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1.
Acta sci. vet. (Impr.) ; 40(3): Pub. 1055, 2012. tab, ilus
Artigo em Inglês | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1373620

Resumo

Background: Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) is a member of the family Herpesviridae that has a worldwide distribution, although it is well controlled in areas of intensive production in which periodic outbreaks of the disease occur. ILTV is an important respiratory pathogen of chickens that may cause severe or mild disease in layers and broilers. Severe disease is characterized by respiratory depression, gasping, expectoration of bloody exudate and high mortality. Mild diseased chickens exhibit milder clinical signs and low mortality, and laboratory techniques are mandatory for a final diagnosis. Several techniques have been described for the detection of ILTV, however they have disadvantages that constrains their use in routine diagnosis. Viral multiplication is limited to respiratory tissue, which makes the trachea the ideal site to look for the virus. The purpose of the present study was to develop a sensitive and specific nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) protocol to detect ILTV DNA directly from tracheal swabs of naturally or experimentally infected chickens. Materials, Methods & Results: The nested-PCR was carried out with two sets of primers selected from a portion of the ILTV thymidine kinase gene. PCR sensitivity was determined by using five-fold serial dilutions of a commercial laryngotracheitis vaccine. PCR was specific as determined by testing related respiratory viruses (pathogens of chickens), ILTV strain, and field isolates. Nested-PCR was 250 times more sensitive than virus isolation (VI). To further validate the ability of this assay to detect ILTV from tracheal swabs, experimentally infected chickens and ILTV suspect cases were examined by VI, PCR, and histopathology. VI and nested-PCR both detected virus in tracheas during all the experimental period. With one exception, all positive samples by VI were also positive by the nested-PCR. However, nested-PCR detected 5 additional positive samples in the end of the experimental period. Through direct histopathology, typical syncytia and inclusion bodies were found in only two samples. In the clinical cases of respiratory illness, VI detected ILTV positive samples in 4 out of the 8 flocks with respiratory illness and histopathological analyses detected 3 flocks but the nested-PCR detected 5 positive fl ocks including those positive by VI and histopathology. Discussion: In the experimental infection, VI and PCR both detected ILTV in the majority of the samples but PCR detected some additional positive samples close to the end of the experimental period. By comparison of the PCR with VI sensitivity, it can be concluded that the protocol here described has a greater advantage over the previously described protocols that afford a direct comparison. Histopathology was the least sensitive test, since viral inclusion bodies and syncytial cells were only observed in two tracheal sections and a possible explanation for this result may be that necrosis and desquamation destroy infected epithelium. In the detection of the virus from clinical cases, the nested-PCR also detected a greater number of positive samples than VI and histopathology. Comparison of the nested-PCR with VI in experimentally infected broilers indicates that the two diagnostic tests are very efficient to detect ILTV in the early time of infection. However, VI tests in late infection may be not as sensitive as the nested-PCR if majority of the ILTV have been inactivated or become latent. Two distinctive sequences were obtained from the positive controls and field isolates. The sequences were specific to ILTV since they had a minimum of 99.5% similarity with previously described strains. The assay described in the present study indicates that the nested-PCR protocol is more sensitive than previously described tests and can replace histopathology and virus isolation with advantage.


Assuntos
Animais , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/virologia , Galinhas/virologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Herpesvirus Galináceo 1/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Herpesviridae/veterinária
2.
Acta sci. vet. (Impr.) ; 40(3): 01-07, 2012.
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS-Express | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1457002

Resumo

Background: Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) is a member of the family Herpesviridae that has a worldwide distribution, although it is well controlled in areas of intensive production in which periodic outbreaks of the disease occur. ILTV is an important respiratory pathogen of chickens that may cause severe or mild disease in layers and broilers. Severe disease is characterized by respiratory depression, gasping, expectoration of bloody exudate and high mortality. Mild diseased chickens exhibit milder clinical signs and low mortality, and laboratory techniques are mandatory for a fi nal diagnosis. Several techniques have been described for the detection of ILTV, however they have disadvantages that constrains their use in routine diagnosis. Viral multiplication is limited to respiratory tissue, which makes the trachea the ideal site to look for the virus. The purpose of the present study was to develop a sensitive and specifi c nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) protocol to detect ILTV DNA directly from tracheal swabs of naturally or experimentally infected chickens.Materials, Methods & Results: The nested-PCR was carried out with two sets of primers selected from a portion of the ILTV thymidine kinase gene. PCR sensitivity was determined by using fi ve-fold serial dilutions of a commercial laryngotracheitis vaccine. PCR was specifi c as determined by testing


