Consumo, desempenho e rendimento de carcaça de frangos de corte alimentados com rações contendo raspa de mandioca residual desidratada / Intake, performance and carcass yield of broiler chickens fed diets containing dried cassava peel meal

Avaliou-se a inclusão da raspa de mandioca residual desidratada (RMRD) nos níveis de 0%, 10%, 20% e 30% na alimentação de frangos de corte, na fase de 1 a 42 dias de idade, sobreo consumo de nutrientes, desempenho animal e rendimento de carcaça. Foram utilizados 200 frangos de corte da linhagem Cobb com 1 dia de idade, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualisado, com quatro níveis de inclusão da RMRD tratamento), com 10 aves por boxe e cinco boxes por tratamento. Os níveis de RMRD não alteraram (P>0,05) o consumo de matéria seca (MS)e matéria orgânica (MO) da ração expressos em g/animal/dia, kg de MS/Kg0,75 e percentagem (%) do peso corporal. Porém, os níveis de RMRD alteraram de modo linear crescente (P<0,05) o consumo de proteína bruta, e de modo quadrático (P<0,05) o consumo de fibra em detergenteneutro. Os níveis de RMRD alteraram de maneira linear decrescente (P<0,05) o ganho médio diário, ganho médio total e eficiência alimentar dos frangos de corte durante o período avaliado. Os valores de conversão alimentar dos frangos de corte durante a fase de 1 a 42 dias de idade apresentaram comportamento linear crescente (P<0,05) com a inclusão da RMRD nas rações. Peso corporal ao abate, carcaça quente, peito, asa e sobre asa e o dorso apresentaram efeito linear decrescente (P<0,05) com a inclusão de níveis crescentes de RMRD na ração de frangos de corte abatidos com 42 dias de idade. Inclusão de mais que 10% de raspa de mandioca residualdesidratada na alimentação de frangos de corte durante o período de 1 a 42 dias de idade reduz o consumo de ração e dos nutrientes, o ganho de peso e o rendimento da carcaça e dos cortes nobres...

This study evaluated the effect of inclusion of 0, 10, 20 and 30% dried cassava peel meal (DCPM) in the diet of broiler chickens over the period from 1 to 42 days of age on nutrient intake, animal performance, and carcass yield. Two hundred Cobb broiler chickens (1 day old) were allocated in a completely randomized design consisting of four inclusion levels of DCPM (treatment), with 10 animals per box and 5 boxes per treatment. The different levels of DCPM did not alter (P>0.05) dietary dry matter (DM) or organic matter intake, expressed as g/animal/day, kg DMS/kg0.75, and percentage of body weight. However, the addition of DCPM resulted in a linear increase (P<0.05) in crude protein intake and in a quadratic increase (P<0.05) in neutral detergent fiber intake. Furthermore, the different DCPM levels led to a linear decrease (P<0.05) in average daily gain, average total gain, and feed efficiency of broiler chickens during the period studied. Feed conversion increased linearly (P<0.05) in broiler chickens from 1 to 42 days of age with inclusion of DCPM in the diets. The inclusion of increasing levels of DCPM in the diet of broiler chickens slaughtered at 42 days of age exerted a linear decreasing effect (P<0.05) on slaughter weight, hot carcass weight, and chest, wing, thigh and back weight. The inclusion of more than 10% DCPM in the diet of broiler chickens from 1 to 42 days of age reduces feed and nutrient intake, weight gain, and carcass and noble cut yield...

Enchytraeid abundance in Araucaria Mixed Forest determined by cold and hot wet extraction

Abstract Enchytraeids are small oligochaetes found worldwide in soils with sufficient moisture and organic matter, but scarcely studied in the Southern hemisphere. This is the third study on enchytraeid abundance in Brazil using wet extraction and the first carried out in Araucaria Mixed Forest (subtropical region). The sampling and extraction were based on the standard method ISO 23611-3/2007 using an adapted split soil corer and wet extraction with and without heat to assess the abundance of enchytraeids in a forest fragment at Embrapa Forestry in Colombo, Paraná State. The samplings were performed in 3 occasions between September 2011 and April 2012. The average numbers estimated by each method varied from appr. 2.000-12.000 (cold) and 5.000-12.000 ind./ m2 (hot), respectively, with a maximum of 44.000 ind./ m2 in one of the samples, the highest value reported so far in Brazil. The hot extraction was more advantageous, given the speed and preservation of the specimens in vivo, allowing taxonomic identification. Advantages and disadvantages of wet extractions compared to handsorting and formol methods are also discussed. Guaranidrilus, Hemienchytraeus, Enchytraeus, Fridericia and Achaeta were the genera identified in the samples.

