Are locally adapted goats able to recover homeothermy, acid-base and electrolyte equilibrium in a semi-arid region?

The objective of this study was to evaluate the thermoregulatory responses, acid-basic and electrolytic equilibrium of locally adapted goats under natural heat conditions in a semi-arid region. Ten (10) Canindé goats aged between 2 and 3 years, non-lactating, non-pregnant and having a body weight (BW) of 22.90 ± 2.70 kg were used in this study. Air temperature (AT) and relative humidity (RH) were measured, and the radiant heat load (RHL) was subsequently calculated. Rectal temperature (RT), respiratory rate (RR), sweating rate (SR) and heat shock (S) were recorded at 1-h intervals for 24 continuous hours. Hydrogen potential (pH), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2), partial pressure of oxygen (PO2), bicarbonate (HCO3), base excess (BE), total carbon dioxide concentration (TCO2), oxygen saturation (SO2), sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) were recorded at three moments during the day (5 a.m.; 1 p.m.; 6 p.m.). There were also significant differences between the means of hours of the day for AT and RH. RR was the thermoregulatory response which most closely followed RHL, with important elevations in the periods between 10 a.m. to noon. It was observed that the goats activated their SR mechanism before RR, more precisely between the hours of 9 a.m. and 1 p.m. The acid-base and electrolytic equilibrium for the goats which showed great association with the first components contributed the most to the total variation of the data. The most important variables in the adaptive profile of these animals in order of importance were: SO2, PO2, RR, RT, SR, HCO3, BE, TCO2 and pH. An association between all variables grouped in each period was observed, where the thermoregulatory responses in the periods of 5 a.m. and 6 p.m. were closer than when compared to 1 p.m., showing a physiological return to the initial state. Therefore, the variation in thermoregulatory responses, acid-base and electrolytic equilibrium indicated that the goats have the ability to recover after a challenging environmental condition.

The effect of premedication with ketamine, alone or with diazepam, on anaesthesia with sevoflurane in parrots (Amazona aestiva).

BACKGROUND: Premedication is rarely used in avian species. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of premedication on the quality of sevoflurane induction and anaesthesia in parrots. We hypothesised that premedication would facilitate handling and decrease the minimum anaesthetic dose (MAD). Thirty-six adult parrots were randomly distributed in three groups: group S (n = 12) was premedicated with NaCl 0.9%; group KS (n = 12) was premedicated with 10 mg.kg-1 ketamine; and group KDS (n = 12) was premedicated with 10 mg.kg-1 ketamine and 0.5 mg.kg-1 diazepam, delivered intramuscularly. After induction using 4.5% sevoflurane introduced through a facemask, the MAD was determined for each animal. The heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), systolic arterial blood pressure (SAP), and cloacal temperature (CT) were recorded before premedication (T0), 15 minutes after premedication (T1), and after MAD determination (T2). Arterial blood gas analyses were performed at T0 and T2. The quality of anaesthesia was evaluated using subjective scales based on animal behaviour and handling during induction, maintenance, and recovery. Statistical analyses were performed using analysis of variance or Kruskal-Wallis tests followed by Tukey's or Dunn's tests. RESULTS: The minimal anaesthetic doses obtained were 2.4 ± 0.37%, 1.7 ± 0.39%, and 1.3 ± 0.32% for groups S, KS, and KDS, respectively. There were no differences in HR, RR, or CT among groups, but SAP was significantly lower in group S. Sedation was observed in both the premedicated S-KS and S-KDS groups. There were no differences in the quality of intubation and recovery from anaesthesia among the three groups, although the induction time was significantly shorter in the pre-medicated groups, and the KS group showed less muscle relaxation. CONCLUSIONS: Ketamine alone or the ketamine/diazepam combination decreased the MAD of sevoflurane in parrots (Amazona aestiva). Ketamine alone or in combination with diazepam promoted a good quality of sedation, which improved handling and reduced the stress of the birds. All protocols provided safe anaesthesia in this avian species.

Pharmacokinetic profiles of the two major active metabolites of metamizole, 4-methylaminoantipyrine (MAA) and 4-aminoantipyrine (AA), after intravenous injection in cats.

This study aimed to determine the pharmacokinetic profile of two active metabolites of metamizole (dipyrone), N-methyl-4-aminoanthypyrine (MAA) and 4-aminoanthypyrine (AA), after intravenous administration in cats. Eight healthy mixed-breed cats were intravenously administered metamizole (25 mg/kg). Blood samples were collected at predetermined time points for up to 48 h after administration. Information on behavioral changes in the animals and adverse effects was collected. Plasma aliquots were processed and analyzed using the ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry technique. A validated UPLC-MS/MS method was used to characterize the pharmacokinetics of MAA and AA. Salivation was identified as an adverse clinical sign. The mean maximal plasma concentrations of MAA and AA were 29.31 ± 24.57 µg/mL and 1.69 ± 0.36 µg/mL, with half-lives of around 4.98 and 14 h, respectively. The area under the plasma concentration curve values were 28.54 ± 11.33 and 49.54 ± 11.38 h*µg/mL for MAA and AA, respectively. The plasma concentration of MAA was detectable for up to 24 h and was smaller than AA. AA was detectable for >48 h. Results suggest that metamizole is converted into active metabolites in cats. Further PK/PD and safety studies should be performed before defining the dose or administration intervals for clinical use.

