Feeding behavior of sheep fed sugarcane silage enriched with detoxified castor bean meal

The aim of this study was to evaluate the feeding behavior of sheep fed sugarcane silage enriched with increasing levels of detoxified castor bean meal. Twenty-four non-castrated male Santa Inês sheep with an average body weight of 25.34 kg and four months of age, were distributed in four treatments - 0, 7, 14 and 21% of the natural matter of detoxified castor bean meal in sugarcane silage. There was a linear increase (p < 0.05) in time spent eating and feeding and rumination efficiency (g MS and NDF/h) with the inclusion of castor bean meal in silage. However, there was a linear decreasing response for time spent resting (p < 0.05). Time spent ruminating, number of boluses per day and numbers of chews per day per bolus were not affected (p > 0.05) by the inclusion of castor bean meal. The addition of detoxified castor bean meal to sugarcane silage reduces time spent eating and increases feed and rumination efficiency in sheep.(AU)

Body weight components of Nellore steers finished in tropical pastures

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of increasing levels of supplementation on body weight components of Nellore cattle grazing in Urochloa brizantha. Twenty-four steers with initial body weight (BW) of 371 ± 14 kg and average age of 26 months were used. Four animals were slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment as a reference and the others were distributed in 4 treatments [0.0% (mineral salt), 0.3%, 0.6% and 0.9% supplement BW]. The slaughter of the experimental group was performed when the animals reached 450 kg and the body weight components were weighed. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and regression. The increase in supplementation level reduced (p 0.05) pasture dry matter intake, but did not influence (p > 0.05) on empty body weight (EBW) (380.3 kg) and cold carcass weight (CCW) (247.5 kg). The weights of skin, liver, rumen and fat were not influenced (p > 0.05) by supplementation level. The animals gained, on average, 75.3 kg EBW and 50.7 kg CCW, but the treatments did not influence (p > 0.05) the gains of body weight components. The increasing of energetic-protein supplement level for Nellore steers in Urochloa brizantha pasture does not affect carcass and non-carcass components.(AU)

Body weight components of Nellore steers finished in tropical pastures

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of increasing levels of supplementation on body weight components of Nellore cattle grazing in Urochloa brizantha. Twenty-four steers with initial body weight (BW) of 371 ± 14 kg and average age of 26 months were used. Four animals were slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment as a reference and the others were distributed in 4 treatments [0.0% (mineral salt), 0.3%, 0.6% and 0.9% supplement BW]. The slaughter of the experimental group was performed when the animals reached 450 kg and the body weight components were weighed. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and regression. The increase in supplementation level reduced (p 0.05) pasture dry matter intake, but did not influence (p > 0.05) on empty body weight (EBW) (380.3 kg) and cold carcass weight (CCW) (247.5 kg). The weights of skin, liver, rumen and fat were not influenced (p > 0.05) by supplementation level. The animals gained, on average, 75.3 kg EBW and 50.7 kg CCW, but the treatments did not influence (p > 0.05) the gains of body weight components. The increasing of energetic-protein supplement level for Nellore steers in Urochloa brizantha pasture does not affect carcass and non-carcass components.

Feeding behavior of sheep fed sugarcane silage enriched with detoxified castor bean meal

The aim of this study was to evaluate the feeding behavior of sheep fed sugarcane silage enriched with increasing levels of detoxified castor bean meal. Twenty-four non-castrated male Santa Inês sheep with an average body weight of 25.34 kg and four months of age, were distributed in four treatments - 0, 7, 14 and 21% of the natural matter of detoxified castor bean meal in sugarcane silage. There was a linear increase (p 0.05) by the inclusion of castor bean meal. The addition of detoxified castor bean meal to sugarcane silage reduces time spent eating and increases feed and rumination efficiency in sheep.

Elephant grass silages with or without wilting, with cassava meal in silage production / Características da silagem de capim-elefante previamente emurchecido e aditivado com farelo de mandioca

The experiment was developed to evaluate the effects of wilting and inclusion of cassava meal level on nutritive value, fermentative characteristics and losses of elephant grass silage. The 4 x 2 factorial scheme was adopted, with four repetitions, in a completely randomized design. The factors evaluated were wilting (without and with) and cassava meal level (0; 7.5; 15 and 22.5% of natural matter, DN). PVC silos with 50 cm height and 10 cm diameter were used for silages production, which were opened after 60 days. The wilting and cassava meal addition had increasing linear effect on DM content. Silages with cassava meal showed reduction of total nitrogen, ether extract, acid detergent insoluble nitrogen, neutral detergent fiber ash and protein free, acid detergent fiber, celluloses, hemicelluloses and lignin contents and increase of organic matter content, DM in vitro digestibility and total digestible nutrients. Relative to variables inherent to silages fermentative characteristics, pH presented quadratic behavior. Concerning to ammonia nitrogen, it was observed quadratic and decreasing linear behavior for silages without and with wilting, respectively. Wilting and cassava meal inclusion provided smaller effluent losses.(AU)