Resumo Os enquitreídeos são pequenos oligoquetas encontrados no mundo todo em solos com suficiente umidade e matéria orgânica, porém muito pouco estudados no hemisfério Sul. Este é o terceiro estudo sobre a abundância de enquitreídeos no Brasil utilizando o método de extração úmida e o primeiro realizado em Floresta Ombrófila Mista (região subtropical). A amostragem e extração foram baseadas no método padrão ISO 23611-3/2007, utilizando-se um trado desmontável adaptado e extração úmida com e sem aquecimento para acessar a abundância de enquitreídeo em um fragmento de floresta na Embrapa Florestas em Colombo, Paraná. As amostragens foram realizadas em três ocasiões entre setembro, 2011 e abril 2012. Os números médios estimados através de cada método variaram de 2.000-12.000 (frio) e 5.000-12.000 ind./ m2 (quente), respectivamente, e o máximo de 44.000 ind./ m2 em uma das amostras, o mais alto já relatado no Brasil. A extração quente foi a mais vantajosa, considerando a rapidez e preservação dos exemplares in vivo. As vantagens e desvantagens das extrações úmidas comparadas aos métodos de triagem manual e extração com formol foram discutidas. Os gêneros Guaranidrilus, Hemienchytraeus, Enchytraeus, Fridericia e Achaeta foram identificados nas amostras.

Digestible Threonine Levels in the Starter Diet of Broilers Derived from Breeders of Different Ages

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of digestible threonine supplementation in the starter diet on the performance, intestinal parameters, and nutrient metabolism of broilers derived from breeders of different ages. In total, 480 one-day-old Cobb chicks, derived from 38-or 49-week-oldbreeders, were housed in experimental battery cages until 21 days of age and fed four different threonine levels (800, 900, 1,000, or 1,100 mg/kg) in the starter feed. A completely randomized experimental design in a 2x4 factorial arrangement (breeder age x threonine levels) was applied, totaling eight treatments with five replicates of 12 birds each. Broilers from older breeders fed 800 mg digestible threonine/kg of diet presented higher weight gain, with a positive linear effect. There was also an interaction between breeder age and threonine levels for the weight gain of 21-d-old broilers supplemented at maximum level of 1,003 mg Thr/kg diet during the starter phase. There was no effect of breeder age or threonine levels on nutrient metabolism during the period of 17-21 days. There was no influence of breeder age or threonine levels in the starter diet on intestinal morphometric measurements, absorption area, or percentage of goblet cells.

Consumo, desempenho e rendimento de carcaça de frangos de corte alimentados com rações contendo raspa de mandioca residual desidratada / Intake, performance and carcass yield of broiler chickens fed diets containing dried cassava peel meal

Avaliou-se a inclusão da raspa de mandioca residual desidratada (RMRD) nos níveis de 0%, 10%, 20% e 30% na alimentação de frangos de corte, na fase de 1 a 42 dias de idade, sobreo consumo de nutrientes, desempenho animal e rendimento de carcaça. Foram utilizados 200 frangos de corte da linhagem Cobb com 1 dia de idade, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualisado, com quatro níveis de inclusão da RMRD tratamento), com 10 aves por boxe e cinco boxes por tratamento. Os níveis de RMRD não alteraram (P>0,05) o consumo de matéria seca (MS)e matéria orgânica (MO) da ração expressos em g/animal/dia, kg de MS/Kg0,75 e percentagem (%) do peso corporal. Porém, os níveis de RMRD alteraram de modo linear crescente (P<0,05) o consumo de proteína bruta, e de modo quadrático (P<0,05) o consumo de fibra em detergenteneutro. Os níveis de RMRD alteraram de maneira linear decrescente (P<0,05) o ganho médio diário, ganho médio total e eficiência alimentar dos frangos de corte durante o período avaliado. Os valores de conversão alimentar dos frangos de corte durante a fase de 1 a 42 dias de idade apresentaram comportamento linear crescente (P<0,05) com a inclusão da RMRD nas rações. Peso corporal ao abate, carcaça quente, peito, asa e sobre asa e o dorso apresentaram efeito linear decrescente (P<0,05) com a inclusão de níveis crescentes de RMRD na ração de frangos de corte abatidos com 42 dias de idade. Inclusão de mais que 10% de raspa de mandioca residualdesidratada na alimentação de frangos de corte durante o período de 1 a 42 dias de idade reduz o consumo de ração e dos nutrientes, o ganho de peso e o rendimento da carcaça e dos cortes nobres...(AU)