Post-operative pain behaviour associated with surgical castration in donkeys (Equus asinus).

BACKGROUND: Recognising pain in donkeys is challenging because they are stoic. OBJECTIVES: To identify the responses of donkeys before and after surgical pain. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, short-term longitudinal pre- and post-intervention observations. METHODS: Forty adult donkeys underwent surgical castration after sedation with intravenous (IV) xylazine, induction with guaiphenesin/thiopental IV and maintenance of anaesthesia with isoflurane and local anaesthetic blockade. Four hours after recovery from anaesthesia, flunixin meglumine 1.1 mg/kg, dipyrone 10 mg/kg and morphine 0.2 mg/kg IV were administered. Behavioural responses exhibited by the animals housed in individual stalls were recorded in four 30-min videos: before castration (M0), and 3.5-4.0 hours (M1), 5.5-6.0 hours (M2) and 23.5-24.0 hours after recovery from anaesthesia (M3). To exclude the influence of insects, the behaviour of six apparently pain-free donkeys was compared with and without the presence of faeces and urine in the stall. RESULTS: When compared with presurgical baseline behaviours (M0), after surgery (M1) donkeys raised their pelvic limbs more (P = .003). When compared with M1, after analgesia (M2), the median frequencies of ear movements (44 vs 16; P < .001), head shaking (7 vs 1; P < .001), head turning (5 vs 0; P < .001) and lifting of the both limbs (7 vs 0; P = .008) decreased; feeding (0 vs 29; P < .001) and water intake (0 vs 0, range 0-1 vs 0-7; P = .05) increased. The dirty stall increased tail (53 vs 80; P = .03), head (16 vs 30; P = .03) and ear movements (50 vs 78; P = .04). MAIN LIMITATIONS: The dirty stall and presence of insects possibly contributed to the expression of behaviours unrelated to pain. CONCLUSION: Lifting the pelvic limbs was the only specific pain behaviour after castration in donkeys. Analgesia restored appetite and water intake and reduced the frequency of head shaking and turning, ear movement and lifting the limbs. Tail, head and ear movements are unspecific responses related both to pain and a dirty stall, and are confounding factors when pain is assessed in donkeys in the presence of insects.

Seasonality Effects on the Mineral Profile of Goats Farmed in the Semiarid Region of Brazil.

Seasonality effects on the mineral profile of goats were evaluated. Fifty males were divided into two groups, one with mineral supplementation and one control. Seasonal evaluation was conducted during four periods: beginning, middle, and end of the dry period and middle of the rainy period. Rib and liver biopsies were performed, and blood was collected at each period to evaluate mineral accumulation. Ca, P, Cu, Fe, Mo, Zn, and Co concentrations were determined using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry after acid digestion. Normal Ca, P, and Mo; low Cu, Zn, and Co; and high Fe levels were observed in the diet. The young animals analyzed showed normal serum and bone Ca and P concentrations, suggesting no need for supplementation throughout the entire year under the conditions of this study. Iron showed high values throughout the year, being potentially dangerous especially owing to its antagonistic relationship with other elements. Cu and Zn deficiency in the diet was observed under the conditions of this study, requiring supplementation with values higher than those contained in the mineral supplement used in the middle and end of the dry period. The supply of specific mineral supplement formulated for animals farmed in the semiarid region is suggested and would reduce costs.

Validation of the Donkey Pain Scale (DOPS) for Assessing Postoperative Pain in Donkeys.

This study aimed to validate a scale for assessing acute pain in donkeys. Forty-four adult donkeys underwent castration after sedation with intravenous (IV) xylazine, induction with guaifenesin and thiopental IV, local anesthetic block, and maintenance with isoflurane. The scale was constructed from a pilot study with four animals combined with algetic behaviors described for equines. After content validation, the scale was evaluated in 40 other donkeys by three blinded and one reference evaluator, by means of edited videos referring to the preoperative and postoperative periods: before anesthesia, 3-4 h after recovery from anesthesia, 5-6 h after recovery from anesthesia (2 h after analgesia with flunixin-1.1 mg/kg, dipyrone-10 mg/kg, and morphine-0.2 mg/kg) IV, and 24 h after recovery. Content validity, sensitivity, specificity, and responsiveness of behaviors were investigated to refine the scale. Intra- and inter-evaluator reliabilities were investigated by the weighted kappa coefficient, criterion validity by comparing the scale with the visual analog scale (VAS), internal consistency by Cronbach's α coefficient, item-total correlation by the Spearman coefficient, and intervention point for rescue analgesic by the receiver operating characteristics curve and Youden index. The scale showed very good intra-evaluator reliability (0.88-0.96), good to moderate (0.56-0.66) inter-evaluator reliability, responsiveness for all items, good criterion validity vs. VAS (0.75), acceptable internal consistency (0.64), adequate item-total correlation, except for head position and direction, and according to the principal component analysis, good association among items. The accuracy of the point for rescue analgesic was excellent (area under the curve = 0.91). The rescue analgesic score was ≥ 4 of 11 points. The scale can diagnose and quantify acute pain in donkeys submitted to castration, as the instrument is reliable and valid, with a defined intervention analgesic score.

