Beef cattle production in established integrated systems / Produção de bovinos de corte em sistemas de integração estabelecidos

The aim of the current study is to assess three integrated systems presenting different eucalyptus tree densities due to animal and forage production. The following integrated systems were assessed: crop-livestock-forest with 357 eucalyptus trees ha-1 (ICLF1); crop-livestock-forest with 227 eucalyptus trees ha-1 (ICLF2); and crop-livestock with 5 remnant native trees ha-1 (ICL). The randomized block experimental design was applied in a split-plot scheme with four replicates. The Average Daily Gain (ADG, g animal-1day-1) and the live-weight gain per area (LWG, kg ha-1) were applied to analyze animal performance, which was set by weighing the animals every 28 days (the animals previously fasted for 16h). Forage yield was higher in ICL during fall and winter; in summer, it did not differ from ICLF2. There was no forage yield difference between the ICL and ICLF2 systems in any of the assessed seasons; summer was more productive in ILPF1 than other seasons. The highest leaf crude protein contents (CP) in summer was recorded in systems ICLF1 and ICLF2, and the highest value recorded in fall was found in ILPF1; the lowest was found in ILP. On the other hand, the highest leaf NDF contents in summer were found in ILP. The highest ADG were found in summer. The highest LWG values recorded for the ICL and ICLF2 systems were collected in summer and fall; there was no difference in any of the three systems in winter. The LWG was higher in all system in summer. The ICLF2 emerged as the system (with trees) most appropriate for beef cattle production. Despite the shading interference on forage production, such condition is compensated by the best nutritional contents such as CP. The ICLF2 system allowing an annual LWG of 83% in relation to the ICL system during the fifth year of establishment of the systems.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar três sistemas de integração com diferentes densidades de árvores de eucalipto quanto à produção forrageira e animal. Foram avaliados os sistemas de integração: lavoura-pecuária-floresta, com 357 árvores de eucalipto ha-1 (ILPF1); lavoura-pecuária-floresta, com 227 árvores de eucalipto ha-1 (ILPF2) e lavoura-pecuária, com cinco árvores nativas remanescentes ha-1 (ILP). Na avaliação da forrageira foi adotado o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, em esquema de parcelas (ILPF1, ILPF2 e ILP) subdivididas (verão, outono e inverno), com quatro repetições. Para avaliação do desempenho animal, foi utilizado o ganho médio diário (GMD) e ganho de peso vivo por área (GPV), obtidos por pesagens a cada 28 dias com jejum prévio de 16 horas. A produção forrageira foi maior no ILP nas três estações mas, no verão, não diferiu do ILPF2. De maneira geral, os maiores teores de proteína bruta foram encontrados no sistema ILPF1 e os maiores teores de FDN, no sistema ILP. Os maiores GMD (g animal-1 dia-1) foram no verão. Foram observados maiores GPV (kg ha-1) no verão e outono nos sistemas de ILP e ILPF2, no inverno não houve diferença entre os sistemas. O GPV no verão foi superior em todos os sistemas. O sistema de ILPF2 mostrou ser o sistema com árvores mais propício à produção animal apesar de o sombreamento interferir na produtividade forrageira, permitindo um GPV anual de 83% em relação ao sistema ILP, durante o quinto ano do estabelecimentodos sistemas.(AU)

Behavioral and physiological responses of different genetic lines of free-range broiler raised on a semi-intensive system

The aim of the study was evaluate the ability of adaptation of seven different genetic lines of free-range broilers to a semi-intensive raising system. Four hundred and twenty chicks of the Pescoço Pelado (PP), Carijó (CG), Colorpak (CPK), Tricolor (TRC), Caboclo (CBC), Gigante Negro (GNG) and Pesadão Vermelho (PS) genetic groups were used. At 28 days of age the birds were allowed access the paddocks and after three days of adaptation the monitoring of the animals has started, being performed behavioral visual observations from 07:00 to 17:00. Cloacal temperature (CT) and respiratory rate (RR) were collected once a week. The environment was monitored considering the temperature, relative humidity and black globe temperature at various points of the paddocks and the shed. The physiological variables were evaluated using a randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement. Behavioral variables were analyzed using nonparametric Friedman test. Birds of Carijó and Colorpak genetic line presented greater RR, 34.6 mov/min and 36.0 mov/min respectively, compared to the birds of the Caboclo and Gigante Negro genetic line, 29.0 mov/min and 28.4 mov/min respectively. The average values of RR and CT for all genetic lines were higher in the afternoon. At 7:00 and 17:00 the foraging behavior was more intense. The Caboclo and Gigante Negro genetic line were those that stood out in the behavior of foraging, consequently, they are more able to adapt to the semi-intensive raising system.(AU)