This study evaluated the effect of inclusion of 0, 10, 20 and 30% dried cassava peel meal (DCPM) in the diet of broiler chickens over the period from 1 to 42 days of age on nutrient intake, animal performance, and carcass yield. Two hundred Cobb broiler chickens (1 day old) were allocated in a completely randomized design consisting of four inclusion levels of DCPM (treatment), with 10 animals per box and 5 boxes per treatment. The different levels of DCPM did not alter (P>0.05) dietary dry matter (DM) or organic matter intake, expressed as g/animal/day, kg DMS/kg0.75, and percentage of body weight. However, the addition of DCPM resulted in a linear increase (P<0.05) in crude protein intake and in a quadratic increase (P<0.05) in neutral detergent fiber intake. Furthermore, the different DCPM levels led to a linear decrease (P<0.05) in average daily gain, average total gain, and feed efficiency of broiler chickens during the period studied. Feed conversion increased linearly (P<0.05) in broiler chickens from 1 to 42 days of age with inclusion of DCPM in the diets. The inclusion of increasing levels of DCPM in the diet of broiler chickens slaughtered at 42 days of age exerted a linear decreasing effect (P<0.05) on slaughter weight, hot carcass weight, and chest, wing, thigh and back weight. The inclusion of more than 10% DCPM in the diet of broiler chickens from 1 to 42 days of age reduces feed and nutrient intake, weight gain, and carcass and noble cut yield...(AU)

Digestible Threonine Levels in the Starter Diet of Broilers Derived from Breeders of Different Ages

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of digestible threonine supplementation in the starter diet on the performance, intestinal parameters, and nutrient metabolism of broilers derived from breeders of different ages. In total, 480 one-day-old Cobb chicks, derived from 38-or 49-week-oldbreeders, were housed in experimental battery cages until 21 days of age and fed four different threonine levels (800, 900, 1,000, or 1,100 mg/kg) in the starter feed. A completely randomized experimental design in a 2x4 factorial arrangement (breeder age x threonine levels) was applied, totaling eight treatments with five replicates of 12 birds each. Broilers from older breeders fed 800 mg digestible threonine/kg of diet presented higher weight gain, with a positive linear effect. There was also an interaction between breeder age and threonine levels for the weight gain of 21-d-old broilers supplemented at maximum level of 1,003 mg Thr/kg diet during the starter phase. There was no effect of breeder age or threonine levels on nutrient metabolism during the period of 17-21 days. There was no influence of breeder age or threonine levels in the starter diet on intestinal morphometric measurements, absorption area, or percentage of goblet cells.(AU)

Enchytraeid abundance in Araucaria Mixed Forest determined by cold and hot wet extraction / Abundância de enquitreídeos na Floresta Ombrófila Mista determinada por extração úmida quente e fria

Enchytraeids are small oligochaetes found worldwide in soils with sufficient moisture and organic matter, but scarcely studied in the Southern hemisphere. This is the third study on enchytraeid abundance in Brazil using wet extraction and the first carried out in Araucaria Mixed Forest (subtropical region). The sampling and extraction were based on the standard method ISO 23611-3/2007 using an adapted split soil corer and wet extraction with and without heat to assess the abundance of enchytraeids in a forest fragment at Embrapa Forestry in Colombo, Paraná State. The samplings were performed in 3 occasions between September 2011 and April 2012. The average numbers estimated by each method varied from appr. 2.000-12.000 (cold) and 5.000-12.000 ind./ m2 (hot), respectively, with a maximum of 44.000 ind./ m2 in one of the samples, the highest value reported so far in Brazil. The hot extraction was more advantageous, given the speed and preservation of the specimens in vivo, allowing taxonomic identification. Advantages and disadvantages of wet extractions compared to handsorting and formol methods are also discussed. Guaranidrilus, Hemienchytraeus, Enchytraeus, Fridericia and Achaeta were the genera identified in the samples.(AU)

Os enquitreídeos são pequenos oligoquetas encontrados no mundo todo em solos com suficiente umidade e matéria orgânica, porém muito pouco estudados no hemisfério Sul. Este é o terceiro estudo sobre a abundância de enquitreídeos no Brasil utilizando o método de extração úmida e o primeiro realizado em Floresta Ombrófila Mista (região subtropical). A amostragem e extração foram baseadas no método padrão ISO 23611-3/2007, utilizando-se um trado desmontável adaptado e extração úmida com e sem aquecimento para acessar a abundância de enquitreídeo em um fragmento de floresta na Embrapa Florestas em Colombo, Paraná. As amostragens foram realizadas em três ocasiões entre setembro, 2011 e abril 2012. Os números médios estimados através de cada método variaram de 2.000-12.000 (frio) e 5.000-12.000 ind./ m2 (quente), respectivamente, e o máximo de 44.000 ind./ m2 em uma das amostras, o mais alto já relatado no Brasil. A extração quente foi a mais vantajosa, considerando a rapidez e preservação dos exemplares in vivo. As vantagens e desvantagens das extrações úmidas comparadas aos métodos de triagem manual e extração com formol foram discutidas. Os gêneros Guaranidrilus, Hemienchytraeus, Enchytraeus, Fridericia e Achaeta foram identificados nas amostras.(AU)