O experimento foi desenvolvido para avaliar os efeitos do emurchecimento e da inclusão de níveis de farelo de mandioca sobre o valor nutritivo, as características fermentativas e as perdas por gases e efluente da silagem de capim-elefante. Foi adotado o esquema fatorial 4 x 2, com quatro repetições, no delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os fatores avaliados foram níveis de farelo de mandioca (0; 7,5; 15 e 22,5 % da matéria natural, MN) e emurchecimento (com e sem). Foram usados silos de PVC, com 50 cm de altura e 10 cm de diâmetro para a produção das silagens, que foram abertos após 60 dias. O emurchecimento e a adição do farelo de mandioca tiveram efeito linear crescente sobre o teor de matéria seca (MS). As silagens com farelo de mandioca apresentaram redução dos teores de nitrogênio total, extrato etéreo, nitrogênio insolúvel em detergente ácido, fibra em detergente neutro isenta de cinzas e proteína, fibra em detergente ácido, celulose, hemicelulose e lignina e elevação do teor de matéria orgânica, da digestibilidade in vitro da MS e dos nutrientes digestíveis totais. No que concerne às características fermentativas das silagens, o pH apresentou comportamento quadrático. Quanto ao nitrogênio amoniacal, observou-se comportamento quadrático e linear decrescente para as silagens sem e com emurchecimento, respectivamente. O emurchecimento e a inclusão do farelo de mandioca propiciaram menores perdas por efluente. O emurchecimento e a adição de farelo de mandioca melhora o valor nutritivo e as características fermentativas das silagens estudadas.(AU)

Elephant grass silages with or without wilting, with cassava meal in silage production / Características da silagem de capim-elefante previamente emurchecido e aditivado com farelo de mandioca

The experiment was developed to evaluate the effects of wilting and inclusion of cassava meal level on nutritive value, fermentative characteristics and losses of elephant grass silage. The 4 x 2 factorial scheme was adopted, with four repetitions, in a completely randomized design. The factors evaluated were wilting (without and with) and cassava meal level (0; 7.5; 15 and 22.5% of natural matter, DN). PVC silos with 50 cm height and 10 cm diameter were used for silages production, which were opened after 60 days. The wilting and cassava meal addition had increasing linear effect on DM content. Silages with cassava meal showed reduction of total nitrogen, ether extract, acid detergent insoluble nitrogen, neutral detergent fiber ash and protein free, acid detergent fiber, celluloses, hemicelluloses and lignin contents and increase of organic matter content, DM in vitro digestibility and total digestible nutrients. Relative to variables inherent to silages’ fermentative characteristics, pH presented quadratic behavior. Concerning to ammonia nitrogen, it was observed quadratic and decreasing linear behavior for silages without and with wilting, respectively. Wilting and cassava meal inclusion provided smaller effluent losses.

O experimento foi desenvolvido para avaliar os efeitos do emurchecimento e da inclusão de níveis de farelo de mandioca sobre o valor nutritivo, as características fermentativas e as perdas por gases e efluente da silagem de capim-elefante. Foi adotado o esquema fatorial 4 x 2, com quatro repetições, no delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os fatores avaliados foram níveis de farelo de mandioca (0; 7,5; 15 e 22,5 % da matéria natural, MN) e emurchecimento (com e sem). Foram usados silos de PVC, com 50 cm de altura e 10 cm de diâmetro para a produção das silagens, que foram abertos após 60 dias. O emurchecimento e a adição do farelo de mandioca tiveram efeito linear crescente sobre o teor de matéria seca (MS). As silagens com farelo de mandioca apresentaram redução dos teores de nitrogênio total, extrato etéreo, nitrogênio insolúvel em detergente ácido, fibra em detergente neutro isenta de cinzas e proteína, fibra em detergente ácido, celulose, hemicelulose e lignina e elevação do teor de matéria orgânica, da digestibilidade in vitro da MS e dos nutrientes digestíveis totais. No que concerne às características fermentativas das silagens, o pH apresentou comportamento quadrático. Quanto ao nitrogênio amoniacal, observou-se comportamento quadrático e linear decrescente para as silagens sem e com emurchecimento, respectivamente. O emurchecimento e a inclusão do farelo de mandioca propiciaram menores perdas por efluente. O emurchecimento e a adição de farelo de mandioca melhora o valor nutritivo e as características fermentativas das silagens estudadas.

