Effect of microbial inoculant on the fermentation profile, nutritional value and microbial population on corn, sorghum, and pearl millet silages / Efeito do inoculante microbiano no perfil de fermentação, valor nutricional e população microbiana em silagens de milho, sorgo e milheto

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the use of microbial inoculant on the chemical composition, in vitro gas production, pH, dry matter losses, aerobic stability and microbial population on silages of corn, sorghum and pearl millet in plastic bags silos (without vacuum). The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design, in a 2 × 3 factorial scheme, with and without (control) inoculant consisting of Lactobacillus plantarum and Propionibacterium acidipropionici and on three crops, corn, sorghum and pearl millet, with four replicates. The use of the inoculant did not affect the chemical composition of the silages, except the crude protein (P = 0.0062) and lignin (P = 0.0567) contents. Gas production was neither affected (P > 0.05) by the inoculant nor by the crop. Regarding aerobic stability, we observed that the inoculant affected the temperature of the sorghum silage (P = 0.0123). The inoculant decreased the N-NH3 (P =0.0095) content and increased (P = 0.0441) the lactic acid bacteria population in the silages. Thus, the microbial inoculant did not improve the fermentation profile or nutritional value of corn, pearl millet and sorghum silages in plastic bag silos (without vacuum).(AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o uso de inoculante bacteriano na composição química, produção de gás in vitro, pH, perdas de matéria seca, estabilidade aeróbia e população microbiana de silagens de milho, sorgo e milheto em silos de sacos plásticos (sem vácuo). O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2 × 3, [Controle] sem inoculante e Lactobacillus plantarum e Propionibacterium acidipropionici e três culturas, milho, sorgo e milheto, com quatro repetições. O uso do inoculante não afetou a composição química das silagens, exceto proteína bruta (P = 0,0062) e lignina (P = 0,0567). A produção de gás não foi afetada (P > 0,05) pelo inoculante e nem entre as culturas. Na estabilidade aeróbia, observou-se que o inoculante afetou a temperatura da silagem de sorgo (P = 0,0123). O inoculante diminuiu o conteúdo de N-NH3 (P = 0,0095). O inoculante aumentou (P = 0,0441) a população de bactérias ácido-láticas nas silagens. Assim, o inoculante microbiano não melhorou o perfil fermentativo e o valor nutricional das silagens de milho, sorgo e milheto em silos de sacos plásticos (sem vácuo).(AU)

Intake, total apparent digestibility, and microbial efficiency of sheep fed pineapple waste silage in different planes of nutrition

The study aimed to nutritionally evaluate the silage of pineapple crop waste in sheep feeding in different planes of nutrition (L). We used eight growing sheep and four male castrated adults, in individual metabolic cages distributed in a switchback design with two treatments and three periods. The treatments were the different planes of nutrition: L = MEI/Mm, MEI/1.5Mm, and MEI/2.5Mm, in which L = MEI/Mm, MEI is the energy amount of the feed intake and Mm is the maintenance. We performed a digestibility trial of the diet composed of silage of pineapple crop waste, ground corn, and soybean meal. Data were analyzed using regression analysis. Nutrient intake behaved linearly according to the increase in the L, except for organic matter, which presented a quadratic behavior. Planes of nutrition did not affect protein and fiber digestible fractions. However, digestible fractions of fat and non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) increased with L. The indigestible fractions displayed a quadratic behavior with an increase in the L. Regarding the microbial synthesis efficiency, we observed a linear decrease with the increase in L. Thus, the silage of pineapple crop waste is a feed very rich in NFC. Besides, silage of pineapple crop waste presented a good alternative roughage during forage shortages. Diet inclusion of 2.5x the maintenance does not compromise the sheep performance.(AU)

Carcass traits and meat quality of Brangus × Zebu steers in grazing systems receiving supplementation