Histopathological Parameters of Canine Bone Marrow in Cell-Block Preparations.

Studies using the cell-block technique for bone marrow (BM) analysis are limited in the veterinary literature. This work assessed whether the histopathological analysis of canine BM was feasible using cell-block cytoinclusions prepared from fine-needle sternal aspirate samples. Eight clinically healthy young-to-middle-aged dogs underwent both fine-needle sternal aspiration for BM cell-block (BM-Cb) processing and iliac-crest BM core biopsy (BM-B). Histopathologic parameters were compared between the 2 methods. There were no statistically significant histopathological differences between hematopoietic tissue areas (P = .6294) in the BM-Cb and BM-B sections, and they had similar microscopic characteristics and microarchitecture. Cellularity and reticulin-fiber staining were equivalent in the BM-Cb and BM-B preparations in 87.5% (7/8) and 100% (8/8) of the sections, respectively. However, the quantitative results of the megakaryocytic series differed between BM-Cb and BM-B in 37.5% (3/8) of the sections, and the myeloid:erythroid (M:E) ratios differed between the 2 methods in 25% (2/8). These preliminary data indicate that cell-block preparations made from sternal fine-needle aspiration samples warrant continued evaluation in a larger number of animals, including those with various diseases affecting the bone marrow.

Feline Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania infantum: Parasite Sequencing, Seropositivity, and Clinical Characterization in an Endemic Area From Brazil.

Zoonotic leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum is a disease of One Health concern since human and animal cases and environmental damage are interconnected. L. infantum has a complex epidemiological cycle with multiple hosts, including mammals-humans, domestic, and wild animals-and arthropod vectors. Knowledge on mammal infections in endemic areas is crucial for developing control strategies. This work aimed to detect and characterize L. infantum infection in domestic cats from areas where human and canine leishmaniasis cases occur. No cases of feline leishmaniasis (FeL) had been previously reported in those areas. Five municipalities from Bahia state were chosen, comprising 2,480.8 km2 with 1,103,866 inhabitants. Ninety domiciliated and/or sheltered cats underwent clinical examination and serology by a rapid reference test recommended by the Brazilian government. Cytology, PCR, and parasite DNA sequencing were performed in bone marrow samples. Rapid tests detected antibodies in 5.6% (5/90) of the cats. Leishmania infantum infection was confirmed in 7.8% (7/90) of the cats by PCR, sequencing, and parasite isolation. Three out of the five municipalities (60%) had infected cats, and PCR positivity varied from 6.9 to 29%. One cat was categorized as harboring active L. infantum infection with amastigote forms in bone marrow smears. No clinical signs were detected at the first clinical exam, but 1 month later the cat developed severe FeL. The cat isolate was grown in culture, typed and its DNA sequence was homologous to the L. infantum reference strain (PP75). In conclusion, cats are potential hosts and may acquire L. infantum in endemic areas where canine and human cases occur. For cats, the need for surveillance, differential diagnosis and clinical care is highly recommended since a fast clinical progression of FeL developed in a subclinical animal. An accurate standardized immunodiagnostic assay for FeL is warranted.

Rabies in a previously vaccinated horse: case report / Raiva em equino previamente vacinado: relato de caso

Rabies is an acute, progressive, and fatal encephalomyelitis caused by a Lyssavirus. Horses affected by the disease may be a source of infection for humans. A rapid diagnosis is crucial to initiate a prompt and adequate infection control and public health measures. This manuscript reports the case of a 4-year-old gelding, 370 kg, healthy and routinely used for veterinary teaching purposes that developed rabies although vaccinated against it. Clinical signs included lameness, ataxia, muscle tremors, decubitus and pedalling, progressive paralysis, profuse salivation, teeth grinding, and whinnying. After 4 days, the animal was euthanised and definitive diagnosis was achieved through an animal inoculation test which was positive. Complementary findings included encephalomyelitis with perivascular cuffs and identification of Negri bodies in various areas of the brain.(AU)

