Serological detection of Brazilian Spotted-Fever Group Rickettsiae in horses in Brasília, Federal District, Brazil / Detecção sorológica de Rickettsiae do grupo da Febre Maculosa Brasileira em cavalos de Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brasil

Brazilian spotted fever (BSF) is a zoonosis caused by spotted-fever group Rickettsiae that is transmitted to humans through tick bites. Dogs and horses are considered to be sentinel animals for this disease. In this study, a serological survey was carried out among horses apprehended by the governmental animal control service of the Federal District, Brazil. Serum samples were obtained from 122 horses over a one-year period. Through the indirect immunofluorescence antibody assay (IFA) for Rickettsia rickettsii anti-IgG antibodies, 21 samples were found to be positive, with titers ranging from 1:64 to 1:512. This demonstrates that the agent presents silent circulation in the Federal District.

A febre maculosa brasileira (FMB) é uma zoonose causada por riquétsias do Grupo da Febre Maculosa transmitida ao homem através de picadas de carrapatos. Cães e cavalos são considerados animais sentinelas para essa doença. Neste estudo, foi realizado inquérito sorológico em cavalos apreendidos pelo serviço governamental de controle de animais do Distrito Federal, Brasil. Os soros utilizados foram obtidos de 122 cavalos, coletados por conveniência pelo período de um ano. Através do ensaio de imunofluorescência indireta (IFA) para anticorpos anti-IgG contra Rickettsia rickettsii, 21 amostras foram positivas para títulos variando de 1:64 a 1:512, demonstrando a circulação silenciosa do agente no Distrito Federal.

Detection of enterotoxin and adhesin genes of Escherichia coli strains isolated from feces of healthy dogs / Detecção de genes de enterotoxinas e adesinas em cepas de Escherichia coliisoladas de fezes de cães saudáveis

This study aimed to investigate the presence of genes encoding the enterotoxins STa and Stx1 and the adhesins K99 and Intimin in E. coli strains isolated from feces of dogs who appeared to be healthy. Rectal swab samples were collected from 50 dogs who visited the Veterinary Hospital of the University of Brasilia and 48 E. coli isolates were obtained. No positive isolates were found for STa and K99. However, positive results were found in 21 isolates (43.7%) for Stx1 and 14 isolates (29%) for the Intimin gene (eae). The antimicrobial sensitivity profile was also assessed for the following antibiotics: sulfazothrim, azithromycin, enrofloxacin, ceftiofur, amoxicillin + clavulanate, doxycycline, ampicillin, and cephalexin. The antibiotics on which the isolates showed the highest resistance were ampicillin (25%), doxycycline (22.9%) and cephalexin (20.8%). As for sensitivity, the isolates were most sensitive to sulfazothrim (87.5%), azithromycin (85.41%) and enrofloxacin (77%). Healthy dogs can carry multidrug-resistant E. coli strains that can also carry enterotoxin and adhesin genes, thus indicating that, the proximity between dogs and humans may contribute to possible zoonotic transmission of these microorganisms.

Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a presença de genes que codificam as enterotoxinas STa e Stx1 e as adesinas K99 e Intiminaem cepas de E. coliisoladas de fezes de cãesaparentementesaudáveis. Amostras de swab retal foram coletadas de 50 cães que visitaram o Hospital Veterinário da Universidade de Brasília e 48 isolados de E. coliforam obtidos. Não foram encontrados isolados positivos para STa e K99. No entanto, resultados positivos foram encontrados em 21 isolados (43,7%) para Stx1 e 14 isolados (29%) para o gene Intimina(eae). O perfil de sensibilidade antimicrobiana também foi avaliado para os seguintes antibióticos: sulfazotrim, azitromicina, enrofloxacina, ceftiofur, amoxicilina + clavulanato, doxiciclina, ampicilina,e cefalexina. Os antibióticos nos quais os isolados apresentaram maior resistência foramaampicilina (25%), doxiciclina (22,9%) e cefalexina (20,8%). Quanto à sensibilidade, os isolados foram mais sensíveis ao sulfazotrim (87,5%), azitromicina (85,41%) e enrofloxacina (77%). Cães saudáveis podem carrearcepas de E. colimultirresistentes que por sua vez também podem carreargenes codificadores de enterotoxina e adesina, indicando assim que a proximidade entre cães e humanos pode contribuir para a possível transmissão zoonótica desses microrganismos.

Detection of enterotoxin and adhesin genes of Escherichia coli strains isolated from feces of healthy dogs / Detecção de genes de enterotoxinas e adesinas em cepas de Escherichia coliisoladas de fezes de cães saudáveis

This study aimed to investigate the presence of genes encoding the enterotoxins STa and Stx1 and the adhesins K99 and Intimin in E. coli strains isolated from feces of dogs who appeared to be healthy. Rectal swab samples were collected from 50 dogs who visited the Veterinary Hospital of the University of Brasilia and 48 E. coli isolates were obtained. No positive isolates were found for STa and K99. However, positive results were found in 21 isolates (43.7%) for Stx1 and 14 isolates (29%) for the Intimin gene (eae). The antimicrobial sensitivity profile was also assessed for the following antibiotics: sulfazothrim, azithromycin, enrofloxacin, ceftiofur, amoxicillin + clavulanate, doxycycline, ampicillin, and cephalexin. The antibiotics on which the isolates showed the highest resistance were ampicillin (25%), doxycycline (22.9%) and cephalexin (20.8%). As for sensitivity, the isolates were most sensitive to sulfazothrim (87.5%), azithromycin (85.41%) and enrofloxacin (77%). Healthy dogs can carry multidrug-resistant E. coli strains that can also carry enterotoxin and adhesin genes, thus indicating that, the proximity between dogs and humans may contribute to possible zoonotic transmission of these microorganisms.(AU)

Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a presença de genes que codificam as enterotoxinas STa e Stx1 e as adesinas K99 e Intiminaem cepas de E. coliisoladas de fezes de cãesaparentementesaudáveis. Amostras de swab retal foram coletadas de 50 cães que visitaram o Hospital Veterinário da Universidade de Brasília e 48 isolados de E. coliforam obtidos. Não foram encontrados isolados positivos para STa e K99. No entanto, resultados positivos foram encontrados em 21 isolados (43,7%) para Stx1 e 14 isolados (29%) para o gene Intimina(eae). O perfil de sensibilidade antimicrobiana também foi avaliado para os seguintes antibióticos: sulfazotrim, azitromicina, enrofloxacina, ceftiofur, amoxicilina + clavulanato, doxiciclina, ampicilina,e cefalexina. Os antibióticos nos quais os isolados apresentaram maior resistência foramaampicilina (25%), doxiciclina (22,9%) e cefalexina (20,8%). Quanto à sensibilidade, os isolados foram mais sensíveis ao sulfazotrim (87,5%), azitromicina (85,41%) e enrofloxacina (77%). Cães saudáveis podem carrearcepas de E. colimultirresistentes que por sua vez também podem carreargenes codificadores de enterotoxina e adesina, indicando assim que a proximidade entre cães e humanos pode contribuir para a possível transmissão zoonótica desses microrganismos.(AU)

Polioencefalomalacia em cordeiro neonato / Polioencephalomalacia in newborn lamb

Background: Perinatal mortality in sheep is determined by death between 60 days of gestation and 28 days postpartum. The starvation / hypothermia complex was characterized by lambs that walked, but did not feed. Polioencephalomalacia (PEM) is a descriptive term that indicates the morphological diagnosis for necrosis with softening of the gray matter in the brain. There are no data available in the literature relating PEM to the starvation / hypoglycemia / hypothermia complex in small ruminants. Thus, the objective of this work is to report a case of polyioencephalomalacia related to the starvation / hypoglycemia / hypothermia and septicemia complex in a newborn sheep. Case: A 5-day-old sheep female mixed race (Dorper x Santa Inês), 3.0 kg, from a rural property in the Federal District, was sent to the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory of the University of Brasília, for a necropsy. Organ fragments were collected and fixed in a 10 % buffered formalin solution, routinely processed for histology and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE). Additionally, swabs from the meninges, eyeballs and navels were collected for bacteriology. The animal came from twin pregnancies and was weak since birth. With three days of life, it presented apathy, weakness, difficulty in breastfeeding, difficulty in walking, and decubitus in a self-auscultation position. After 2 days of evolution the lamb died. Macroscopically, eyeball opacity, omphalophlebitis and congested brain were observed. Microscopically in the frontal cortex, the leptomeninge was markedly thickened by a large number of neutrophils and, to a lesser extent, macrophages, lymphocytes and plasmocytes, associated with aggregates of free eosinophilic rods or in the cytoplasm of macrophages. In the underlying gray substance, the neurópilo was observed containing...(AU)

Polioencefalomalacia em cordeiro neonato / Polioencephalomalacia in newborn lamb

Background: Perinatal mortality in sheep is determined by death between 60 days of gestation and 28 days postpartum. The starvation / hypothermia complex was characterized by lambs that walked, but did not feed. Polioencephalomalacia (PEM) is a descriptive term that indicates the morphological diagnosis for necrosis with softening of the gray matter in the brain. There are no data available in the literature relating PEM to the starvation / hypoglycemia / hypothermia complex in small ruminants. Thus, the objective of this work is to report a case of polyioencephalomalacia related to the starvation / hypoglycemia / hypothermia and septicemia complex in a newborn sheep. Case: A 5-day-old sheep female mixed race (Dorper x Santa Inês), 3.0 kg, from a rural property in the Federal District, was sent to the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory of the University of Brasília, for a necropsy. Organ fragments were collected and fixed in a 10 % buffered formalin solution, routinely processed for histology and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE). Additionally, swabs from the meninges, eyeballs and navels were collected for bacteriology. The animal came from twin pregnancies and was weak since birth. With three days of life, it presented apathy, weakness, difficulty in breastfeeding, difficulty in walking, and decubitus in a self-auscultation position. After 2 days of evolution the lamb died. Macroscopically, eyeball opacity, omphalophlebitis and congested brain were observed. Microscopically in the frontal cortex, the leptomeninge was markedly thickened by a large number of neutrophils and, to a lesser extent, macrophages, lymphocytes and plasmocytes, associated with aggregates of free eosinophilic rods or in the cytoplasm of macrophages. In the underlying gray substance, the neurópilo was observed containing...

Isolation and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli found in chilled chicken carcasses in the Federal District Region and surrounding areas / Isolamento e resistência antimicrobiana de Campylobacter jejuni e Campylobacter coli encontradas em carcaças de frango resfriadas na região do Distrito Federal e entorno