Feeding behavior of lambs fed castor meal / Comportamento ingestivo de cordeiros alimentados com farelo de mamona

The experiment aimed to evaluate the feeding behavior of Santa Inês lambs fed diets containing different levels of detoxified castor meal in the concentrate. Twenty-four sheep with an average body weight of 18.5± 2.26 kg, at four months of age, were distributed in a randomized complete design with four treatment and six replications. Treatments consisted of four levels of castor meal (0, 33, 67, and 100%) replacing soybean meal. Animals underwent a 15-day adaptation period and an experimental period of 84 days. The diet was composed of 60% sugarcane silage and 40% concentrate, on a dry matter basis. Animal behavior (idle, rumination, and feeding activities) were observed visually for two 24-h periods with 5-min intervals, and recorded. The number of rumination chews and the time taken to ruminate each cud per day were counted using a digital stopwatch. Dry matter (DM) intake was not affected by inclusion of castor meal in the concentrate, averaging 884.02 g day?1. The feeding activity was not affected by addition of castor meal. Rumination time increased linearly, whereas the idle and rumination times decreased linearly with addition of castor meal. Feeding time, expressed in min per kg of DM and NDF, was not influenced by the inclusion of the meal in the diet, averaging 373.3 and 880.0 min, respectively. The number of chews and the time taken to ruminate each cud were not...(AU)

O experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento ingestivo de cordeiros da raça Santa Inês, recebendo dietas com diferentes níveis de farelo de mamona detoxificado no concentrado. Foram utilizados 24 ovinos, com peso corporal médio de 18,5± 2,26 kg e quatro meses de idade. Os animais foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de quatro níveis de farelo de mamona (0, 33; 67 e 100%) em substituição ao farelo de soja. Os animais foram submetidos a um período 15 dias para adaptação e 84 dias de período experimental. A dieta foi constituída de 60% de silagem de cana-de-açúcar e 40% de concentrado, com base na matéria seca. As observações referentes ao comportamento animal foram realizadas de forma visual, durante dois períodos de 24 horas, a intervalos de 5 minutos. As variáveis comportamentais observadas e registradas foram: ócio, ruminação e alimentação. Foram realizadas a contagem do número de mastigações merícicas e a determinação do tempo despendido na ruminação de cada bolo ruminal, para cada animal, com a utilização de cronômetro digital. O consumo de matéria seca (MS) não foi afetado pela inclusão de farelo de mamona no concentrado apresentando valor médio de 884,02 g/dia. A atividade de alimentação não foi afetada com a inclusão de farelo de mamona. O tempo de...(AU)

Feeding behavior of lambs fed castor meal / Comportamento ingestivo de cordeiros alimentados com farelo de mamona

The experiment aimed to evaluate the feeding behavior of Santa Inês lambs fed diets containing different levels of detoxified castor meal in the concentrate. Twenty-four sheep with an average body weight of 18.5± 2.26 kg, at four months of age, were distributed in a randomized complete design with four treatment and six replications. Treatments consisted of four levels of castor meal (0, 33, 67, and 100%) replacing soybean meal. Animals underwent a 15-day adaptation period and an experimental period of 84 days. The diet was composed of 60% sugarcane silage and 40% concentrate, on a dry matter basis. Animal behavior (idle, rumination, and feeding activities) were observed visually for two 24-h periods with 5-min intervals, and recorded. The number of rumination chews and the time taken to ruminate each cud per day were counted using a digital stopwatch. Dry matter (DM) intake was not affected by inclusion of castor meal in the concentrate, averaging 884.02 g day?1. The feeding activity was not affected by addition of castor meal. Rumination time increased linearly, whereas the idle and rumination times decreased linearly with addition of castor meal. Feeding time, expressed in min per kg of DM and NDF, was not influenced by the inclusion of the meal in the diet, averaging 373.3 and 880.0 min, respectively. The number of chews and the time taken to ruminate each cud were not...

O experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento ingestivo de cordeiros da raça Santa Inês, recebendo dietas com diferentes níveis de farelo de mamona detoxificado no concentrado. Foram utilizados 24 ovinos, com peso corporal médio de 18,5± 2,26 kg e quatro meses de idade. Os animais foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de quatro níveis de farelo de mamona (0, 33; 67 e 100%) em substituição ao farelo de soja. Os animais foram submetidos a um período 15 dias para adaptação e 84 dias de período experimental. A dieta foi constituída de 60% de silagem de cana-de-açúcar e 40% de concentrado, com base na matéria seca. As observações referentes ao comportamento animal foram realizadas de forma visual, durante dois períodos de 24 horas, a intervalos de 5 minutos. As variáveis comportamentais observadas e registradas foram: ócio, ruminação e alimentação. Foram realizadas a contagem do número de mastigações merícicas e a determinação do tempo despendido na ruminação de cada bolo ruminal, para cada animal, com a utilização de cronômetro digital. O consumo de matéria seca (MS) não foi afetado pela inclusão de farelo de mamona no concentrado apresentando valor médio de 884,02 g/dia. A atividade de alimentação não foi afetada com a inclusão de farelo de mamona. O tempo de...