A raiva é uma encefalomielite aguda, progressiva e fatal causada por um Lyssavirus. Cavalos acometidos pela doença podem ser uma fonte de infecção para homens. O rápido diagnóstico é crucial para que iniciem medidas de controle de infecção e de saúde pública adequadas. Esse manuscrito descreve o caso clínico de um equino de 4 anos, macho castrado, 370 kg, hígido, usado nas práticas didáticas da escola de veterinária que desenvolveu quadro clínico de raiva, apesar de ser vacinado contra a referida doença. Os sinais clínicos incluíram claudicação, ataxia, tremores musculares, decúbito e movimentos de pedalagem, paralisia progressiva, salivação profusa, bruxismo e relinchos. Após 4 dias, o animal foi eutanasiado e o diagnóstico definitivo foi feito através de prova biológica positivada. Os achados complementares incluíram os achados histopatológicos nos quais destacam-se encefamolielite com manguitos perivasculares e identificação de Corpúsculos de Negri em várias áreas do cérebro.(AU)

Anestesia multimodal em agapornis personata submetido a amputação de asa / Multimodal anesthesia in Agapornis personata submitted to wing amputation

Existem poucos estudos para padronizar farmacologicamente o uso de drogas anestésica em aves, sendo comum serem encontradas diferentes condutas profissionais. O presente estudo relata um procedimento anestésico de um psitacídeo de 9 meses atendido no setor de Animais Silvestres e Exóticos do Hospital Veterinário da UFBA. A ave foi submetida a anestesia geral para amputação da asa esquerda, mantida sob anestesia inalatória com isufluorano via máscara orofacial, além de um protocolo pré-anestésico composto pelo butorfanol (1 mg/kg) e midazolam (0,4 mg/kg). A lidocaína sem vasoconstritor (2 mg/kg) foi utilizada na anestesia local para otimizar o procedimento. O animal foi monitorado durante todo o trans e pós-operatório, mantendo um plano anestésico adequado. A recuperação foi segura e relativamente rápida. O animal teve alta no mesmo dia, estando estável e alerta. O proprietário relatou que a ave não demonstrou sinais de dor, mantendo normal a ingestão de água e alimento menos de 24h após a alta. A partir do exposto, o processo anestésico foi bem-sucedido e o prognóstico é bom. Dessa maneira, o presente trabalho contribui com dados importantes para a comunidade científica da área, visto que o protocolo anestésico em aves ainda é pouco relatado.

There are few studies to pharmacologically standardize the use of anesthetic drugs in birds, and it is common to find different professional behaviors. The present study reports an anesthetic procedure of a 9-month parrot attended at the Wild and Exotic Animals sector of the UFBA Veterinary Hospital. The bird underwent general anesthesia for left wing amputation, maintained under inhalation anesthesia with isufluorane via orofacial mask, in addition to a pre-anesthetic protocol consisting of butorphanol (1 mg / kg) and midazolam (0.4 mg / kg). Lidocaine without vasoconstrictor (2 mg / kg) was used in local anesthesia to optimize the procedure. The animal was monitored throughout the trans and postoperative periods, maintaining an adequate anesthetic plan. Recovery was safe and relatively fast. The animal was discharged on the same day, being stable and alert. The owner reported that the bird showed no signs of pain, maintaining normal food and water intake less than 24 hours after discharge. From the above, the anesthetic process was successful and the prognosis is good. Thus, the present study contributes important data to the scientific community in the area, since the anesthetic protocol in birds is still poorly reported.

Bloqueios dos nervos ciático e femoral guiado por neuroestimulador em Chinchilla lanigera submetida a osteossíntese de tíbia / Nerve stimulator-guided ciatic and femoral nerve block during tibial osteosynthesis in Chinchilla lanigera

Background: Nociceptive stimulation in orthopedic surgery requires effective pain management to ensure trans andpostoperative patient comfort. Several techniques can be used for this, and multimodal analgesia protocols such as guidedlocoregional blocks provide a balanced effect, as they enable the use of low-dose anesthetics and offer rapid recovery. Thebenefits of specific nerve blocks in domestic animals are well known; however, there are few reports that have ascertainedtheir safety in wild species. This report is aimed at describing the successful use of neurolocalizer-guided sciatic andfemoral nerve blocks during tibial osteosyntheses in a chinchilla.Case: A 9-month-old chinchilla weighing 0.56 kg was referred for surgery for proximal and mid-diaphyseal tibia fracturesresulting from trauma. Following preanesthetic evaluation, the animal received intramuscular dexmedetomidine (15 µgkg1) as preanesthetic medication. Sedation was apparent after 15 min and was verified by a decreased activity, the animalallowing manipulation, absence of the eyelid and righting reflexes, and limb movement after clamping removal of limbafter clamping. After achieving sedation, anesthesia was induced and maintained with sevoflurane (FiO2 = 1.0), suppliedthrough a nasoral mask. Sciatic and femoral nerve blocks were performed with the aid of a neurostimulator. A needle wasinserted into the femoral triangle, cranial to the femoral artery, and into the depression between the sciatic tuberosity andthe greater femoral trochanter. The neurostimulator was set at a pulse frequency of 1 Hz, pulse duration of 0.1 ms andinitial current of 0.6 mA. The needle was advanced toward the nerves until muscle contractions were observed, and thecurrent was gradually reduced until contractions were manifested at a minimum current...