Background: Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) is a member of the family Herpesviridae that has a worldwide distribution, although it is well controlled in areas of intensive production in which periodic outbreaks of the disease occur. ILTV is an important respiratory pathogen of chickens that may cause severe or mild disease in layers and broilers. Severe disease is characterized by respiratory depression, gasping, expectoration of bloody exudate and high mortality. Mild diseased chickens exhibit milder clinical signs and low mortality, and laboratory techniques are mandatory for a fi nal diagnosis. Several techniques have been described for the detection of ILTV, however they have disadvantages that constrains their use in routine diagnosis. Viral multiplication is limited to respiratory tissue, which makes the trachea the ideal site to look for the virus. The purpose of the present study was to develop a sensitive and specifi c nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) protocol to detect ILTV DNA directly from tracheal swabs of naturally or experimentally infected chickens.Materials, Methods & Results: The nested-PCR was carried out with two sets of primers selected from a portion of the ILTV thymidine kinase gene. PCR sensitivity was determined by using fi ve-fold serial dilutions of a commercial laryngotracheitis vaccine. PCR was specifi c as determined by testing

3.
Ci. Rural ; 33(5)2003.
Artigo em Português | VETINDEX | ID: vti-704236

Resumo

Insect pests are a major worldwide cause of damage to agriculture. The control of insect pests was primarily relied on agrochemical and, in a much smaller scale, on biological insecticides. Insect-resistant transgenic plants represent a new alternative to the protection of crops against insect pests. The entomopathogenic bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is the source of resistance genes for the commercial production of the so called Bt-plants. In this review, the main features of Bt as source of resistance genes will be described as well as the main aspects of insect-resistant transgenic plants and advantages of using Bt-plants.


Os insetos constituem uma das principais causas de danos à produção agrícola no mundo. O controle de insetos tem sido realizado por meio de agroquímicos e, em muito menor escala, pelo emprego de inseticidas biológicos. As plantas transgênicas resistentes a insetos representam uma nova alternativa no combate aos insetos-praga das lavouras. A bactéria entomopatogênica Bacillus thuringiensis Berlinier (Bt) é a fonte dos genes de resistência nas chamadas plantas-Bt, produzidas comercialmente. No presente trabalho de revisão, são abordados os aspectos relacionados à bactéria Bt como fonte de genes de resistência a insetos-pragas, plantas geneticamente modificadas, vantagens do uso de plantas-Bt, bem como perspectivas dessa ferramenta biotecnológica.

4.
Artigo em Inglês | VETINDEX | ID: vti-443556

Resumo

The bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is characterized by its ability to produce proteic crystalline inclusions during sporulation. Cry1 protein has insecticidal activity and is highly specific to certain insects and not toxic to unrelated insects, plants or vertebrates. In this work, the patogenicity of twelve Bt isolates was tested against Anticarsia gemmatalis, one of the most important insect pests of soybeans. Spore-crystal complex was applied to the surface of artificial diets and the mortality of A. gemmatalis larvae was assessed seven days after each treatment. When compared to a control Bt isolate known by its high toxicity to A. gemmatalis larvae, four novel Bt isolates exhibited even higher toxic activities against the insect, resulting in more than 90% mortality. PCR was used to amplify DNA fragments related to known cry1 genes. Bt strains with high toxicity produced expected PCR products of around 280 bp, whereas non-toxic or low toxic strains did not produce any PCR product or showed amplified fragments of different sizes. Toxic Bt isolates also exhibited an expected protein profile when total protein extracts were evaluated by SDS-PAGE.


A bactéria Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) é caracterizada pela sua habilidade de produção de corpos paraesporais durante a esporulação. As proteínas cry1 têm atividade inseticida e são altamente específicas para certos insetos e não são tóxicas para outros insetos, plantas e vertebrados. Neste trabalho, a patogenicidade de doze isolados foram testados contra Anticarsia gemmatalis, um dos mais importantes insetos pragas da cultura da soja. Para tanto, foi aplicada sobre a superfície da dieta uma suspensão de esporo-cristal e a mortalidade de lagartas de Anticarsia gemmatalis foi avaliada sete dias após a aplicação. Quando comparado com uma linhagem de Bt controle, conhecido pela sua alta toxicidade para lagartas da soja, quatro novos isolados exibiram atividade tóxica superior, acima de 90% de mortalidade. Foi utilizada a técnica de PCR para amplificar fragmentos de DNA de regiões codificantes de genes cry1. Os isolados de Bt com alta mortalidade produziram produtos de PCR de tamanho esperado, em torno de 280 pb, isolados não tóxicos ou pouco tóxico não produziram qualquer produto de PCR ou mostraram fragmentos amplificados com padrões diferentes do esperado. Os isolados de Bt com alta atividade contra a lagarta da soja mostraram a presença de proteínas com tamanho de aproximadamente 150 kDa, quando o extrato protéico total foi analisado em SDS-PAGE.