The use of supplements eliminates deficiencies imposed by pasture, increases weight gain in animals and maximizes profits from the activity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance, carcass traits and meat quality of steers in grazing systems that received or did not receive a protein energy supplement at the level of 0.6 % body weight. The experiment lasted 160 days and included 36 Brangus × Zebu animals. Eighteen animals received supplementation and another eighteen did not receive supplementation. Carcasses were evaluated for yield, loin eye area, fat thickness and length. The assessment of meat quality evaluated the shear force, myofibril fragmentation index, color, exudative losses and collagen. The carcass traits of the supplemented animals showed higher values (p < 0.0001). Supplementation improved the color of the meat (p = 0.0434) and increased the amount of soluble collagen (p = 0.0456). The use of a protein energy supplement for steers in a pasture system increased the efficiency of muscle deposition of these animals and improved meat quality when compared to animals that were not supplemented.

Carcass traits and meat quality of Brangus × Zebu steers in grazing systems receiving supplementation

The use of supplements eliminates deficiencies imposed by pasture, increases weight gain in animals and maximizes profits from the activity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance, carcass traits and meat quality of steers in grazing systems that received or did not receive a protein energy supplement at the level of 0.6 % body weight. The experiment lasted 160 days and included 36 Brangus × Zebu animals. Eighteen animals received supplementation and another eighteen did not receive supplementation. Carcasses were evaluated for yield, loin eye area, fat thickness and length. The assessment of meat quality evaluated the shear force, myofibril fragmentation index, color, exudative losses and collagen. The carcass traits of the supplemented animals showed higher values (p < 0.0001). Supplementation improved the color of the meat (p = 0.0434) and increased the amount of soluble collagen (p = 0.0456). The use of a protein energy supplement for steers in a pasture system increased the efficiency of muscle deposition of these animals and improved meat quality when compared to animals that were not supplemented.(AU)

Pasture characteristics and productive performance of dairy cows under two grazing management strategies / Características das pastagens e desempenho produtivo de vacas leiteiras sob duas estratégias de manejo de pastejo

The objective of this work was to evaluate the supply, morphological and chemical composition of forage, performance and milk composition of crossbred cows managed in Megathyrsus maximus cv. Tanzania in intermittent grazing system with fixed and variable defoliation intervals according to the interception of 95% of photosynthetically active radiation by the canopy. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with two treatments and two area replications. In each grazing cycle the supply, morphological composition, forage nutritive value, dry matter intake, milk production and composition were determined. The experimental area was 4.0 hectares, divided into two blocks of 2 hectares. Each block was subdivided into 22 pickets (11 for each treatment) totaling 44 pickets with an area of 909 m2 each. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed for leaf blade content, in vitro digestibility of dry matter and forage crude protein, dry matter intake, individual and area milk production and lactose content milk, being the highest values found in the pastures managed with variable defoliation interval. Thus, the defoliation interval defined by the 95% interception of the photosynthetically luminosity leads to higher leaf blade proportions in the forage canopy, resulting in higher individual milk yield and per unit area, but with a loss of protein and total solids contents of milk.

Objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar a oferta, composições morfológica e química da forragem, o desempenho animal e a composição do leite de vacas mestiças manejadas em pastagens de Megathyrsus maximus cv. Tanzania em sistema intermitente de pastejo com intervalos de desfolhação fixos e variáveis de acordo com a interceptação de 95% da radiação fotossinteticamente ativa pelo dossel. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso, com dois tratamentos e duas repetições de área, em cada ciclo de pastejo foi determinado a oferta, composição morfológica, valor nutritivo da forragem, consumo de matéria seca, produção e a composição do leite. A área experimental foi de 4,0 hectare, dividida em dois blocos de 2 hectare cada. Cada bloco foi subdividido em 22 piquetes (11 para cada tratamento) totalizando 44 piquetes com uma área de 909 m2 cada. Foram observadas diferenças significativas (P < 0,05) para a proporção de lâminas foliares, digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca e proteína bruta da forragem, no consumo de matéria seca, na produção de leite individual e por área e no teor de lactose do leite, sendo os maiores valores encontrados nos pastos manejados com intervalo de desfolha variável. Sendo assim, o intervalo de desfolha definido pela interceptação de 95% da luminosidade fotossinteticamente ativa leva a maiores proporções de lâmina foliar no dossel forrageiro, resulta em maior produção de leite individual e por unidade de área, porém com prejuízo aos teores de proteína e sólidos totais do leite.