Performance and nutrient metabolizability in broilers fed diets containing corn contaminated with fumonisin b1 and esterified glucomannan

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance and nutrient metabolizability of broilers fed diets containing fumonisin B1 (FB1) and an esterified glucomannan (EGM). In total, 420 male broilers were distributed according to a 3 x 2 + 1 factorial arrangement, corresponding to three FB1 exposure times (seven, 21, or 35 days), two dietary glucomannan addition levels (0 or 0.1% EGM), and control diet, totaling seven treatments. The following diets were fed: 1) Control diet, 2) pre-starter diet containing FB1, 3) pre-starter diet containing FB1 and 0.1% EGM, 4) starter diet containing FB1, 5) starter diet containing FB1 and 0.1% EGM, 6) grower diet containing FB1, and 7) grower diet containing FB1 and 0.1% EGM. On d 7, broilers fed FB1 presented lower body weight gain and feed intake (p 0.05) compared with control treatment. On d 21, no significant performance differences were detected among treatment groups (p>0.05). At 35 days of exposure to FB1 body weight gain was reduced (p 0.05) compared with broilers fed fumonisin B1 for seven days. From 4 to 7 days and 18 to 21 days of age, FB1 reduced nutrient metabolizability (p 0.05). From 36 to 39 days of age, the EGM allowed maintaining apparent metabolizability for ether extract. It was concluded that the EGM did not reduce FB1 effects on performance or nutrient metabolizability in broilers, except for apparent metabolizability of ether extract.(AU)

Performance and nutrient metabolizability in broilers fed diets containing corn contaminated with fumonisin b1 and esterified glucomannan

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance and nutrient metabolizability of broilers fed diets containing fumonisin B1 (FB1) and an esterified glucomannan (EGM). In total, 420 male broilers were distributed according to a 3 x 2 + 1 factorial arrangement, corresponding to three FB1 exposure times (seven, 21, or 35 days), two dietary glucomannan addition levels (0 or 0.1% EGM), and control diet, totaling seven treatments. The following diets were fed: 1) Control diet, 2) pre-starter diet containing FB1, 3) pre-starter diet containing FB1 and 0.1% EGM, 4) starter diet containing FB1, 5) starter diet containing FB1 and 0.1% EGM, 6) grower diet containing FB1, and 7) grower diet containing FB1 and 0.1% EGM. On d 7, broilers fed FB1 presented lower body weight gain and feed intake (p 0.05) compared with control treatment. On d 21, no significant performance differences were detected among treatment groups (p>0.05). At 35 days of exposure to FB1 body weight gain was reduced (p 0.05) compared with broilers fed fumonisin B1 for seven days. From 4 to 7 days and 18 to 21 days of age, FB1 reduced nutrient metabolizability (p 0.05). From 36 to 39 days of age, the EGM allowed maintaining apparent metabolizability for ether extract. It was concluded that the EGM did not reduce FB1 effects on performance or nutrient metabolizability in broilers, except for apparent metabolizability of ether extract.

Classification of the coefficients of variation of parameters evaluated in Japanese quail experiments

The objective of this study was to design a classification range of the coefficients of variation (CV) of traits used in experiments with eggtype Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica). The journal Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia was systematically reviewed, using the key word 'quail' during the period of January, 2000 to 2010. The CV of feed intake (g/bird/d), egg production (%/bird/d), egg weight (g), egg mass (g/bird/d), feed conversion ratio per dozen eggs (g/dozen), feed conversion ratio per egg mass (g/g), and egg specific gravity (g/mL) were collected. For each parameter, CV were classified using the following median (MD) and pseudo-sigma (PS) ratio as follows: low (CV MD - PS), medium (MD - PS CV MD + PS), high (MD + PS CV MD + 2PS) and very high (CV > MD + 2PS). According to the results, it was concluded that each parameter has a specific classification range that should be taken into account when evaluating experimental precision.