This study aimed to isolate Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli from chilled chicken carcasses marketed in the Federal District Region and surrounding areas, as well as to detect the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance and genes responsible for the same. A total of 105 chilled chicken carcasses were collected, of which 7 (6.67%) were positive for C. jejuni and 4 (3.81%) were positive for C. coli. These results were obtained using both the conventional microbiological isolation method and polymerase chain reaction assays. All of the positive strains were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing for seven antimicrobials. The resistance incidences found in the C. jejuni strains were as follows: 71.43% for tetracycline and nalidixic acid, 42.86% for streptomycin and gentamicin, 57.14% for ciprofloxacin and erythromycin, and 28.57% for chloramphenicol. Among the C. coli strains, 100% were resistant to tetracycline and streptomycin, 75% were resistant to erythromycin, 50% were resistant to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and nalidixic acid, and no strains were resistant to chloramphenicol. While analyzing the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes in the isolated C. jejuni strains, the aph3-1 (resistance to aminoglycosides), aadE (resistance to streptomycin), and tet(O) (resistance to tetracycline) genes were identified, with occurrence rates of 57.14%, 28.57%, and 42.86%, respectively, whereas in the C. coli strains, there was a 25% occurrence rate for both the aph3-1 and tet(O) genes. The aadE gene was not found in the C. coli isolates. The results of this study demonstrated the presence of C. jejuni and C. coli in chilled chicken carcasses marketed in the Federal District Region and surrounding areas, as well as the antimicrobial resistance and the presence of resistance genes in these bacteria, which may pose threats to public health.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi isolar Campylobacter jejuni e Campylobacter coli de carcaças de frango resfriadas comercializadas no Distrito Federal e entorno, bem como detectar a ocorrência de resistência antimicrobiana e genes responsáveis pela resistência antimicrobiana. Foram coletadas um total de 105 carcaças de frango resfriadas, das quais 7 (6,67%) foram positivas para C. jejuni e 4 (3,81%) para C. coli. Estes resultados foram obtidos usando tanto o método convencional de isolamento microbiológico quanto os ensaios de reação em cadeia da polymerase (PCR). Todas as cepas positivas foram submetidas ao teste de susceptibilidade antimicrobiana para sete antimicrobianos. As incidências de resistência encontradas nas cepas de C. jejuni foram as seguintes: 71,43% para tetraciclina e ácido nalidíxico, 42,86% para estreptomicina e gentamicina, 57,14% para ciprofloxacina e eritromicina e 28,57% para cloranfenicol. Entre as cepas de C. coli, 100% foram resistentes à tetraciclina e à estreptomicina, 75% eram resistentes à eritromicina, 50% eram resistentes à ciprofloxacina, gentamicina e ácido nalidíxico, e nenhuma cepa eram resistentes ao cloranfenicol. Ao analisar a presença de genes de resistência antimicrobiana nas cepas isoladas de C. jejuni, foram identificados os genes aph3-1 (resistência a aminoglicosídeos), aadE (resistência à estreptomicina) e tet (O) (resistência à tetraciclina) genes foram identificados, com taxas de ocorrência de 57,14%, 28,57% e 42,86%, respectivamente, enquanto que nas cepas de C. coli, houve uma taxa de ocorrência de 25% para os genes aph3-1 e tet (O). O gene aadE não foi encontrado nos isolados de C. coli. Os resultados deste estudo demonstraram a presença de C. jejuni e C. coli em carcaças de frango resfriadas comercializadas na Região do Distrito Federal e entorno, além da resistência antimicrobiana e a presença de genes de resistência nestas cepas, que podem se tornar uma possível ameaça a saúde pública.

Epidemiological study of swine brucellosis in household farms in Federal District of Brazil / Estudo epidemiológico de brucelose em suínos em criatórios de subsistência do Distrito Federal, Brasil

Brucellosis is caused by 10 species of Brucella sp. and is responsible for huge economic losses. There are no specific prophylactic measures present for household pigs, which can be also reservoirs, in the brazilian National Program for the Control and Eradication of Animal Brucellosis and Tuberculosis. Therefore, we conducted a cross-sectional study of blood serum samples from 1793 household pigs from 823 farms in Federal District of Brazil. Serum samples were collected between August and October in 2011, 2012, and 2014 by the veterinarians under the Secretary of Agriculture. The Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT) was used for screening for antibodies against smooth Brucella sp. Positive results were confirmed by the slow agglutination test (SAT) and 2-mercaptoethanol test (2-ME). Among the 1793 samples screened with RBPT, 125 were positive for antibodies against smooth Brucella sp.; 46 (32%) of these samples showed agglutination in SAT, but only one (0.8%) sample was considered positive by 2-ME. The animal with the positive blood serum was traced back in a household farm whose owner had supplemented feeds with cow milk whey. For preventing swine brucellosis, it is necessary to prevent the cross-infection either by the consumption of contaminated cow milk or by direct contact with infected animals. The government policy should enhance the sanitary education for encouraging household farmers to employ prophylactic measures and ensure biosecurity. The present study results indicate that swine brucellosis risk in household farms occurs in a low prevalence rate in pigs from the Federal District of Brazil.

A brucelose, enfermidade causada por 10 espécies de Brucella sp, pode afetar várias espécies de animais. A doença é responsável por perdas econômicas em diversos setores, inclusive na suinocultura. Não existem medidas profiláticas específicas para suínos no Programa Nacional de Controle e Erradicação da Brucelose Animal e Tuberculose-PNCEBT. Foi realizado um estudo transversal durante o período de agosto a outubro em 2011, 2012 e 2014 para o estudo de soroprevalência. Os analistas veterinários da Secretaria de Agricultura coletaram sangue de 1793 suínos de 823 criatórios no Distrito Federal. O teste Rosa de Bengala (RBPT) foi utilizado como triagem para a pesquisa de anticorpos contra Brucella sp. Os resultados positivos foram confirmados pelo teste de aglutinação lenta (SAT) e teste de 2-mercaptoetanol (2-ME) em série. Das 1793 amostras testadas pelo RBPT, 125 foram reagentes; sendo que 32% (46) destas amostras apresentaram aglutinação no SAT, mas apenas uma (0,8%) amostra foi confirmada positiva pelo teste 2-ME. O animal positivo foi rastreado em uma chácara de subsistência cujo dono tinha hábito de fornecer soro de leite de vaca aos suínos. Para prevenira brucelose suína, é necessário evitar a infecção cruzada pelo consumo de leite de vaca contaminado ou pelo contato direto com animais infectados. A política do governo deve melhorar a educação sanitária para incentivar a agricultura familiar a empregar medidas profiláticas e garantir a biossegurança. Os resultados do presente estudo indicam que o risco de brucelosesuína é baixo entre os criatórios de suínos do Distrito Federal.