Pasture characteristics and productive performance of dairy cows under two grazing management strategies / Características das pastagens e desempenho produtivo de vacas leiteiras sob duas estratégias de manejo de pastejo

The objective of this work was to evaluate the supply, morphological and chemical composition of forage, performance and milk composition of crossbred cows managed in Megathyrsus maximus cv. Tanzania in intermittent grazing system with fixed and variable defoliation intervals according to the interception of 95% of photosynthetically active radiation by the canopy. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with two treatments and two area replications. In each grazing cycle the supply, morphological composition, forage nutritive value, dry matter intake, milk production and composition were determined. The experimental area was 4.0 hectares, divided into two blocks of 2 hectares. Each block was subdivided into 22 pickets (11 for each treatment) totaling 44 pickets with an area of 909 m2 each. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed for leaf blade content, in vitro digestibility of dry matter and forage crude protein, dry matter intake, individual and area milk production and lactose content milk, being the highest values found in the pastures managed with variable defoliation interval. Thus, the defoliation interval defined by the 95% interception of the photosynthetically luminosity leads to higher leaf blade proportions in the forage canopy, resulting in higher individual milk yield and per unit area, but with a loss of protein and total solids contents of milk.(AU)

Objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar a oferta, composições morfológica e química da forragem, o desempenho animal e a composição do leite de vacas mestiças manejadas em pastagens de Megathyrsus maximus cv. Tanzania em sistema intermitente de pastejo com intervalos de desfolhação fixos e variáveis de acordo com a interceptação de 95% da radiação fotossinteticamente ativa pelo dossel. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso, com dois tratamentos e duas repetições de área, em cada ciclo de pastejo foi determinado a oferta, composição morfológica, valor nutritivo da forragem, consumo de matéria seca, produção e a composição do leite. A área experimental foi de 4,0 hectare, dividida em dois blocos de 2 hectare cada. Cada bloco foi subdividido em 22 piquetes (11 para cada tratamento) totalizando 44 piquetes com uma área de 909 m2 cada. Foram observadas diferenças significativas (P < 0,05) para a proporção de lâminas foliares, digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca e proteína bruta da forragem, no consumo de matéria seca, na produção de leite individual e por área e no teor de lactose do leite, sendo os maiores valores encontrados nos pastos manejados com intervalo de desfolha variável. Sendo assim, o intervalo de desfolha definido pela interceptação de 95% da luminosidade fotossinteticamente ativa leva a maiores proporções de lâmina foliar no dossel forrageiro, resulta em maior produção de leite individual e por unidade de área, porém com prejuízo aos teores de proteína e sólidos totais do leite.(AU)

Variation of masses of body fat and protein and visceral organs of alpine goats in the first 60 days of lactation / Variação das massas de gordura e proteína corporal e dos órgãos viscerais de cabras Alpinas nos 60 dias de lactação

This study aimed to measure the changes of masses of body fat and protein, and also quantify the masses of organs and viscera of Alpine goats throughout the eight weeks of lactation. We used 51 multiparous Alpine goats, allocated in individual metabolic pens. The goats were distributed in a completely randomized design with six replications and eight treatments, and the treatments by weeks of lactation. Slaughters were carried sequential six goats per week of lactation to measure the mass of fat and protein, as well as the weight of the organs and viscera. Significant reduction in mass and adipose tissue protein, but adversely, and the tissue protein was mobilized with greater intensity in the first two weeks postpartum, since the fat falling steadily. There was no effect on liver weight, rumen, omasum, abomasum and large intestine, but there was a reduction in the weights of the small intestine, uterus and mammary gland. The Alpine goats within three weeks postpartum mobilize not just fat, but also body protein to meet the demand of milk production. Only the small intestine, uterus and mammary gland shown weight affected with eight weeks of lactation.(AU)