Classification of the coefficients of variation of parameters evaluated in Japanese quail experiments

The objective of this study was to design a classification range of the coefficients of variation (CV) of traits used in experiments with eggtype Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica). The journal Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia was systematically reviewed, using the key word 'quail' during the period of January, 2000 to 2010. The CV of feed intake (g/bird/d), egg production (%/bird/d), egg weight (g), egg mass (g/bird/d), feed conversion ratio per dozen eggs (g/dozen), feed conversion ratio per egg mass (g/g), and egg specific gravity (g/mL) were collected. For each parameter, CV were classified using the following median (MD) and pseudo-sigma (PS) ratio as follows: low (CV MD - PS), medium (MD - PS CV MD + PS), high (MD + PS CV MD + 2PS) and very high (CV > MD + 2PS). According to the results, it was concluded that each parameter has a specific classification range that should be taken into account when evaluating experimental precision.(AU)

Suplementação energético-proteica-mineral no desenvolvimento corporal e no comportamento ingestivo de novilhas mestiças Gir x Holandês em pastejo durante a época da seca / Energy-protein supplementation and mineral body development and ingestive behavior of crossbed Holstein x Gir heifer’s grazing in dry season

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de dois níveis de suplementação com fontes de minerais inorgânico e orgânico, na época da seca, sobre o crescimento e o comportamento ingestivo de novilhas mestiças Gir x Holandês, com idade média de 19,4 ± 1,94 meses e peso corporal médio inicial de 307,75 ± 25,0 kg, distribuídas em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com esquema fatorial 2 x 2 (minerais x níveis) com cinco repetições por tratamento. As novilhas permaneceram em pastagem de Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex. A. Rich.) Stapf. cv. Marandu, manejadas em sistema intermitente e, como tratamento, utilizou-se suplementação com fontes de minerais inorgânicos ou orgânicos e dois níveis de fornecimento (2,5 e 5,0 g/kg do peso corporal). O desenvolvimento corporal das novilhas que receberam suplemento, nos dois níveis, com fontes de minerais inorgânicos não diferiu daquelas que receberam fontes de minerais orgânicos. No entanto, as novilhas suplementadas com 5,0 g/kg do peso corporal apresentaram maior ganho médio diário (0,476 kg/animal) em comparação àquelas suplementadas com 2,5 g/kg do peso corporal (0,368 kg/animal). O desempenho de novilhas leiteiras recriadas a pasto foi semelhante quando suplementadas com fontes minerais inorgânicos ou orgânicos.

The objective was to evaluate the effect of two levels of supplementation with sources of inorganic and organic minerals in the dry season on growth and ingestive behavior of crossbred Gir x Holstein, with an average of 19.4 ± 1.94 months and 307.75 ± 25.0 kg body weight , allotted to an completely randomized design with scheme factorial 2 x 2 (mineral x levels) with five replicates per treatment. The heifers remained on Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex. A. Rich.) Stapf. cv. Marandu managed in a rotational grazing system, and treatments were supplementation sources of inorganic and organic minerals and two levels of 2.5 and 5.0 g/kg of body weight. The growth of heifers that received supplement in two levels with sources of inorganic minerals did not differ (P>0.05) from those that received sources of organic minerals. However, the heifers receiving 5.0 g/kg of body weight had higher average daily gain (0.476 kg/animal) compared with those receiving 2.5 g/kg of body weight (0.368 kg/animal). The performance of dairy heifers rearing pasture was similar when supplemented with organic or inorganic mineral sources.

Suplementação energético-proteica-mineral no desenvolvimento corporal e no comportamento ingestivo de novilhas mestiças Gir x Holandês em pastejo durante a época da seca / Energy-protein supplementation and mineral body development and ingestive behavior of crossbed Holstein x Gir heifers grazing in dry season

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de dois níveis de suplementação com fontes de minerais inorgânico e orgânico, na época da seca, sobre o crescimento e o comportamento ingestivo de novilhas mestiças Gir x Holandês, com idade média de 19,4 ± 1,94 meses e peso corporal médio inicial de 307,75 ± 25,0 kg, distribuídas em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com esquema fatorial 2 x 2 (minerais x níveis) com cinco repetições por tratamento. As novilhas permaneceram em pastagem de Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex. A. Rich.) Stapf. cv. Marandu, manejadas em sistema intermitente e, como tratamento, utilizou-se suplementação com fontes de minerais inorgânicos ou orgânicos e dois níveis de fornecimento (2,5 e 5,0 g/kg do peso corporal). O desenvolvimento corporal das novilhas que receberam suplemento, nos dois níveis, com fontes de minerais inorgânicos não diferiu daquelas que receberam fontes de minerais orgânicos. No entanto, as novilhas suplementadas com 5,0 g/kg do peso corporal apresentaram maior ganho médio diário (0,476 kg/animal) em comparação àquelas suplementadas com 2,5 g/kg do peso corporal (0,368 kg/animal). O desempenho de novilhas leiteiras recriadas a pasto foi semelhante quando suplementadas com fontes minerais inorgânicos ou orgânicos. (AU)