Anestesia multimodal em Agapornis personata submetido a amputação de asa / Multimodal anesthesia in Agapornis personata submitted to wing amputation

Existem poucos estudos para padronizar farmacologicamente o uso de drogas anestésica em aves, sendo comum serem encontradas diferentes condutas profissionais. O presente estudo relata um procedimento anestésico de um psitacídeo de 9 meses atendido no setor de Animais Silvestres e Exóticos do Hospital Veterinário da UFBA. A ave foi submetida a anestesia geral para amputação da asa esquerda, mantida sob anestesia inalatória com isufluorano via máscara orofacial, além de um protocolo pré-anestésico composto pelo butorfanol (1 mg/kg) e midazolam (0,4 mg/kg). A lidocaína sem vasoconstritor (2 mg/kg)foi utilizada na anestesia local para otimizar o procedimento. O animal foi monitorado durante todo o trans e pós-operatório, mantendo um plano anestésico adequado. A recuperação foi segura e relativamente rápida. O animal teve alta no mesmo dia, estando estável e alerta. O proprietário relatou que a ave não demonstrou sinais de dor, mantendo normal a ingestão de água e alimento menos de 24h após a alta. A partir do exposto, o processo anestésico foi bem-sucedido e o prognóstico é bom. Dessa maneira, o presente trabalho contribui com dados importantes para a comunidade científica da área, visto que o protocolo anestésico em aves ainda é pouco relatado.(AU)

There are few studies to pharmacologically standardize the use of anesthetic drugs in birds, and it is common to find different professional behaviors. The present study reports ananesthetic procedure of a 9-month parrot attended at the Wild and Exotic Animals sector of the UFBA Veterinary Hospital. The bird underwent general anesthesia for left wing amputation, maintained under inhalation anesthesia with isufluorane via orofacial mask, inaddition to a pre-anesthetic protocol consisting of butorphanol (1 mg / kg) and midazolam(0.4 mg / kg). Lidocaine without vasoconstrictor (2 mg / kg) was used in local anesthesia to optimize the procedure. The animal was monitored throughout the trans and postoperative periods, maintaining an adequate anesthetic plan. Recovery was safe and relatively fast. The animal was discharged on the same day, being stable and alert. The owner reported that the bird showed no signs of pain, maintaining normal food and water intake less than 24 hours after discharge. From the above, the anesthetic process was successful and the prognosis is good. Thus, the present study contributes important data to the scientific community in the area, since the anesthetic protocol in birds is still poorly reported.(AU)

Bloqueios dos nervos ciático e femoral guiado por neuroestimulador em Chinchilla lanigera submetida a osteossíntese de tíbia / Nerve stimulator-guided ciatic and femoral nerve block during tibial osteosynthesis in Chinchilla lanigera

Background: Nociceptive stimulation in orthopedic surgery requires effective pain management to ensure trans andpostoperative patient comfort. Several techniques can be used for this, and multimodal analgesia protocols such as guidedlocoregional blocks provide a balanced effect, as they enable the use of low-dose anesthetics and offer rapid recovery. Thebenefits of specific nerve blocks in domestic animals are well known; however, there are few reports that have ascertainedtheir safety in wild species. This report is aimed at describing the successful use of neurolocalizer-guided sciatic andfemoral nerve blocks during tibial osteosyntheses in a chinchilla.Case: A 9-month-old chinchilla weighing 0.56 kg was referred for surgery for proximal and mid-diaphyseal tibia fracturesresulting from trauma. Following preanesthetic evaluation, the animal received intramuscular dexmedetomidine (15 µgkg1) as preanesthetic medication. Sedation was apparent after 15 min and was verified by a decreased activity, the animalallowing manipulation, absence of the eyelid and righting reflexes, and limb movement after clamping removal of limbafter clamping. After achieving sedation, anesthesia was induced and maintained with sevoflurane (FiO2 = 1.0), suppliedthrough a nasoral mask. Sciatic and femoral nerve blocks were performed with the aid of a neurostimulator. A needle wasinserted into the femoral triangle, cranial to the femoral artery, and into the depression between the sciatic tuberosity andthe greater femoral trochanter. The neurostimulator was set at a pulse frequency of 1 Hz, pulse duration of 0.1 ms andinitial current of 0.6 mA. The needle was advanced toward the nerves until muscle contractions were observed, and thecurrent was gradually reduced until contractions were manifested at a minimum current...(AU)

Bloqueio do plexo braquial com uso de neuroestimulador em coruja-orelhuda (Asio clamator) submetida à amputação de asa / Brachial plexus block with use of a neurostimulator in a striped owl (Asio clamator) undergoing wing amputation