Epidemiological study of swine brucellosis in household farms in Federal District of Brazil / Estudo epidemiológico de brucelose em suínos em criatórios de subsistência do Distrito Federal, Brasil

Brucellosis is caused by 10 species of Brucella sp. and is responsible for huge economic losses. There are no specific prophylactic measures present for household pigs, which can be also reservoirs, in the brazilian National Program for the Control and Eradication of Animal Brucellosis and Tuberculosis. Therefore, we conducted a cross-sectional study of blood serum samples from 1793 household pigs from 823 farms in Federal District of Brazil. Serum samples were collected between August and October in 2011, 2012, and 2014 by the veterinarians under the Secretary of Agriculture. The Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT) was used for screening for antibodies against smooth Brucella sp. Positive results were confirmed by the slow agglutination test (SAT) and 2-mercaptoethanol test (2-ME). Among the 1793 samples screened with RBPT, 125 were positive for antibodies against smooth Brucella sp.; 46 (32%) of these samples showed agglutination in SAT, but only one (0.8%) sample was considered positive by 2-ME. The animal with the positive blood serum was traced back in a household farm whose owner had supplemented feeds with cow milk whey. For preventing swine brucellosis, it is necessary to prevent the cross-infection either by the consumption of contaminated cow milk or by direct contact with infected animals. The government policy should enhance the sanitary education for encouraging household farmers to employ prophylactic measures and ensure biosecurity. The present study results indicate that swine brucellosis risk in household farms occurs in a low prevalence rate in pigs from the Federal District of Brazil.(AU)

A brucelose, enfermidade causada por 10 espécies de Brucella sp, pode afetar várias espécies de animais. A doença é responsável por perdas econômicas em diversos setores, inclusive na suinocultura. Não existem medidas profiláticas específicas para suínos no Programa Nacional de Controle e Erradicação da Brucelose Animal e Tuberculose-PNCEBT. Foi realizado um estudo transversal durante o período de agosto a outubro em 2011, 2012 e 2014 para o estudo de soroprevalência. Os analistas veterinários da Secretaria de Agricultura coletaram sangue de 1793 suínos de 823 criatórios no Distrito Federal. O teste Rosa de Bengala (RBPT) foi utilizado como triagem para a pesquisa de anticorpos contra Brucella sp. Os resultados positivos foram confirmados pelo teste de aglutinação lenta (SAT) e teste de 2-mercaptoetanol (2-ME) em série. Das 1793 amostras testadas pelo RBPT, 125 foram reagentes; sendo que 32% (46) destas amostras apresentaram aglutinação no SAT, mas apenas uma (0,8%) amostra foi confirmada positiva pelo teste 2-ME. O animal positivo foi rastreado em uma chácara de subsistência cujo dono tinha hábito de fornecer soro de leite de vaca aos suínos. Para prevenira brucelose suína, é necessário evitar a infecção cruzada pelo consumo de leite de vaca contaminado ou pelo contato direto com animais infectados. A política do governo deve melhorar a educação sanitária para incentivar a agricultura familiar a empregar medidas profiláticas e garantir a biossegurança. Os resultados do presente estudo indicam que o risco de brucelosesuína é baixo entre os criatórios de suínos do Distrito Federal.(AU)

Isolation and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli found in chilled chicken carcasses in the Federal District Region and surrounding areas / Isolamento e resistência antimicrobiana de Campylobacter jejuni e Campylobacter coli encontradas em carcaças de frango resfriadas na região do Distrito Federal e entorno

This study aimed to isolate Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli from chilled chicken carcasses marketed in the Federal District Region and surrounding areas, as well as to detect the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance and genes responsible for the same. A total of 105 chilled chicken carcasses were collected, of which 7 (6.67%) were positive for C. jejuni and 4 (3.81%) were positive for C. coli. These results were obtained using both the conventional microbiological isolation method and polymerase chain reaction assays. All of the positive strains were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing for seven antimicrobials. The resistance incidences found in the C. jejuni strains were as follows: 71.43% for tetracycline and nalidixic acid, 42.86% for streptomycin and gentamicin, 57.14% for ciprofloxacin and erythromycin, and 28.57% for chloramphenicol. Among the C. coli strains, 100% were resistant to tetracycline and streptomycin, 75% were resistant to erythromycin, 50% were resistant to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and nalidixic acid, and no strains were resistant to chloramphenicol. While analyzing the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes in the isolated C. jejuni strains, the aph3-1 (resistance to aminoglycosides), aadE (resistance to streptomycin), and tet(O) (resistance to tetracycline) genes were identified, with occurrence rates of 57.14%, 28.57%, and 42.86%, respectively, whereas in the C. coli strains, there was a 25% occurrence rate for both the aph3-1 and tet(O) genes. The aadE gene was not found in the C. coli isolates. The results of this study demonstrated the presence of C. jejuni and C. coli in chilled chicken carcasses marketed in the Federal District Region and surrounding areas, as well as the antimicrobial resistance and the presence of resistance genes in these bacteria, which may pose threats to public health.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi isolar Campylobacter jejuni e Campylobacter coli de carcaças de frango resfriadas comercializadas no Distrito Federal e entorno, bem como detectar a ocorrência de resistência antimicrobiana e genes responsáveis pela resistência antimicrobiana. Foram coletadas um total de 105 carcaças de frango resfriadas, das quais 7 (6,67%) foram positivas para C. jejuni e 4 (3,81%) para C. coli. Estes resultados foram obtidos usando tanto o método convencional de isolamento microbiológico quanto os ensaios de reação em cadeia da polymerase (PCR). Todas as cepas positivas foram submetidas ao teste de susceptibilidade antimicrobiana para sete antimicrobianos. As incidências de resistência encontradas nas cepas de C. jejuni foram as seguintes: 71,43% para tetraciclina e ácido nalidíxico, 42,86% para estreptomicina e gentamicina, 57,14% para ciprofloxacina e eritromicina e 28,57% para cloranfenicol. Entre as cepas de C. coli, 100% foram resistentes à tetraciclina e à estreptomicina, 75% eram resistentes à eritromicina, 50% eram resistentes à ciprofloxacina, gentamicina e ácido nalidíxico, e nenhuma cepa eram resistentes ao cloranfenicol. Ao analisar a presença de genes de resistência antimicrobiana nas cepas isoladas de C. jejuni, foram identificados os genes aph3-1 (resistência a aminoglicosídeos), aadE (resistência à estreptomicina) e tet (O) (resistência à tetraciclina) genes foram identificados, com taxas de ocorrência de 57,14%, 28,57% e 42,86%, respectivamente, enquanto que nas cepas de C. coli, houve uma taxa de ocorrência de 25% para os genes aph3-1 e tet (O). O gene aadE não foi encontrado nos isolados de C. coli. Os resultados deste estudo demonstraram a presença de C. jejuni e C. coli em carcaças de frango resfriadas comercializadas na Região do Distrito Federal e entorno, além da resistência antimicrobiana e a presença de genes de resistência nestas cepas, que podem se tornar uma possível ameaça a saúde pública.(AU)