The objective was to evaluate the effect of two levels of supplementation with sources of inorganic and organic minerals in the dry season on growth and ingestive behavior of crossbred Gir x Holstein, with an average of 19.4 ± 1.94 months and 307.75 ± 25.0 kg body weight , allotted to an completely randomized design with scheme factorial 2 x 2 (mineral x levels) with five replicates per treatment. The heifers remained on Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex. A. Rich.) Stapf. cv. Marandu managed in a rotational grazing system, and treatments were supplementation sources of inorganic and organic minerals and two levels of 2.5 and 5.0 g/kg of body weight. The growth of heifers that received supplement in two levels with sources of inorganic minerals did not differ (P>0.05) from those that received sources of organic minerals. However, the heifers receiving 5.0 g/kg of body weight had higher average daily gain (0.476 kg/animal) compared with those receiving 2.5 g/kg of body weight (0.368 kg/animal). The performance of dairy heifers rearing pasture was similar when supplemented with organic or inorganic mineral sources. (AU)

Tuberculosis determined by Mycobacterium bovis in captive waterbucks (Kobus ellipsiprymnus) in São Paulo, Brazil

Two waterbucks from São Paulo Zoo Foundation exhibited respiratory symptoms in July 2004. After euthanasia, granulommas in lungs and mediastinic lymph nodes were observed. Acid-fast bacilli isolated were identified as Mycobacterium bovis spoligotype SB0121 by PRA and spoligotyping. They were born and kept in the same enclosure with the same group, without any contact to other species housed in the zoo. This is the first detailed description of M. bovis infection in Kobus ellipsiprymnus.

Aspectos produtivos e sanitários de vacas mestiças leiteiras tratadas com produtos homeopáticos / Productive and sanitary aspects of crossbred milking cows receiving homeopathic products

Nos dias de hoje, a população mundial exige o consumo de alimentos de qualidade, sem resíduos de produtos químicos. Desempenho (produção e qualidade do leite, peso e condição corporal) e sanidade (mastite e infestação por ecto e endoparasitas) foram acompanhados em oito vacas leiteiras mestiças de um rebanho de 40 (20%), que recebeu diariamente produtos homeopáticos comerciais no concentrado para o controle de endo e ectoparasitas e mastite. No período de nove meses, que correspondeu a toda uma lactação, não houve necessidade de medicar com produtos alopáticos nenhuma vaca do rebanho, o que demonstrou ser possível criar vacas leiteiras mestiças não utilizando produtos químicos para o combate a parasitas (carrapato, mosca-do-chifre e verminose), ou antibióticos para o controle de mastite, e sem interferir na produtividade dos animais.

Nowadays the world population demands food of good quality, without any residues from chemical products. Eight cows from a herd of 40, which were consuming commercial homeopathic medicines at the daily concentration for control of endoand ectoparasites, were monitored in terms of their performance (production and quality of milk, body score and body weight) and sanitary aspects (parasites infestation and mastitis) during the lactation period. It was not necessary to give any allopathic (conventional) medicines to control mastitis or parasites (ticks, horn-fly, verminosis) in any cow of the herd during the nine months of the lactation period. The results showed that it is possible to produce milk without using chemical products, and not interfering in the productivity of the crossbred animals.

ASPECTOS PRODUTIVOS E SANITÁRIOS DE VACAS MESTIÇAS LEITEIRAS TRATADAS COM PRODUTOS HOMEOPÁTICOS

ABSTRACT Nowadays the world population demands food of good quality, without any residues from chemical products. Eight cows from a herd of 40, which were consuming commercial homeopathic medicines at the daily concentration for control of endoand ectoparasites, were monitored in terms of their performance (production and quality of milk, body score and body weight) and sanitary aspects (parasites infestation and mastitis) during the lactation period. It was not necessary to give any allopathic (conventional) medicines to control mastitis or parasites (ticks, horn-fly, verminosis) in any cow of the herd during the nine months of the lactation period. The results showed that it is possible to produce milk without using chemical products, and not interfering in the productivity of the crossbred animals.