5.
Artigo em Português | LILACS-Express | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1476012

Resumo

Insect pests are a major worldwide cause of damage to agriculture. The control of insect pests was primarily relied on agrochemical and, in a much smaller scale, on biological insecticides. Insect-resistant transgenic plants represent a new alternative to the protection of crops against insect pests. The entomopathogenic bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is the source of resistance genes for the commercial production of the so called Bt-plants. In this review, the main features of Bt as source of resistance genes will be described as well as the main aspects of insect-resistant transgenic plants and advantages of using Bt-plants.


Os insetos constituem uma das principais causas de danos à produção agrícola no mundo. O controle de insetos tem sido realizado por meio de agroquímicos e, em muito menor escala, pelo emprego de inseticidas biológicos. As plantas transgênicas resistentes a insetos representam uma nova alternativa no combate aos insetos-praga das lavouras. A bactéria entomopatogênica Bacillus thuringiensis Berlinier (Bt) é a fonte dos genes de resistência nas chamadas plantas-Bt, produzidas comercialmente. No presente trabalho de revisão, são abordados os aspectos relacionados à bactéria Bt como fonte de genes de resistência a insetos-pragas, plantas geneticamente modificadas, vantagens do uso de plantas-Bt, bem como perspectivas dessa ferramenta biotecnológica.

6.
Ci. Rural ; 31(5)2001.
Artigo em Português | VETINDEX | ID: vti-703871

Resumo

The ability for in vitro plant regeneration is limited in most of the cereal crops. One way to minimize this problem has been to search for alternative sources of tissues with the ability for in vitro cultivation. This report aims at the investigation of the potential and the amount of time necessary for in vitro plant regeneration of Brazilian oat (Avena sativa L.) genotypes from leaf base segments. One to two millimeter coleoptile segments of oat genotypes were cultivated for 21 days on MS medium (MURASHIGE & SKOOG, 1962) plus 2,0mg L-1 de 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), and transferred to plant regeneration media. Variability among genotypes for somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from leaf base segments was not found, but it was possible to regenerate oat genotypes previously considered recalcitrants for in vitro regeneration. Besides that, it was possible to reduce to 5 months the plant regeneration period with this explant. The non-significant correlation between the percentage of somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration indicates that the embryogenesis is not the only way for plant regeneration from this explant.


A regeneração de plantas in vitro é uma limitação encontrada na maioria dos cereais. Uma forma de minimizar essa dificuldade tem sido a busca de fontes alternativas de tecidos com habilidade para esse fim. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o potencial e o período necessário para regeneração de plantas in vitro de genótipos brasileiros de aveia (Avena sativa L.) a partir de segmentos da base da folha. Segmentos de 1-2mm retirados do coleóptilo de genótipos de aveia foram cultivados por 21 dias em meio MS (MURASHIGE & SKOOG, 1962) suplementado com 2,0mg L-1 de 2,4-D (ácido 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético) e, posteriormente, transferidos para meio de regeneração de plantas. Não foi encontrada variabilidade entre os genótipos quanto à capacidade de induzir calos embriogênicos e regenerar plantas a partir de segmentos da base da folha, tendo sido possível regenerar genótipos de aveia antes considerados sem habilidade para o cultivo in vitro. O uso desse explante possibilitou reduzir o tempo de regeneração de plantas de aveia para cinco meses e a não correlação entre a percentagem de embriogênese somática e regeneração de plantas indica que a embriogênese não é o único caminho de regeneração a partir desse explante.

7.
Sci. agric ; 58(4)2001.
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS-Express | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1496132

Resumo

In an attempt to establish an alternative plant regeneration system for soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] cultivars used in Brazilian breeding programs, ten genotypes were tested for their embryogenic potential. Cotyledons were removed as explants from immature seeds harvested from field-grown plants. After 45 days on induction medium, the number of responding cotyledons and the number of somatic embryos per immature cotyledon were evaluated. The percentage of explants that produced somatic embryos varied from 1 to 70% among cultivars. The average number of somatic embryos produced per cotyledon pair ranged from 0.01 to 10.3 with a mean of 3.4. Suspension cultures were initiated with three Agrobacterium tumefaciens susceptible cultivars. Suspensions were successfully developed from Bragg and IAS5 cultivars. The packed cell volume, in one-month growth, increased 8.1 fold for Bragg and 3.5 fold for IAS5 and the fresh weight increased 6.6 and 2.8 fold, respectively. The cultivars differed for the analysed parameters. All tissue from each cultivar was transferred to the maturation medium and subsequently to the germination medium. The germination frequency was 45.7 and 54.9% for Bragg and IAS5, respectively. Plants were gradually exposed to ambient humidity over one week and then planted in soil. All plants yielded seeds in the greenhouse.


