cisternal or lumbar space and the patient needs to be under general anesthesia, intubated and receiving ventilatory support to minimize the risks of this exam which include seizures, apnea, bradycardia and cardiorespiratory arrest. The main objective of this study is to analyze anesthesia protocols and their complications between years 2000 and 2009 at “Governador Laudo Natel” Veterinary Hospital. A number of 173 patient charts of dogs and 1 chart from a cat were analyzed and the results showed pharmacological association in different ways. The main protocol in this study was the association of meperidine, diazepam and propofol presented in 26,43% of the anesthesias. The anesthetic drugs must be choose taking for basis the existing options and patient's general condition. The most common complication was seizure, in 35% of the cases. They were also verified bradycardia (29%), cardiorespiratory arrest (16%) and apnea (10%). (AU)

Parâmetros ventilométricos e hemogasométricos em cadelas submetidas à ovariohisterectomia, pré-medicadas com tramadol ou morfina e anestesiadas com isofluorano / Ventilometric parameters and arterial blood gases in bitches undergoingovariohisterectomy, pre-medicated with morphine or tramadol and anesthetized with isoflurane

Avaliaram-se os efeitos nos parâmetros ventilométricos e hemogasométricos em cadelas submetidas à ovário-histerectomia (OHE),pré-medicadas com tramadol ou morfina e anestesiadas com isofluorano. Utilizaram-se 12 cadelas sem raça definida (SRD), divididasem dois grupos (n= 6 para cada grupo), todas com indução anestésica com propofol e manutenção com isofluorano em O2 a 100%, sendo que a diferença entre os grupos se deu pela pré-medicação com tramadol (GT – 4mg/kg IM) ou morfina (GM – 0,4 mg/kg IM). As observações das variáveis iniciaram-se 30 minutos após a administração do bolus de propofol (M0). As demais colheitas dos dados foram realizadas em intervalos de 15 minutos, por um período de 60 minutos (M15, M30, M45 e M60, respectivamente). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os grupos ou momentos para as variáveis hemogasométricas, entretanto, as médias de pH, déficit de base (DB) e pressão parcial de dióxido de carbono no sangue arterial (PaCO2) ficaram fora da faixa normal para a espécie canina. Foram encontradas diferenças significativas para as variáveis: volume corrente (GM > GT de M0 a M60), pico de fluxo inspiratório e expiratório (GM > GT) e pressão de pico inspiratório, sendo que GM foi maior que GT em M0.Concluiu-se que ambos os opioides são seguros, não causando alterações importantes na ventilometria quando utilizados na pré-medicação em cadelas anestesiadas com isofluorano e submetidas à OHE, porém, a anestesia inalatória com isofluorano deve ser utilizada com cautela em animais com propensão à acidemia.

We evaluated the effects on blood gas and ventilometric parameters in bitches undergoing ovariohysterectomy (OHE), pre-medicatedwith morphine or tramadol and anesthetized with isoflurane. We used 12 mongrel dogs, distributed into two groups (n = 6 foreach group), all with induction of anesthesia with propofol and maintained with isoflurane in 100% O2, and the difference betweengroups was given by premedication with tramadol (GT - 4mg/kg IM) or morphine (GM - 0.4 mg / kg IM). The measurement of allvariables was performed 30 minutes after propofol bolus (M0), and then, in intervals of 15 minutes, during 60 minutes (M15, M30,M45 and M60). No significant differences were found between groups or times for the gas variables, however pH, PaCO2 and DBwere outside the normal range for dogs. Significant differences were found for the variables: tidal volume (GM> GT M0 to M60),peak inspiratory and expiratory flow (GM> GT) and peak inspiratory pressure (GM was higher than GT in M0). It was concludedthat both opioids are safe and will not cause major changes in ventilometry when used in premedication in dogs anesthetized withisoflurane and submitted to OHE, however, inhalation anesthesia with isoflurane should be used with caution in animals with atendency to acidemia.

Estudo retrospectivo de protocolos anestésicos em mielografias realizadas no hospital veterinário "Governador Laudo Natel" – Jaboticabal - SP: 174 casos reportados de 2000 a 2009 / A retrospective study of anesthetic protocols in myelography at "Governador Laudo Natel" veterinary hospital – Jaboticabal – SP: 174 cases reported from 2000 to 2009

A mielografia é um exame radiográfico contrastado que permite a avaliação de alterações na medula não evidentes nas radiografias simples. No entanto, para a sua realização é necessária a injeção de contraste na cisterna magna ou no espaço lombar e para tal o paciente deve estar anestesiado, intubado e com suporte ventilatório adequado para minimizar os possíveis riscos do exame em questão, que incluem convulsão, apneia, bradicardia e parada cardiorrespiratória, podendo acarretar o óbito. Com esse trabalho objetivou-se analisar os protocolos anestésicos utilizados e suas complicações no período de 2000 a 2009 no Hospital Veterinário "Governador Laudo Natel". Foram avaliados 173 prontuários de cães e uma gata que receberam a associação de fármacos de maneiras distintas. O principal protocolo utilizado neste estudo foi a associação de meperidina, diazepam e propofol, presente em 26,43% das anestesias. Os fármacos anestésicos utilizados devem ser selecionados baseando-se nas opções existentes e nas condições gerais do paciente. De todas as complicações observadas, a mais frequente foi a convulsão em 35% dos casos. Também foram registrados episódios de bradicardia (29%), parada cardiorrespiratória (16%) e apneia (10%).

Myelography procedure is a contrast examination of the spinal cord that allows to verified abnormalities non visible by conventional radiographs. A myelography to be performed is necessary to inject a contrast media at cisternal or lumbar space and the patient needs to be under general anesthesia, intubated and receiving ventilatory support to minimize the risks of this exam which include seizures, apnea, bradycardia and cardiorespiratory arrest. The main objective of this study is to analyze anesthesia protocols and their complications between years 2000 and 2009 at “Governador Laudo Natel” Veterinary Hospital. A number of 173 patient charts of dogs and 1 chart from a cat were analyzed and the results showed pharmacological association in different ways. The main protocol in this study was the association of meperidine, diazepam and propofol presented in 26,43% of the anesthesias. The anesthetic drugs must be choose taking for basis the existing options and patient's general condition. The most common complication was seizure, in 35% of the cases. They were also verified bradycardia (29%), cardiorespiratory arrest (16%) and apnea (10%).