RESUMO Nos dias de hoje, a população mundial exige o consumo de alimentos de qualidade, sem resíduos de produtos químicos. Desempenho (produção e qualidade do leite, peso e condição corporal) e sanidade (mastite e infestação por ecto e endoparasitas) foram acompanhados em oito vacas leiteiras mestiças de um rebanho de 40 (20%), que recebeu diariamente produtos homeopáticos comerciais no concentrado para o controle de endo e ectoparasitas e mastite. No período de nove meses, que correspondeu a toda uma lactação, não houve necessidade de medicar com produtos alopáticos nenhuma vaca do rebanho, o que demonstrou ser possível criar vacas leiteiras mestiças não utilizando produtos químicos para o combate a parasitas (carrapato, mosca-do-chifre e verminose), ou antibióticos para o controle de mastite, e sem interferir na produtividade dos animais.

Tipificação genética, através da técnica de spoligotyping, de isolados de Mycobacterium bovis em animais abatidos na região metropolitana de Salvador, Bahia, Brasil / Use of spoligotyping for genetic typing of Mycobacterium bovis isolates from slaughtered animals in the metropolitan area of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

A tuberculose é uma enfermidade infecciosa crônica, que afeta mamíferos e aves e constitui um sério problema de saúde pública e animal. Objetivando realizar um levantamento molecular da enfermidade em bovinos abatidos em matadouros frigoríficos no Estado da Bahia, Brasil, foram analisadas as lesões pulmonares e de linfonodos mediastínicos de 43 carcaças de animais abatidos em três matadouros-frigoríficos localizados na Região Metropolitana de Salvador, Bahia. Sete isolados de Mycobacterium bovis foram identificados, através da técnica do spolygotyping, e discriminados em três diferentes espoligotipos (SB1055, SB0120 e SB0268) descritos no Brasil e em diversas áreas do mundo. Os resultados indicam que o método de diagnóstico utilizado pode contribuir para a criação de uma base de dados para o estudo epidemiológico da tuberculose bovina no Estado da Bahia.

Tuberculosis is an infectious chronic disease that affects mammals and birds and constitutes a serious problem for public and animal health. Pulmonary and mediastinic lymph node lesions of 43 animals slaughtered in 3 slaughterhouses in the metropolitan region of the city of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, were analyzed with the objective of obtaining a molecular survey of the disease in bovines slaughtered in slaughterhouses in the state. Seven isolates ofMycobacterium bovis were identified through the spoligotyping technique and classified into 3 different spoligotypes (SB1055, SB0120, SB0268), described in Brazil and in many areas worldwide. The results indicate that the diagnostic method utilized may contribute to the creation of a database for the epidemiologic study of bovine tuberculosis in the state of Bahia.

TIPIFICAÇÃO GENÉTICA, ATRAVÉS DA TÉCNICA DE SPOLIGOTYPING, DE ISOLADOS DE MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS EM ANIMAIS ABATIDOS NA REGIÃO METROPOLITANA DE SALVADOR, BAHIA, BRASIL

ABSTRACT Tuberculosis is an infectious chronic disease that affects mammals and birds and constitutes a serious problem for public and animal health. Pulmonary and mediastinic lymph node lesions of 43 animals slaughtered in 3 slaughterhouses in the metropolitan region of the city of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, were analyzed with the objective of obtaining a molecular survey of the disease in bovines slaughtered in slaughterhouses in the state. Seven isolates ofMycobacterium bovis were identified through the spoligotyping technique and classified into 3 different spoligotypes (SB1055, SB0120, SB0268), described in Brazil and in many areas worldwide. The results indicate that the diagnostic method utilized may contribute to the creation of a database for the epidemiologic study of bovine tuberculosis in the state of Bahia.

RESUMO A tuberculose é uma enfermidade infecciosa crônica, que afeta mamíferos e aves e constitui um sério problema de saúde pública e animal. Objetivando realizar um levantamento molecular da enfermidade em bovinos abatidos em matadouros frigoríficos no Estado da Bahia, Brasil, foram analisadas as lesões pulmonares e de linfonodos mediastínicos de 43 carcaças de animais abatidos em três matadouros-frigoríficos localizados na Região Metropolitana de Salvador, Bahia. Sete isolados de Mycobacterium bovis foram identificados, através da técnica do spolygotyping, e discriminados em três diferentes espoligotipos (SB1055, SB0120 e SB0268) descritos no Brasil e em diversas áreas do mundo. Os resultados indicam que o método de diagnóstico utilizado pode contribuir para a criação de uma base de dados para o estudo epidemiológico da tuberculose bovina no Estado da Bahia.