Efeito da luz ultravioleta na eclodibilidade e viabilidade de pintos provenientes de ovos férteis sujos / Effect of ultraviolet light in hatchability and viability of chicks from dirty fertile eggs

Considerando a necessidade de se desenvolver estratégias para a incubação de ovos sujos e a demanda de se utilizar métodos renováveis de sanitização, a utilização da luz ultravioleta para desinfecção de ovos incubáveis sujos foi o objetivo desta pesquisa. Foram avaliados ovos sem desinfecção (C-), desinfetados com paraformaldeído (C+), e expostos a tempos diferentes de exposição ultravioleta: UV 330”, UV 430” e UV 530”. Os ovos C(+) e os expostos à UV por 330” e 530” tiveram uma redução significativa na quantidade de colônias na casca dos ovos em relação ao C(-), variando de 0.64 a 1 logUFC/g. Os tratamentos C(+), UV 330” e UV 530” foram aplicados para avaliação da incubabilidade dos ovos. A eclodibilidade do tratamento UV 330” (70,51%) foi superior ao UV 530” (51,16%) e similar ao C(+) (55,81%). Conclui-se que o tratamento UV 330” é eficaz na redução da contaminação microbiológica de ovos sujos e não afeta negativamente a eclodibilidade e a viabilidade dos pintinhos nascidos.(AU)

Considering the need to develop strategies for dirty eggs incubation and the demand to use renewable methods of sanitation, the use of ultraviolet light for disinfecting hatching dirty eggs was the objective of this research. Eggs not disinfected (C-), disinfected with paraformaldehyde (C+) and exposed to different times of UV radiation (UV 330”, UV 430” and UV 530”) were tested. The eggs C(+) and those exposed to UV for 330” and 530” presented a significant reduction on the number of colonies of eggshells comparing to C(-), with a 0.64 to 1 logUFC/g variation. The treatments C(+), UV 330” and UV 530” were applied in an incubation phase. The hatchability of treatment UV 330” (70,51%) was superior to UV 530” (51,16%) and alike C(+) (55,81%). In conclusion, the treatment UV 330” is effective in reducing microbiologic contamination of dirty eggs and do not affect negatively hatchability and quality of chicks.(AU)

Efeito da luz ultravioleta na eclodibilidade e viabilidade de pintos provenientes de ovos férteis sujos / Effect of ultraviolet light in hatchability and viability of chicks from dirty fertile eggs

Considerando a necessidade de se desenvolver estratégias para a incubação de ovos sujos e a demanda de se utilizar métodos renováveis de sanitização, a utilização da luz ultravioleta para desinfecção de ovos incubáveis sujos foi o objetivo desta pesquisa. Foram avaliados ovos sem desinfecção (C-), desinfetados com paraformaldeído (C+), e expostos a tempos diferentes de exposição ultravioleta: UV 3’30”, UV 4’30” e UV 5’30”. Os ovos C(+) e os expostos à UV por 3’30” e 5’30” tiveram uma redução significativa na quantidade de colônias na casca dos ovos em relação ao C(-), variando de 0.64 a 1 logUFC/g. Os tratamentos C(+), UV 3’30” e UV 5’30” foram aplicados para avaliação da incubabilidade dos ovos. A eclodibilidade do tratamento UV 3’30” (70,51%) foi superior ao UV 5’30” (51,16%) e similar ao C(+) (55,81%). Conclui-se que o tratamento UV 3’30” é eficaz na redução da contaminação microbiológica de ovos sujos e não afeta negativamente a eclodibilidade e a viabilidade dos pintinhos nascidos.

Considering the need to develop strategies for dirty eggs incubation and the demand to use renewable methods of sanitation, the use of ultraviolet light for disinfecting hatching dirty eggs was the objective of this research. Eggs not disinfected (C-), disinfected with paraformaldehyde (C+) and exposed to different times of UV radiation (UV 3’30”, UV 4’30” and UV 5’30”) were tested. The eggs C(+) and those exposed to UV for 3’30” and 5’30” presented a significant reduction on the number of colonies of eggshells comparing to C(-), with a 0.64 to 1 logUFC/g variation. The treatments C(+), UV 3’30” and UV 5’30” were applied in an incubation phase. The hatchability of treatment UV 3’30” (70,51%) was superior to UV 5’30” (51,16%) and alike C(+) (55,81%). In conclusion, the treatment UV 3’30” is effective in reducing microbiologic contamination of dirty eggs and do not affect negatively hatchability and quality of chicks.

Bacterial culture and antibiotic sensitivity from the ocular conjunctiva of horses / Cultura e sensibilidade bacteriana da conjuntiva ocular de equinos

The aim of this study was to identify the conjunctival bacterial flora of healthy horses in Brasilia (Distrito Federal, Brazil), and to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolated strains. We examined 200 eyes of 100 healthy adult horses without any eye problems, belonging to the 1st Regiment of the Cavalry Guard (RCG) of the Brazilian Army in Brasilia. Samples were collected from the inferior conjunctival fornix of both eyes. Drug sensitivity test was performed with the antibiotics gentamicin (10µg), tobramycin (10µg), chloramphenicol (30µg) and ciprofloxacin (5µg). Of the 200 samples collected, 131 (65.5%) were considered positive for bacterial growth. A total of 208 bacterial strains belonging to 19 genera were isolated, where there was prevalence of gram-positive bacteria (65%), with Staphylococcus sp. being the species of greatest incidence. It was observed that 94, 85, 81 and 68% of the isolates were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol and tobramycin, respectively. These results can guide the empirical selection antimicrobial therapy for infections of the ocular surface of horses, pending the identification of the etiologic agent.