Behavioral and physiological responses of different genetic lines of free-range broiler raised on a semi-intensive system

The aim of the study was evaluate the ability of adaptation of seven different genetic lines of free-range broilers to a semi-intensive raising system. Four hundred and twenty chicks of the Pescoço Pelado (PP), Carijó (CG), Colorpak (CPK), Tricolor (TRC), Caboclo (CBC), Gigante Negro (GNG) and Pesadão Vermelho (PS) genetic groups were used. At 28 days of age the birds were allowed access the paddocks and after three days of adaptation the monitoring of the animals has started, being performed behavioral visual observations from 07:00 to 17:00. Cloacal temperature (CT) and respiratory rate (RR) were collected once a week. The environment was monitored considering the temperature, relative humidity and black globe temperature at various points of the paddocks and the shed. The physiological variables were evaluated using a randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement. Behavioral variables were analyzed using nonparametric Friedman test. Birds of Carijó and Colorpak genetic line presented greater RR, 34.6 mov/min and 36.0 mov/min respectively, compared to the birds of the Caboclo and Gigante Negro genetic line, 29.0 mov/min and 28.4 mov/min respectively. The average values of RR and CT for all genetic lines were higher in the afternoon. At 7:00 and 17:00 the foraging behavior was more intense. The Caboclo and Gigante Negro genetic line were those that stood out in the behavior of foraging, consequently, they are more able to adapt to the semi-intensive raising system.

Beef cattle production in established integrated systems / Produção de bovinos de corte em sistemas de integração estabelecidos

The aim of the current study is to assess three integrated systems presenting different eucalyptus tree densities due to animal and forage production. The following integrated systems were assessed: crop-livestock-forest with 357 eucalyptus trees ha-1 (ICLF1); crop-livestock-forest with 227 eucalyptus trees ha-1 (ICLF2); and crop-livestock with 5 remnant native trees ha-1 (ICL). The randomized block experimental design was applied in a split-plot scheme with four replicates. The Average Daily Gain (ADG, g animal-1day-1) and the live-weight gain per area (LWG, kg ha-1) were applied to analyze animal performance, which was set by weighing the animals every 28 days (the animals previously fasted for 16h). Forage yield was higher in ICL during fall and winter; in summer, it did not differ from ICLF2. There was no forage yield difference between the ICL and ICLF2 systems in any of the assessed seasons; summer was more productive in ILPF1 than other seasons. The highest leaf crude protein contents (CP) in summer was recorded in systems ICLF1 and ICLF2, and the highest value recorded in fall was found in ILPF1; the lowest was found in ILP. On the other hand, the highest leaf NDF contents in summer were found in ILP. The highest ADG were found in summer. The highest LWG values recorded for the ICL and ICLF2 systems were collected in summer and fall; there was no difference in any of the three systems in winter. The LWG was higher in all system in summer. The ICLF2 emerged as the system (with trees) most appropriate for beef cattle production. Despite the shading interference on forage production, such condition is compensated by the best nutritional contents such as CP. The ICLF2 system allowing an annual LWG of 83% in relation to the ICL system during the fifth year of establishment of the systems.

Objetivou-se avaliar três sistemas de integração com diferentes densidades de árvores de eucalipto quanto à produção forrageira e animal. Foram avaliados os sistemas de integração: lavoura-pecuária-floresta, com 357 árvores de eucalipto ha-1 (ILPF1); lavoura-pecuária-floresta, com 227 árvores de eucalipto ha-1 (ILPF2) e lavoura-pecuária, com cinco árvores nativas remanescentes ha-1 (ILP). Na avaliação da forrageira foi adotado o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, em esquema de parcelas (ILPF1, ILPF2 e ILP) subdivididas (verão, outono e inverno), com quatro repetições. Para avaliação do desempenho animal, foi utilizado o ganho médio diário (GMD) e ganho de peso vivo por área (GPV), obtidos por pesagens a cada 28 dias com jejum prévio de 16 horas. A produção forrageira foi maior no ILP nas três estações mas, no verão, não diferiu do ILPF2. De maneira geral, os maiores teores de proteína bruta foram encontrados no sistema ILPF1 e os maiores teores de FDN, no sistema ILP. Os maiores GMD (g animal-1 dia-1) foram no verão. Foram observados maiores GPV (kg ha-1) no verão e outono nos sistemas de ILP e ILPF2, no inverno não houve diferença entre os sistemas. O GPV no verão foi superior em todos os sistemas. O sistema de ILPF2 mostrou ser o sistema com árvores mais propício à produção animal apesar de o sombreamento interferir na produtividade forrageira, permitindo um GPV anual de 83% em relação ao sistema ILP, durante o quinto ano do estabelecimentodos sistemas.