Objetivou-se mensurar a movimentação das massas de gordura e proteína corporal, além de quantificar as massas dos órgãos e vísceras de cabras Alpinas ao longo das oito semanas de lactação. Foram utilizadas 51 cabras multíparas da raça Alpina, alocadas em baias metabólicas individuais. As cabras foram distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com oito tratamentos e seis repetições, sendo os tratamentos constituídos pelas semanas de lactação. Foram realizados abates sequenciais de seis cabras por semanas de lactação para mensuração das massas de gordura e proteína, e também o peso dos órgãos e vísceras. Ocorreu redução significativa na massa dos tecidos proteico e adiposo, porém de forma adversa, sendo que o tecido proteico foi mobilizado com maior intensidade nas primeiras duas semanas pós-parto, já a o tecido adiposo uma queda de forma constante. Não houve efeito sobre peso do fígado, rúmen, omaso, abomaso e intestino grosso, mas ocorreu redução nos pesos do intestino delgado, útero e glândula mamária. As cabras Alpinas nas três semanas pós-parto mobilizam não apenas gordura, mas também proteína corporal para atender a demanda de produção de leite. Somente o intestino delgado, útero e glândula mamária tiveram seus pesos afetados com as oito semanas de lactação.(AU)

Variation of masses of body fat and protein and visceral organs of alpine goats in the first 60 days of lactation / Variação das massas de gordura e proteína corporal e dos órgãos viscerais de cabras Alpinas nos 60 dias de lactação

This study aimed to measure the changes of masses of body fat and protein, and also quantify the masses of organs and viscera of Alpine goats throughout the eight weeks of lactation. We used 51 multiparous Alpine goats, allocated in individual metabolic pens. The goats were distributed in a completely randomized design with six replications and eight treatments, and the treatments by weeks of lactation. Slaughters were carried sequential six goats per week of lactation to measure the mass of fat and protein, as well as the weight of the organs and viscera. Significant reduction in mass and adipose tissue protein, but adversely, and the tissue protein was mobilized with greater intensity in the first two weeks postpartum, since the fat falling steadily. There was no effect on liver weight, rumen, omasum, abomasum and large intestine, but there was a reduction in the weights of the small intestine, uterus and mammary gland. The Alpine goats within three weeks postpartum mobilize not just fat, but also body protein to meet the demand of milk production. Only the small intestine, uterus and mammary gland shown weight affected with eight weeks of lactation.

Objetivou-se mensurar a movimentação das massas de gordura e proteína corporal, além de quantificar as massas dos órgãos e vísceras de cabras Alpinas ao longo das oito semanas de lactação. Foram utilizadas 51 cabras multíparas da raça Alpina, alocadas em baias metabólicas individuais. As cabras foram distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com oito tratamentos e seis repetições, sendo os tratamentos constituídos pelas semanas de lactação. Foram realizados abates sequenciais de seis cabras por semanas de lactação para mensuração das massas de gordura e proteína, e também o peso dos órgãos e vísceras. Ocorreu redução significativa na massa dos tecidos proteico e adiposo, porém de forma adversa, sendo que o tecido proteico foi mobilizado com maior intensidade nas primeiras duas semanas pós-parto, já a o tecido adiposo uma queda de forma constante. Não houve efeito sobre peso do fígado, rúmen, omaso, abomaso e intestino grosso, mas ocorreu redução nos pesos do intestino delgado, útero e glândula mamária. As cabras Alpinas nas três semanas pós-parto mobilizam não apenas gordura, mas também proteína corporal para atender a demanda de produção de leite. Somente o intestino delgado, útero e glândula mamária tiveram seus pesos afetados com as oito semanas de lactação.