Objetivou-se identificar a flora bacteriana conjuntival de cavalos saudáveis, residentes de Brasília (Distrito Federal - Brasil), e avaliar a susceptibilidade antimicrobiana das cepas isoladas. Foram avaliados 200 olhos de 100 equinos hígidos, adultos, saudáveis e sem alterações oculares, provenientes do 1o Regimento de Cavalaria de Guarda (RCG) do Exército de Brasília. As amostras foram coletadas do fórnix conjuntival inferior de ambos os olhos. O teste de sensibilidade foi realizado para os antimicrobianos: gentamicina (10mcg), tobramicina (10mcg), cloranfenicol (30mcg) e ciprofoxacino (5mcg). Das 200 amostras coletadas, 131 (65,5%) foram consideradas positivas para o crescimento bacteriano. Um total de 208 bactérias pertencentes a 19 gêneros foram isoladas, verificando-se prevalência de bactérias gram-positivas (65%), sendo Staphylococcus sp, a espécie de maior incidência. Foi observado que 94%, 85%, 81% e 68% das bactérias isoladas foram sensíveis ao ciprofloxacino, à gentamicina, ao cloranfenicol e à tobramicina, respectivamente. Tais resultados podem direcionar a escolha empírica da terapêutica antimicrobiana nas afecções da superfície ocular de equinos, enquanto se aguarda a identificação do agente etiológico.

Surto de dermatofilose em bezerros Nelore criados extensivamente em Goiás / Dermatophilosis outbreak in Nelore calves raised extensively in Goiás, midwestern Brazil

Background: Dermatophilosis is an infectious-contagious disease of acute, subacute or chronic evolution caused by the etiologic agent Dermatophilus congolensis, and presents as hyperplastic or exudative dermatitis with crusty and scaly skin eruptions. Although it is a disease with important economic impact on Brazilian beef cattle, the reports of outbreaks in zebu cattle are restricted to the states of São Paulo and Mato Grosso do Sul. The present paper aimed to report the epidemiological, clinical, laboratorial and pathological findings of a dermatophilosis outbreak in Nelore calves raised extensively in Goiás, Midwestern Brazil. Case: An outbreak of skin lesions in Nelore calves occurred on a farm located in Cocalzinho de Goiás, Goiás, Midwestern Brazil. Fifty one (25.5%) of the 200 calves from 3-11-months-old presented cutaneous lesions. Forty nine of the calves were still suckling and two were weaned recently, and the most affected calves were offspring’s of cows with the lowest body condition score. Three severely affected calves were clinically examined presenting regular body condition score, pale pink ocular mucosa, fever (39.2-40.3°C), tachycardia (80-100 beats per minute), tachypnea (48-56 breaths per minute) and moderate presence of ticks. Skin inspection revealed crusty, elevated, non-pruritic lesions of grayish color that easily detached from the skin exposing a humid and hemorrhagic superficial lesion with pus. Lesions were widespread on the body with predominance on the face, ears, neck and dorsal region. Hematological findings of these calves presented leukocytosis (16,083 ± 1,910/µL) by netrophilia (11,121 ± 2,349/µL) and hyperfibrinogenemia (966.6 ± 208.16 mg/dL). Biochemical alterations consisted of hypoproteinemia (6.5 ± 0.5 g/dL) and a slight increase in GGT activity in two calves (28 and 19 U/L, respectively)...

Bacterial culture and antibiotic sensitivity from the ocular conjunctiva of horses / Cultura e sensibilidade bacteriana da conjuntiva ocular de equinos

The aim of this study was to identify the conjunctival bacterial flora of healthy horses in Brasilia (Distrito Federal, Brazil), and to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolated strains. We examined 200 eyes of 100 healthy adult horses without any eye problems, belonging to the 1st Regiment of the Cavalry Guard (RCG) of the Brazilian Army in Brasilia. Samples were collected from the inferior conjunctival fornix of both eyes. Drug sensitivity test was performed with the antibiotics gentamicin (10µg), tobramycin (10µg), chloramphenicol (30µg) and ciprofloxacin (5µg). Of the 200 samples collected, 131 (65.5%) were considered positive for bacterial growth. A total of 208 bacterial strains belonging to 19 genera were isolated, where there was prevalence of gram-positive bacteria (65%), with Staphylococcus sp. being the species of greatest incidence. It was observed that 94, 85, 81 and 68% of the isolates were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol and tobramycin, respectively. These results can guide the empirical selection antimicrobial therapy for infections of the ocular surface of horses, pending the identification of the etiologic agent.(AU)

Objetivou-se identificar a flora bacteriana conjuntival de cavalos saudáveis, residentes de Brasília (Distrito Federal - Brasil), e avaliar a susceptibilidade antimicrobiana das cepas isoladas. Foram avaliados 200 olhos de 100 equinos hígidos, adultos, saudáveis e sem alterações oculares, provenientes do 1o Regimento de Cavalaria de Guarda (RCG) do Exército de Brasília. As amostras foram coletadas do fórnix conjuntival inferior de ambos os olhos. O teste de sensibilidade foi realizado para os antimicrobianos: gentamicina (10mcg), tobramicina (10mcg), cloranfenicol (30mcg) e ciprofoxacino (5mcg). Das 200 amostras coletadas, 131 (65,5%) foram consideradas positivas para o crescimento bacteriano. Um total de 208 bactérias pertencentes a 19 gêneros foram isoladas, verificando-se prevalência de bactérias gram-positivas (65%), sendo Staphylococcus sp, a espécie de maior incidência. Foi observado que 94%, 85%, 81% e 68% das bactérias isoladas foram sensíveis ao ciprofloxacino, à gentamicina, ao cloranfenicol e à tobramicina, respectivamente. Tais resultados podem direcionar a escolha empírica da terapêutica antimicrobiana nas afecções da superfície ocular de equinos, enquanto se aguarda a identificação do agente etiológico.(AU)

Surto de dermatofilose em bezerros Nelore criados extensivamente em Goiás / Dermatophilosis outbreak in Nelore calves raised extensively in Goiás, midwestern Brazil