Influência do sexo no desempenho, característica de carcaça e viabilidade econômica de bovinos alimentados com dieta de alto grão / Influence of sex on performance, carcass traits and economic feasibility of cattle fed high grain diets

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do sexo sobre o desempenho, as características de carcaça e a viabilidade econômica da terminação de bovinos alimentados com dieta de alto grão. O experimento foi conduzido na fazenda Manaus, municípios de Itajú do Colônia, localizado na região sul da Bahia. Foram utilizados 40 bovinos da raça Nelore, 20 novilhos não castrados e 20 novilhas, separados de acordo com os tratamentos: machos e fêmeas organizados no delineamento inteiramente ao acaso. Não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas de desempenho (P>0,05), exceto para conversão alimentar e eficiência alimentar (P 0,05). Houve efeito do sexo para todas as características de carcaça (P 0,05). Os custos de mão-de-obra, depreciação, benfeitorias, administração e taxas não apresentaram diferenças entre os sexos estudadas (P>0,05). O custo total com os machos foi superior ao obtidos para as fêmeas (P 0,05). Não houve diferença na rentabilidade e lucratividade (P 0,05). Machos e fêmeas apresentam mesmo desempenho quando alimentados com dietas de alto grão, no entanto fêmeas apresentam melhor cobertura de gordura. Uso de macho e fêmeas em confinamentos de alto grão são viáveis economicamente.

This study was aimed at evaluating the effect of gender on performance, carcass traits and economic feasibility of finishing beef cattle fed high grain diets. The experiment was conducted at the Manaus Farm, located in the boroughs of Itajú do Colônia, southern Bahia state. A total of 40 Nellore animals have been used: 20 uncastrated strees and 20 heifers, separated as a function of treatments: males and females have been arranged in a completely randomized design. Except for feed conversion and feed efficiency (FE), there was no statistical difference in performance (P>0.05). Sex has exerted an effect in all carcass traits (P 0.05). In cost to taxes, personnel, depreciation, improvements and administration relatedcosts have not varied as a function of sex (P>0.05). The total cost of males was higher than the females (P 0.05). Income and profitability did not vary (P 0.05). Males and females have the same performance when fed diets high grain, however females have better fat cover. Use of male and female high grain in feedlots are economically viable.

Influência do sexo no desempenho, característica de carcaça e viabilidade econômica de bovinos alimentados com dieta de alto grão / Influence of sex on performance, carcass traits and economic feasibility of cattle fed high grain diets

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do sexo sobre o desempenho, as características de carcaça e a viabilidade econômica da terminação de bovinos alimentados com dieta de alto grão. O experimento foi conduzido na fazenda Manaus, municípios de Itajú do Colônia, localizado na região sul da Bahia. Foram utilizados 40 bovinos da raça Nelore, 20 novilhos não castrados e 20 novilhas, separados de acordo com os tratamentos: machos e fêmeas organizados no delineamento inteiramente ao acaso. Não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas de desempenho (P>0,05), exceto para conversão alimentar e eficiência alimentar (P 0,05). Houve efeito do sexo para todas as características de carcaça (P 0,05). Os custos de mão-de-obra, depreciação, benfeitorias, administração e taxas não apresentaram diferenças entre os sexos estudadas (P>0,05). O custo total com os machos foi superior ao obtidos para as fêmeas (P 0,05). Não houve diferença na rentabilidade e lucratividade (P 0,05). Machos e fêmeas apresentam mesmo desempenho quando alimentados com dietas de alto grão, no entanto fêmeas apresentam melhor cobertura de gordura. Uso de macho e fêmeas em confinamentos de alto grão são viáveis economicamente.(AU)

This study was aimed at evaluating the effect of gender on performance, carcass traits and economic feasibility of finishing beef cattle fed high grain diets. The experiment was conducted at the Manaus Farm, located in the boroughs of Itajú do Colônia, southern Bahia state. A total of 40 Nellore animals have been used: 20 uncastrated strees and 20 heifers, separated as a function of treatments: males and females have been arranged in a completely randomized design. Except for feed conversion and feed efficiency (FE), there was no statistical difference in performance (P>0.05). Sex has exerted an effect in all carcass traits (P 0.05). In cost to taxes, personnel, depreciation, improvements and administration relatedcosts have not varied as a function of sex (P>0.05). The total cost of males was higher than the females (P 0.05). Income and profitability did not vary (P 0.05). Males and females have the same performance when fed diets high grain, however females have better fat cover. Use of male and female high grain in feedlots are economically viable.(AU)