Com o objetivo de estabelecer um sistema alternativo de regeneração de plantas para cultivares de soja [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] utilizadas em programas de melhoramento no Brasil, dez genótipos foram testados quanto ao seu potencial embriogênico. Os cotilédones utilizados como explantes foram excisados de sementes imaturas de plantas provindas do campo. Após 45 dias em meio de indução, o número de cotilédones embriogênicos e o número de embriões somáticos por cotilédone imaturo foram avaliados. A porcentagem de explantes que produziram embriões somáticos variou de 1 a 70% entre cultivares. O número médio de embriões somáticos produzidos por par de cotilédones variou de 0,01 a 10,3, com uma média de 3,4. Culturas em suspensão foram iniciadas a partir de três cultivares suscetíveis a Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Suspensões foram estabelecidas com sucesso para os cultivares Bragg e IAS5. Em um mês, o volume celular aumentou 8,1 vezes para Bragg e 3,5 vezes para IAS5 e o peso fresco aumentou 6,6 e 2,8 vezes, respectivamente. Todo o tecido de cada cultivar foi transferido para meio de maturação e, subseqüentemente, para meio de regeneração. A freqüência de germinação foi de 45,7 e 54,9% para Bragg e IAS5, respectivamente. Durante uma semana, as plantas foram expostas gradualmente à umidade do ambiente, sendo então plantadas em solo em casa de vegetação. Todas as plantas produziram sementes.

8.
Artigo em Português | LILACS-Express | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1475636

Resumo

The ability for in vitro plant regeneration is limited in most of the cereal crops. One way to minimize this problem has been to search for alternative sources of tissues with the ability for in vitro cultivation. This report aims at the investigation of the potential and the amount of time necessary for in vitro plant regeneration of Brazilian oat (Avena sativa L.) genotypes from leaf base segments. One to two millimeter coleoptile segments of oat genotypes were cultivated for 21 days on MS medium (MURASHIGE & SKOOG, 1962) plus 2,0mg L-1 de 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), and transferred to plant regeneration media. Variability among genotypes for somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from leaf base segments was not found, but it was possible to regenerate oat genotypes previously considered recalcitrants for in vitro regeneration. Besides that, it was possible to reduce to 5 months the plant regeneration period with this explant. The non-significant correlation between the percentage of somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration indicates that the embryogenesis is not the only way for plant regeneration from this explant.


A regeneração de plantas in vitro é uma limitação encontrada na maioria dos cereais. Uma forma de minimizar essa dificuldade tem sido a busca de fontes alternativas de tecidos com habilidade para esse fim. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o potencial e o período necessário para regeneração de plantas in vitro de genótipos brasileiros de aveia (Avena sativa L.) a partir de segmentos da base da folha. Segmentos de 1-2mm retirados do coleóptilo de genótipos de aveia foram cultivados por 21 dias em meio MS (MURASHIGE & SKOOG, 1962) suplementado com 2,0mg L-1 de 2,4-D (ácido 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético) e, posteriormente, transferidos para meio de regeneração de plantas. Não foi encontrada variabilidade entre os genótipos quanto à capacidade de induzir calos embriogênicos e regenerar plantas a partir de segmentos da base da folha, tendo sido possível regenerar genótipos de aveia antes considerados sem habilidade para o cultivo in vitro. O uso desse explante possibilitou reduzir o tempo de regeneração de plantas de aveia para cinco meses e a não correlação entre a percentagem de embriogênese somática e regeneração de plantas indica que a embriogênese não é o único caminho de regeneração a partir desse explante.