Background: The use of distinct drugs and techniques for establishing balanced anesthesia protocols has shown promisingresults in birds. The techniques of locoregional block can be incorporated to these protocols, thereby providing intra- andpost-operative analgesia and reducing the requirement for general anesthesia. Additionally, the use of neurostimulatorsincreases the chances of success and reduces the risk of toxicity; however, there are limited reports in the literature of itsapplicability in wild birds. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe the brachial plexus block technique guidedusing a neurolocalizer in a striped owl (Asio clamator) submitted for right wing amputation.Case: A striped owl weighing 400 g with a history of exposed fracture of the right wing was supplied by the clinical sectorat the Veterinarian Hospital of the Federal University of Bahia. Following hydration and stabilization of vital signs, theanimal was referred to the surgical center for amputation of the limb. Dexmedetomidine (10 µg.kg−1 IM) was administeredas premedication, and after 20 min, anesthetic induction was performed using sevoflurane (FiO2 = 100%) via a mask followed by maintenance using the same drug. The animal was positioned in a left lateral decubitus position with access to thebrachial plexus determined by palpation and identification of the border of the following muscles: pectoral, cranial branchof the brachial biceps, and dorsal branch of the ventral serratus. The brachial plexus nerves are situated in the subcutaneous site craniodorsal to the axillary depression. For the block, a neurolocalizer was used, fixing the positive electrode toapproximately 5 cm from the needle insertion site (21G × 2”) in the axillary depression, which remained connected to theneurostimulator by the second electrode. At first, the needle was attached to the peripheral nerve stimulator using a pulsefrequency of 1 Hz with an... (AU)

Bloqueio do plexo braquial com uso de neuroestimulador em coruja-orelhuda (Asio clamator) submetida à amputação de asa / Brachial plexus block with use of a neurostimulator in a striped owl (Asio clamator) undergoing wing amputation

Background: The use of distinct drugs and techniques for establishing balanced anesthesia protocols has shown promisingresults in birds. The techniques of locoregional block can be incorporated to these protocols, thereby providing intra- andpost-operative analgesia and reducing the requirement for general anesthesia. Additionally, the use of neurostimulatorsincreases the chances of success and reduces the risk of toxicity; however, there are limited reports in the literature of itsapplicability in wild birds. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe the brachial plexus block technique guidedusing a neurolocalizer in a striped owl (Asio clamator) submitted for right wing amputation.Case: A striped owl weighing 400 g with a history of exposed fracture of the right wing was supplied by the clinical sectorat the Veterinarian Hospital of the Federal University of Bahia. Following hydration and stabilization of vital signs, theanimal was referred to the surgical center for amputation of the limb. Dexmedetomidine (10 µg.kg−1 IM) was administeredas premedication, and after 20 min, anesthetic induction was performed using sevoflurane (FiO2 = 100%) via a mask followed by maintenance using the same drug. The animal was positioned in a left lateral decubitus position with access to thebrachial plexus determined by palpation and identification of the border of the following muscles: pectoral, cranial branchof the brachial biceps, and dorsal branch of the ventral serratus. The brachial plexus nerves are situated in the subcutaneous site craniodorsal to the axillary depression. For the block, a neurolocalizer was used, fixing the positive electrode toapproximately 5 cm from the needle insertion site (21G × 2’”) in the axillary depression, which remained connected to theneurostimulator by the second electrode. At first, the needle was attached to the peripheral nerve stimulator using a pulsefrequency of 1 Hz with an...

Clinical responses to acute blood loss in goats / Respostas clínicas à perda sanguínea aguda em caprinos

The response to blood loss is directly related to the degree of hemorrhage, but for the caprine species some aspects still need to be investigated. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the clinical and hemodynamic effects of acute blood loss in goats. Eight healthy, adult male crossbred goats were subjected to external jugular puncture to remove 30% of the total blood volume. A physical examination and blood gas, biochemical, and hematologic analyses were performed at baseline, before blood loss (T0), and after one (T1h), six (T6h), 12 (T12h), 24 (T24h) and 72 (T72h) hours, and eight (T8d), 16 (T16d), 24 (T24d) and 32 (T32d) days after the acute blood loss event. The goats presented with tachycardia, tachypnea, and hyperthermia one hour after blood loss with a return to normal physiological values at T6h. Packed cell volume was decreased at T1h and red cell counts at T12h, both returning to baseline at T24d. There was a reduction in total protein and albumin levels at T1h, both remained below baseline levels until T16d and T8d, respectively. The serum calcium concentration decreased over the period T1h to T24h and glucose increased over the period T1h to T6h. The values of pH, TCO2 , bicarbonate, and base excess were lower at T1h, while lactate increased markedly at this time. The pCO2 value only was reduced at T24h. Systolic (PS), diastolic (PD), and mean (PM) pressures were decreased at T1h. Acute loss of 30% of blood volume in goats caused changes in clinical, blood gas, and biochemical parameters, which were restored over a six-hour period, while hematologic changes were more persistent, with baseline values restored only after 24 days.