Background: Dermatophilosis is an infectious-contagious disease of acute, subacute or chronic evolution caused by the etiologic agent Dermatophilus congolensis, and presents as hyperplastic or exudative dermatitis with crusty and scaly skin eruptions. Although it is a disease with important economic impact on Brazilian beef cattle, the reports of outbreaks in zebu cattle are restricted to the states of São Paulo and Mato Grosso do Sul. The present paper aimed to report the epidemiological, clinical, laboratorial and pathological findings of a dermatophilosis outbreak in Nelore calves raised extensively in Goiás, Midwestern Brazil. Case: An outbreak of skin lesions in Nelore calves occurred on a farm located in Cocalzinho de Goiás, Goiás, Midwestern Brazil. Fifty one (25.5%) of the 200 calves from 3-11-months-old presented cutaneous lesions. Forty nine of the calves were still suckling and two were weaned recently, and the most affected calves were offsprings of cows with the lowest body condition score. Three severely affected calves were clinically examined presenting regular body condition score, pale pink ocular mucosa, fever (39.2-40.3°C), tachycardia (80-100 beats per minute), tachypnea (48-56 breaths per minute) and moderate presence of ticks. Skin inspection revealed crusty, elevated, non-pruritic lesions of grayish color that easily detached from the skin exposing a humid and hemorrhagic superficial lesion with pus. Lesions were widespread on the body with predominance on the face, ears, neck and dorsal region. Hematological findings of these calves presented leukocytosis (16,083 ± 1,910/µL) by netrophilia (11,121 ± 2,349/µL) and hyperfibrinogenemia (966.6 ± 208.16 mg/dL). Biochemical alterations consisted of hypoproteinemia (6.5 ± 0.5 g/dL) and a slight increase in GGT activity in two calves (28 and 19 U/L, respectively)...(AU)

Deficiência de cobre em suínos: caracterização clínico-patológica / Copper deficiency in swine: clinical-pathologic characterization

São relatados dois casos de deficiência de cobre em suínos (A e B), fêmeas, sem raça definida, de três meses de idade, provenientes de propriedade rural em Planaltina, GO. Os animais apresentavam incoordenação, paresia de membros pélvicos, com progressão para os membros torácicos e andar com flexão da articulação metacarpo-falangeana. Na propriedade de origem dos animais, outros dois suínos apresentavam atrofia da musculatura da coxa e posição sentada quando parados. O rebanho recebia dieta não-balanceada constituída por milho, soro de leite e sobras de lavoura. Na necropsia, não foram observadas alterações significativas, mas histologicamente havia vacuolização periaxonal multifocal no tronco encefálico e na medula espinhal, quantidade discreta de esferoides axonais e macrófagos no interior dos vacúolos. A coloração com azul rápido de luxol (ARL) para mielina demonstrou que as áreas de vacuolização caracterizavam focos de desmielinização. Amostras de fígado dos dois suínos apresentaram níveis de cobre muito abaixo do normal, de 13,1 partes por milhão (ppm) (suíno A) e 5,7ppm (suíno B). Este trabalho descreve dois casos de desmielinização medular e de tronco encefálico devido à deficiência de cobre em suínos jovens.(AU)

Two cases of copper deficiency are described in three-month-old female crossbred piglets from a swine herd in Planaltina, GO. The animals presented incoordination, hindlimbs paresis progressing to the forelimbs, and gait with flexion of the metacarpofalangeal articulation. On the farm of origin of the animals, other two piglets presented atrophy of thigh muscle and sitting position when in station. The herd was fed with unbalanced diet consisting of corn, whey and leftover crop. On necropsy no significant changes were observed, but histologically there was multifocal periaxonal vacuolization in the brainstem and in spinal cord, discrete amount of axonal spheroids and macrophages in the vacuoles. The luxol fast blue (LFB) stain for myelin showed that the vacuolated sites represent demyelinated areas. Liver sample of the two piglets had very low copper levels, 13.1 parts per million (ppm) in swine A and 5.7 (ppm) in swine B. This paper describes two cases of spinal cord and brainstem demyelination due to copper deficiency in piglets.(AU)

Análise microbiológica da placa bacteriana da doença periodontal em cães e o efeito da antibioticoterapia sobre ela

The objective was to determine microbiote of the subgingival bacterial plaque of dogs with periodontal disease (PD) and establish the effect of antibioticotherapy on its reduction. Twenty dogs with varied stages of PD were evaluated and samples of their subgingival bacterial plaque were collected. Distinct antibiotic protocols were used in two groups with ten animals each: clindamycin (G1) and metronidazole + espiramycin (G2). New subgingival samples were collected 15 days after antibiotic therapy started. There were observed subgingival bacterial culture on most dogs with PD and correlation between severity of PD and age. There was reduction of bacterial growth in 20% of the samples after treatment and antibiogram showed higher sensibility to clindamycin, followed by espiramycin - all microorganisms were resistant to metronidazole.

Objetivou-se determinar a microbiota da placa bacteriana subgengival de cães com doença periodontal (DP) e estabelecer o efeito da antibioticoterapia. Avaliaram-se 20 cães com graus variados de DP e coletaram-se amostras da placa bacteriana subgengival antes e após antibioticoterapia. Preconizou-se antibioticoterapia distinta em dois grupos, com 10 animais cada: clindamicina (G1) e metronidazol + espiramicina (G2). Observou-se crescimento bacteriano subgengival na maioria dos cães com DP e correlação entre a severidade da DP e a idade dos animais. Houve redução significativa no crescimento bacteriano após a antibioticoterapia e o antibiograma demonstrou maior sensibilidade à clindamicina, seguido da espiramicina; todos os microrganismos foram resistentes ao metronidazol.

Análise microbiológica da placa bacteriana da doença periodontal em cães e o efeito da antibioticoterapia sobre ela

The objective was to determine microbiote of the subgingival bacterial plaque of dogs with periodontal disease (PD) and establish the effect of antibioticotherapy on its reduction. Twenty dogs with varied stages of PD were evaluated and samples of their subgingival bacterial plaque were collected. Distinct antibiotic protocols were used in two groups with ten animals each: clindamycin (G1) and metronidazole + espiramycin (G2). New subgingival samples were collected 15 days after antibiotic therapy started. There were observed subgingival bacterial culture on most dogs with PD and correlation between severity of PD and age. There was reduction of bacterial growth in 20% of the samples after treatment and antibiogram showed higher sensibility to clindamycin, followed by espiramycin - all microorganisms were resistant to metronidazole.