Utilização de duas diferentes megadoses de vitamina c na ração de alevinos de tilápia do nilo (oreochromis niloticus) submetidos à infecção experimental por edwardsiella tarda

ABSTRACT Aiming to evaluate the effect of supplementation with megadoses of vitamin C on the diet of fingerlings from Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), at the experimental infection by Edwardsiella tarda, two experiments were performed. Each experiment was composed by four distinct groups: those belonging to groups 1 and 4 received only commercial diet featuring about 300 mg of vitamin C per kilogram of feed, while the animals belonging to groups 2 and 3 received the same diet supplemented with 1,500 mg and 3,000 mg, respectively, of vitamin C (Lutavit® C Monophosphate BASF) per kilogram of feed. In the first experiment the animals received the diet for 14 consecutive days, being infected on the 15th day, while in the second experiment the animals were infected by the bacterial suspension after an interval of more 14 days after the same period of supplementation with vitamin C. The results showed that although there isnt a significant difference (p > 0,05) with respect to the concentrations of vitamin C, however the interval between the end of supplementation with megadoses of vitamin C in the diet (Nutripeixe AL55 PURINA) and bacterial exposure showed significant difference (p 0,05) on the experimental infection with E. tarda in fingerlings of Nile Tilapia (O. niloticus).

RESUMO Objetivando avaliar o efeito da suplementação com megadoses de vitamina C na dieta de alevinos de Tilápia do Nilo ( Oreochromis niloticus), frente à infecção experimental por Edwardsiella tarda, foram realizados dois experimentos. Cada experimento foi composto por quatro grupos distintos: aqueles pertencentes aos grupos 1 e 4 receberam apenas ração comercial apresentando cerca de 300 mg de vitamina C por quilo de ração, enquanto os animais pertencentes aos grupos 2 e 3 receberam a mesma ração suplementada com 1.500 mg e 3.000 mg, respectivamente, de vitamina C (Lutavit® C Monophosphate BASF) por quilo de ração. No primeiro experimento os animais receberam a dieta durante 14 dias consecutivos, sendo desafiados no 15º dia, enquanto no segundo experimento os animais só foram desafiados pela suspensão bacteriana após um intervalo de mais 14 dias findo o mesmo período de suplementação com vitamina C. Os resultados mostraram que, embora não haja diferença significativa (p > 0,05) com relação às concentrações de vitamina C, o intervalo entre o final do período de suplementação com megadoses de vitamina C na ração (Nutripeixe AL55 PURINA) e a exposição à suspensão bacteriana apresentou diferença significativa (p 0,05) sobre a infecção experimental com E. tarda em alevinos de Tilápia do Nilo (O. niloticus).

Estudo da dinâmica da infecção por mycobacterium avium em uma população suína através de modelagem matemática

ABSTRACT The present work studied, by mathematical modeling, the Mycobacterium avium infection dynamics in a swine population. In order to describe M. avium transmission dynamics, a compartmental model was elaborated. Since the model was aimed to estimate the relationship between infection rate and the rate of swine that presented lesions resulting from M. avium infection, detected at slaughter of 150-day-old animals, it was considered that the disease dynamics could be described by two compartments of animals: susceptible to the infection, and infected that could present lesions. The simulations results showed that for a certain force of infection, the proportion of infected animals at the end of the nursery stage (those that would present lesions at the slaughter) remains constant over time, not being subject to seasonal changes. The mathematical simulation of the disease, considering horizontal transmission as the major means of condemnation at slaughter due to granulomatous lymphadenitis, is inconsistent with what is observed within the population. Therefore, the environmental component plays a major/preponderant role in the mycobacterial infection dynamics of swine raised on farms in Brazil.

RESUMO O presente trabalho estudou, através de modelagem matemática, a dinâmica da infecção por Mycobacterium avium em uma população suína. Para descrever a dinâmica de transmissão de M. avium em granjas de suínos, foi elaborado um modelo de compartimentos. Como esse modelo visava estimar a relação entre taxa de infecção e proporção de suínos que apresentam lesões, detectadas no abate aos 150 dias de idade, resultantes de infecção por M. avium, considerou-se que a dinâmica da doença poderia ser descrita por dois compartimentos de animais: suscetíveis à infecção, e infectados que poderiam vir a apresentar lesões. Através dos resultados obtidos nas simulações realizadas, observou-se que para uma dada força de infecção, a proporção de infectados no final da fase de creche (aqueles que apresentariam lesões no abate) se mantém constante ao longo do tempo, não estando sujeita a variações de caráter sazonal. A simulação matemática da doença, considerando a transmissão horizontal como mecanismo principal da ocorrência de condenações em matadouro por linfadenite granulomatosa é inconsistente com o que se observa na população. Portanto, o componente ambiental tem papel preponderante na dinâmica das infecções micobacterianas dos suínos produzidos no Brasil.