A resposta clínica à perda de sangue está diretamente relacionada ao grau de hemorragia, mas para a espécie caprinas alguns aspectos ainda precisam ser investigados. Deste modo o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos clínicos e hemodinâmicos da perda aguda de sangue em caprinos. Oito caprinos adultos, mestiços, hígidos, foram submetidas a punção jugular externa para remoção de 30% do volume total de sangue. Foi realizado exame clínico e análises hematológicas, hemogasométricas e bioquímicas no momento basal, antes da perda de sangue (T0), e uma (T1h), seis (T6h), 12 (T12h), 24 (T24h) e 72 (T72h) horas e oito (T8d), 16 (T16d), 24 (T24d) e 32 (T32d) dias após. As cabras apresentaram taquicardia, taquipneia e hipertermia uma hora após a perda de sangue com retorno aos valores fisiológicos em T6h. O volume globular diminuiu em T1h e a contagem de células vermelhas em T12h, ambos retornando valores basais em T24d. Houve uma redução nos níveis de proteína totais e albumina em T1h, e ambos permaneceram abaixo dos níveis basais até T16d e T8d, respectivamente. A concentração sérica de cálcio diminuiu durante o período T1h para T24h e a glicose aumentou no período T1h a T6h. Os valores de pH, TCO2, bicarbonato e excesso de base foram menores em T1h, enquanto o lactato aumentou acentuadamente neste momento. O pCO2 foi reduzida somente em T24h. As pressões sistólica (PS), diastólica (PD) e média (PM) diminuíram em T1h. A perda aguda de 30% do volume sangüíneo em cabras causou alterações nos parâmetros clínicos, hemogasométricos e bioquímicos, que foram restaurados ao longo de um período de seis horas, enquanto que as alterações hematológicas foram mais persistentes, com valores basais restaurados somente após 24 dias.

Clinical responses to acute blood loss in goats / Respostas clínicas à perda sanguínea aguda em caprinos

The response to blood loss is directly related to the degree of hemorrhage, but for the caprine species some aspects still need to be investigated. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the clinical and hemodynamic effects of acute blood loss in goats. Eight healthy, adult male crossbred goats were subjected to external jugular puncture to remove 30% of the total blood volume. A physical examination and blood gas, biochemical, and hematologic analyses were performed at baseline, before blood loss (T0), and after one (T1h), six (T6h), 12 (T12h), 24 (T24h) and 72 (T72h) hours, and eight (T8d), 16 (T16d), 24 (T24d) and 32 (T32d) days after the acute blood loss event. The goats presented with tachycardia, tachypnea, and hyperthermia one hour after blood loss with a return to normal physiological values at T6h. Packed cell volume was decreased at T1h and red cell counts at T12h, both returning to baseline at T24d. There was a reduction in total protein and albumin levels at T1h, both remained below baseline levels until T16d and T8d, respectively. The serum calcium concentration decreased over the period T1h to T24h and glucose increased over the period T1h to T6h. The values of pH, TCO2 , bicarbonate, and base excess were lower at T1h, while lactate increased markedly at this time. The pCO2 value only was reduced at T24h. Systolic (PS), diastolic (PD), and mean (PM) pressures were decreased at T1h. Acute loss of 30% of blood volume in goats caused changes in clinical, blood gas, and biochemical parameters, which were restored over a six-hour period, while hematologic changes were more persistent, with baseline values restored only after 24 days.(AU)

A resposta clínica à perda de sangue está diretamente relacionada ao grau de hemorragia, mas para a espécie caprinas alguns aspectos ainda precisam ser investigados. Deste modo o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos clínicos e hemodinâmicos da perda aguda de sangue em caprinos. Oito caprinos adultos, mestiços, hígidos, foram submetidas a punção jugular externa para remoção de 30% do volume total de sangue. Foi realizado exame clínico e análises hematológicas, hemogasométricas e bioquímicas no momento basal, antes da perda de sangue (T0), e uma (T1h), seis (T6h), 12 (T12h), 24 (T24h) e 72 (T72h) horas e oito (T8d), 16 (T16d), 24 (T24d) e 32 (T32d) dias após. As cabras apresentaram taquicardia, taquipneia e hipertermia uma hora após a perda de sangue com retorno aos valores fisiológicos em T6h. O volume globular diminuiu em T1h e a contagem de células vermelhas em T12h, ambos retornando valores basais em T24d. Houve uma redução nos níveis de proteína totais e albumina em T1h, e ambos permaneceram abaixo dos níveis basais até T16d e T8d, respectivamente. A concentração sérica de cálcio diminuiu durante o período T1h para T24h e a glicose aumentou no período T1h a T6h. Os valores de pH, TCO2, bicarbonato e excesso de base foram menores em T1h, enquanto o lactato aumentou acentuadamente neste momento. O pCO2 foi reduzida somente em T24h. As pressões sistólica (PS), diastólica (PD) e média (PM) diminuíram em T1h. A perda aguda de 30% do volume sangüíneo em cabras causou alterações nos parâmetros clínicos, hemogasométricos e bioquímicos, que foram restaurados ao longo de um período de seis horas, enquanto que as alterações hematológicas foram mais persistentes, com valores basais restaurados somente após 24 dias.(AU)