9.
Sci. agric. ; 58(4)2001.
Artigo em Inglês | VETINDEX | ID: vti-439580

Resumo

In an attempt to establish an alternative plant regeneration system for soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] cultivars used in Brazilian breeding programs, ten genotypes were tested for their embryogenic potential. Cotyledons were removed as explants from immature seeds harvested from field-grown plants. After 45 days on induction medium, the number of responding cotyledons and the number of somatic embryos per immature cotyledon were evaluated. The percentage of explants that produced somatic embryos varied from 1 to 70% among cultivars. The average number of somatic embryos produced per cotyledon pair ranged from 0.01 to 10.3 with a mean of 3.4. Suspension cultures were initiated with three Agrobacterium tumefaciens susceptible cultivars. Suspensions were successfully developed from Bragg and IAS5 cultivars. The packed cell volume, in one-month growth, increased 8.1 fold for Bragg and 3.5 fold for IAS5 and the fresh weight increased 6.6 and 2.8 fold, respectively. The cultivars differed for the analysed parameters. All tissue from each cultivar was transferred to the maturation medium and subsequently to the germination medium. The germination frequency was 45.7 and 54.9% for Bragg and IAS5, respectively. Plants were gradually exposed to ambient humidity over one week and then planted in soil. All plants yielded seeds in the greenhouse.


Com o objetivo de estabelecer um sistema alternativo de regeneração de plantas para cultivares de soja [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] utilizadas em programas de melhoramento no Brasil, dez genótipos foram testados quanto ao seu potencial embriogênico. Os cotilédones utilizados como explantes foram excisados de sementes imaturas de plantas provindas do campo. Após 45 dias em meio de indução, o número de cotilédones embriogênicos e o número de embriões somáticos por cotilédone imaturo foram avaliados. A porcentagem de explantes que produziram embriões somáticos variou de 1 a 70% entre cultivares. O número médio de embriões somáticos produzidos por par de cotilédones variou de 0,01 a 10,3, com uma média de 3,4. Culturas em suspensão foram iniciadas a partir de três cultivares suscetíveis a Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Suspensões foram estabelecidas com sucesso para os cultivares Bragg e IAS5. Em um mês, o volume celular aumentou 8,1 vezes para Bragg e 3,5 vezes para IAS5 e o peso fresco aumentou 6,6 e 2,8 vezes, respectivamente. Todo o tecido de cada cultivar foi transferido para meio de maturação e, subseqüentemente, para meio de regeneração. A freqüência de germinação foi de 45,7 e 54,9% para Bragg e IAS5, respectivamente. Durante uma semana, as plantas foram expostas gradualmente à umidade do ambiente, sendo então plantadas em solo em casa de vegetação. Todas as plantas produziram sementes.

10.
Acta sci. vet. (Online) ; 40(3): 01-07, 2012.
Artigo em Inglês | VETINDEX | ID: vti-475525

Resumo

Background: Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) is a member of the family Herpesviridae that has a worldwide distribution, although it is well controlled in areas of intensive production in which periodic outbreaks of the disease occur. ILTV is an important respiratory pathogen of chickens that may cause severe or mild disease in layers and broilers. Severe disease is characterized by respiratory depression, gasping, expectoration of bloody exudate and high mortality. Mild diseased chickens exhibit milder clinical signs and low mortality, and laboratory techniques are mandatory for a fi nal diagnosis. Several techniques have been described for the detection of ILTV, however they have disadvantages that constrains their use in routine diagnosis. Viral multiplication is limited to respiratory tissue, which makes the trachea the ideal site to look for the virus. The purpose of the present study was to develop a sensitive and specifi c nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) protocol to detect ILTV DNA directly from tracheal swabs of naturally or experimentally infected chickens.Materials, Methods & Results: The nested-PCR was carried out with two sets of primers selected from a portion of the ILTV thymidine kinase gene. PCR sensitivity was determined by using fi ve-fold serial dilutions of a commercial laryngotracheitis vaccine. PCR was specifi c as determined by testing


Background: Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) is a member of the family Herpesviridae that has a worldwide distribution, although it is well controlled in areas of intensive production in which periodic outbreaks of the disease occur. ILTV is an important respiratory pathogen of chickens that may cause severe or mild disease in layers and broilers. Severe disease is characterized by respiratory depression, gasping, expectoration of bloody exudate and high mortality. Mild diseased chickens exhibit milder clinical signs and low mortality, and laboratory techniques are mandatory for a fi nal diagnosis. Several techniques have been described for the detection of ILTV, however they have disadvantages that constrains their use in routine diagnosis. Viral multiplication is limited to respiratory tissue, which makes the trachea the ideal site to look for the virus. The purpose of the present study was to develop a sensitive and specifi c nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) protocol to detect ILTV DNA directly from tracheal swabs of naturally or experimentally infected chickens.Materials, Methods & Results: The nested-PCR was carried out with two sets of primers selected from a portion of the ILTV thymidine kinase gene. PCR sensitivity was determined by using fi ve-fold serial dilutions of a commercial laryngotracheitis vaccine. PCR was specifi c as determined by testing

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