Objetivou-se determinar a microbiota da placa bacteriana subgengival de cães com doença periodontal (DP) e estabelecer o efeito da antibioticoterapia. Avaliaram-se 20 cães com graus variados de DP e coletaram-se amostras da placa bacteriana subgengival antes e após antibioticoterapia. Preconizou-se antibioticoterapia distinta em dois grupos, com 10 animais cada: clindamicina (G1) e metronidazol + espiramicina (G2). Observou-se crescimento bacteriano subgengival na maioria dos cães com DP e correlação entre a severidade da DP e a idade dos animais. Houve redução significativa no crescimento bacteriano após a antibioticoterapia e o antibiograma demonstrou maior sensibilidade à clindamicina, seguido da espiramicina; todos os microrganismos foram resistentes ao metronidazol.

Síndrome do abscesso pituitário em bezerros na Região Centro-Oeste / Pituitary abscess syndrome in calves from Mid-Western Brazil

A síndrome do abscesso pituitário é uma doença neurológica responsável por casos esporádicos e surtos, principalmente em bezerros, ocasionando alto índice de mortalidade. Descreve-se a ocorrência e os achados clínicos, laboratoriais e anátomo-patológicos em três bezerros com síndrome do abscesso pituitário no Centro-Oeste do Brasil. Os animais tinham 8-11 meses de idade e os sinais clínicos mais marcantes relacionaram-se aos sinais nervosos de origem cerebral e do tronco encefálico com evolução clínica de 7-20 dias. A hematologia revelou leucocitose por neutrofilia e hiperfibrinogenemia. A análise do líquido céfalo-raquidiano apresentou pleocitose neutrofílica. Arcanobacterium pyogenes foi isolado do líquido céfalo-raquidiano. Um dos bezerros apresentou recuperação após antibioticoterapia. A mortalidade foi de 66,6 por cento (2/3). Os achados de necropsia consistiram em um único abscesso de localização parapituitária ou situado no parênquima da glândula; um dos bezerros apresentou rinite necrosante e outro, broncopneumonia abscedativa. O exame histológico do sistema nervoso central revelou ausência quase completa do tecido hipofisário normal, devido à necrose extensa e infiltrado inflamatório neutrofílico difuso concomitante. Reitera-se a importância da realização de práticas de manejo adequadas a fim de reduzir a incidência de inúmeras enfermidades, principalmente em bezerros, dentre elas a síndrome do abscesso pituitário.(AU)

Pituitary abscess syndrome is a neurologic disease responsible for sporadic cases and outbreaks especially in calves leading to high mortality rates. This paper aimed to report the occurrence and the clinical, laboratorial and pathologic findings in three 8 to 11-month-old calves with pituitary abscess syndrome from Mid-Western Brazil. The most important clinical findings were nervous signs of cerebral and brainstem origin with clinical evolution of 7-20 days. Hematology revealed leucocytosis by neutrophilia and hyperfibrinogenemia. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis showed neutrophilic pleocytosis. Arcanobacterium pyogenes was isolated from cerebrospinal fluid. One calf recovered after antibiotic treatment. Mortality rate was 66.6 percent (2/3). Necropsy findings included single para-hypophyseal abscesses or located in the glandular parenchyma; one calf showed necrotizing rhinitis and another abscedative pneumonia. Histological exams of the central nervous system reveal complete absence of normal pituitary tissue due to the wide necrosis and neutrophilic inflammatory infiltrate. The authors reiterate the importance of adequate management practices to reduce incidence of several diseases especially in calves, including the pituitary abscess syndrome.(AU)

Cloning and expression of Aujeszky's disease virus glycoprotein E (gE) in a baculovirus system

Aujeszky' s disease (AD) is an infectious disease causing important economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. The disease is caused by an alpha-herpesvirus, Aujeszky' s disease virus (ADV), an enveloped virus with a double stranded linear DNA genome. The ADV genome encodes 11 glycoproteins, which are major targets for the immune system of the host in response to the infection. The glycoprotein E (gE) is a non-essential protein and deletion of the gE gene has been used for the production of marker vaccines. Aiming to develop molecular reagents for the production of a gE specific ELISA test, the gE gene was amplified by PCR, cloned and expressed into a baculovirus expression system. The recombinant DNA vector pFastBac-gE-ADV was used for site-specific transposition into the recombinant baculovirus (bacmid). Colonies with recombinant bacmid-pFastBac-gE-ADV were selected by antibiotic and color selection and the presence of the gE gene was confirmed by PCR. The recombinant bacmid-pFastBac-gE-ADV was cotransfected in insect Trichoplusia ni and the presence of the recombinant DNA and gE protein were detected by PCR, SDS-PAGE and Western blotting, respectively.

A doença de Aujeszky (DA) é uma enfermidade infecto-contagiosa que causa grandes perdas econômicas ao produtor e à agroindústria suinícola em todo o mundo. É causada pelo vírus da doença de Aujeszky (VDA), um alfaherpesvírus envelopado com genoma DNA de fita dupla e linear. O genoma do VDA codifica 11 glicoproteínas, as quais são os maiores alvos do sistema imune do hospedeiro em resposta a infecção. A glicoproteína E (gE) é uma proteína não essencial e a deleção do gene da gE é muito utilizada para a produção de vacinas com marcadores. Com o objetivo de desenvolver insumos moleculares para a produção de um teste de ELISA específico para gE do VDA, a seqüência do gene da gE foi amplificada, clonada e expressa no sistema de expressão em baculovírus. O produto da amplificação foi clonado no vetor pGem®-T Easy e subclonado no plasmídeo de expressão pFastBac1. O DNA recombinante pFastBac-gE-VDA foi usado para a transposição sítio-específica no baculovírus recombinante (bacmid). Após seleção por antibióticos e cor, as colônias com o recombinante bacmid-pFastBac-gE-VDA foram selecionadas e a presença do gene da gE foi confirmada por PCR. O DNA recombinante viral, bacmid-pFastBac-gE-VDA, foi usado para cotransfecção de células de inseto Trichoplusia ni e a presença do recombinante e a proteína gE foi determinada por PCR, por SDS-PAGE e Western blotting, respectivamente.