Utilização de alfaxalona associado com meperidina e midazolam em gato obstruído / Use of alphaxalone associated with meperidine and midazolam in an obstructed cat

Objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar o uso do anestésico alfaxalona associado à meperidina e midazolam para o procedimento de desobstrução uretral em um gato com doença do trato urinário inferior felino (DTUIF), analisando as qualidades de indução e recuperação, assim como as alterações fisiológicas. Um felino macho, quatro anos de idade, 3.1 Kg, castrado, foi atendido no setor de emergência do Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-árido com histórico de estrangúria, abdome distendido e vesícula urinária repleta, sendo diagnosticado com DTUIF obstrutiva. Para o procedimento de desobstrução uretral a MPA foi instituída com meperidina 3mg/Kg por via intramuscular (IM), dez minutos após, procedeu-se a indução anestésica: 0,4mg/ Kg de midazolam seguido de 2mg/Kg de alfaxalona, ambos diluídos em água de injeção, dispostos separadamente em seringas individuais, e administrados pela via intravenosa (IV). A alfaxalona foi administrado lentamente, contabilizando 1 minuto para total fornecimento. Foram avaliadas a frequência cardíaca (FC), frequência respiratória (f), temperatura retal (TR), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), média (PAM), diastólica (PAD) e hemogasometria venosa, antes, durante e após o procedimento anestésico. A alfaxalona em associação com o midazolam produziu perda rápida da consciência, do reflexo de deglutição e intenso relaxamento muscular, bem como boa qualidade de indução e recuperação. O protocolo utilizado produziu mínimas anormalidades clinico patológicas, sem alterações importantes nos parâmetros cardíacos e respiratórios durante todo o procedimento, com manutenção da pressão arterial. Portanto, o anestésico alfaxalona foi considerado seguro para o procedimento de desobstrução uretral em gato macho com DTUIF.

Utilização de alfaxalona associado com meperidina e midazolam em gato obstruído / Use of alphaxalone associated with meperidine and midazolam in an obstructed cat

Objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar o uso do anestésico alfaxalona associado à meperidina e midazolam para o procedimento de desobstrução uretral em um gato com doença do trato urinário inferior felino (DTUIF), analisando as qualidades de indução e recuperação, assim como as alterações fisiológicas. Um felino macho, quatro anos de idade, 3.1 Kg, castrado, foi atendido no setor de emergência do Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-árido com histórico de estrangúria, abdome distendido e vesícula urinária repleta, sendo diagnosticado com DTUIF obstrutiva. Para o procedimento de desobstrução uretral a MPA foi instituída com meperidina 3mg/Kg por via intramuscular (IM), dez minutos após, procedeu-se a indução anestésica: 0,4mg/Kg de midazolam seguido de 2mg/Kg de alfaxalona, ambos diluídos em água de injeção, dispostos separadamente em seringas individuais, e administrados pela via intravenosa (IV). A alfaxalona foi administrado lentamente, contabilizando 1 minuto para total fornecimento. Foram avaliadas a frequência cardíaca (FC), frequência respiratória (f), temperatura retal (TR), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), média (PAM), diastólica (PAD) e hemogasometria venosa, antes, durante e após o procedimento anestésico. A alfaxalona em associação com o midazolam produziu perda rápida da consciência, do reflexo de deglutição e intenso relaxamento muscular, bem como boa qualidade de indução e recuperação. O protocolo utilizado produziu mínimas anormalidades clinico patológicas, sem alterações importantes nos parâmetros cardíacos e respiratórios durante todo o procedimento, com manutenção da pressão arterial. Portanto, o anestésico alfaxalona foi considerado seguro para o procedimento de desobstrução uretral emgato macho com DTUIF.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of the anesthetic alfaxalone in combination with meperidine and midazolam as an anesthetic protocol for managing urethral obstruction in a male cat with feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD), and verify the quality of the induction and recovery as well as the physiological changes. A male four-year-old cat, weighing 3.1 kg, was admitted to the emergency service of the Veterinary Hospital at the Federal Rural Semi-Arid University, with a clinical history of stranguria, haematuria, distended abdomen and an enlarged urinary bladder. To prepare to unblock the urethral obstruction, intravenous (IV) Lactated Ringers solution (RL) administration was initially performed. The anesthetic protocol used was 3mg.kg-1 meperidine IM, followed by 0.4 mg.kg-1 midazolam IV given immediately before 2 mg.kg-1 alfaxalone IV. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT), systolic arterial pressure (SAP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP) and venous blood gases were evaluated before, during and after the anesthesia. There was no significant variation in the analyzed parameters after administration of meperidine. Alfaxalone, in combination with midazolam, produced rapid loss of consciousness, swallowing reflex and intense muscle relaxation, as well as a good quality of induction and recovery. The presented protocol induced minimal clinical pathological abnormalities, no significant changes in cardiac and respiratory parameters throughout the procedure, with maintenance of the blood pressure. Therefore, the anesthetic alfaxalone was considered safe for managing urethral obstruction in male cat with FLUTD.(AU)