Influence of season and external morphology on thermal comfort and physiological responses in bulls from two breeds adapted to a subtropical climate / Influência da estação e da morfologia externa no conforto térmico e respostas fisiológicas em touros de duas raças adaptadas a um clima subtropical

Animals in subtropical regions can be exposed to periods of thermal stress. Locally adapted breeds are especially important in this context, but these have little information available in their natural environments. The aim of this study was to assess whether season affects thermal comfort and physiological responses to increased temperatures of two breeds of bulls in a subtropical climate. Four Angus and four Crioulo Lageano bulls were used in this study. Body and testicles measurements, skin pigmentation and thickness, hair number, length and pigmentation, respiratory rate, panting score, rectal temperature and haematological profile were recorded on three occasions in summer and winter, morning and afternoon. The surface temperature of the flank, eye and scrotum were obtained by infrared thermography. Hair coat colour was determined by CIELAB method. Thermal comfort indexes were calculated from meteorological data. Statistical analysis included analyses of variance, correlations and a partial least squares regression in determining which traits were the most important in thermal adaptability. External morphology of the bulls was important for explaining physiological changes in both seasons, but their contribution was greater in summer. Bulls experienced moderate heat stress in summer, which led to significant physiological responses, which were more pronounced in Angus bulls. The main differences in thermal adaptation found between breeds were the hair coat characteristics and respiratory rate. Despite using different mechanisms to cope with environmental challenges, all bulls were able to maintain optimal testicular thermoregulation as well as systemic normothermia throughout the seasons, showing good adaptation to the climate conditions.(AU)

Animais em regiões subtropicais podem ser expostos ao estresse térmico. As raças localmente adaptadas são especialmente importantes nesse contexto, mas possuem pouca informação disponível em seus ambientes naturais. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se a estação afeta o conforto térmico e as respostas fisiológicas ao aumento da temperatura de duas raças de touros em clima subtropical. Quatro touros Angus e quatro Crioulo Lageano foram utilizados neste estudo. As medidas do corpo e testículos, pigmentação e espessura da pele, número, comprimento e pigmentação de pêlos, frequência respiratória, escore ofegante, temperatura retal e perfil hematológico foram registradas no verão e inverno, manhã e tarde. A temperatura da superfície do flanco, olho e escroto foi obtida por termografia infravermelho. Os índices de conforto térmico foram calculados a partir de dados meteorológicos. A análise estatística incluiu análises de variância, correlações e uma regressão parcial de mínimos quadrados para determinar quais características foram as mais importantes na adaptabilidade térmica. A morfologia externa dos touros foi importante para explicar as mudanças fisiológicas nas duas estações, mas sua contribuição foi maior no verão. Os touros sofreram estresse térmico moderado no verão, o que levou a respostas fisiológicas significativas, que foram mais pronunciadas na Angus. As principais diferenças de adaptação térmica encontradas entre as raças foram as características do pêlo e a frequência respiratória. Apesar de usar diferentes mecanismos para lidar com os desafios ambientais, todos os touros foram capazes de manter a termorregulação testicular ideal e a normotermia, mostrando boa adaptação às condições climáticas.(AU)

Influence of season and external morphology on thermal comfort and physiological responses in bulls from two breeds adapted to a subtropical climate / Influência da estação e da morfologia externa no conforto térmico e respostas fisiológicas em touros de duas raças adaptadas a um clima subtropical

Animals in subtropical regions can be exposed to periods of thermal stress. Locally adapted breeds are especially important in this context, but these have little information available in their natural environments. The aim of this study was to assess whether season affects thermal comfort and physiological responses to increased temperatures of two breeds of bulls in a subtropical climate. Four Angus and four Crioulo Lageano bulls were used in this study. Body and testicles measurements, skin pigmentation and thickness, hair number, length and pigmentation, respiratory rate, panting score, rectal temperature and haematological profile were recorded on three occasions in summer and winter, morning and afternoon. The surface temperature of the flank, eye and scrotum were obtained by infrared thermography. Hair coat colour was determined by CIELAB method. Thermal comfort indexes were calculated from meteorological data. Statistical analysis included analyses of variance, correlations and a partial least squares regression in determining which traits were the most important in thermal adaptability. External morphology of the bulls was important for explaining physiological changes in both seasons, but their contribution was greater in summer. Bulls experienced moderate heat stress in summer, which led to significant physiological responses, which were more pronounced in Angus bulls. The main differences in thermal adaptation found between breeds were the hair coat characteristics and respiratory rate. Despite using different mechanisms to cope with environmental challenges, all bulls were able to maintain optimal testicular thermoregulation as well as systemic normothermia throughout the seasons, showing good adaptation to the climate conditions.

Animais em regiões subtropicais podem ser expostos ao estresse térmico. As raças localmente adaptadas são especialmente importantes nesse contexto, mas possuem pouca informação disponível em seus ambientes naturais. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se a estação afeta o conforto térmico e as respostas fisiológicas ao aumento da temperatura de duas raças de touros em clima subtropical. Quatro touros Angus e quatro Crioulo Lageano foram utilizados neste estudo. As medidas do corpo e testículos, pigmentação e espessura da pele, número, comprimento e pigmentação de pêlos, frequência respiratória, escore ofegante, temperatura retal e perfil hematológico foram registradas no verão e inverno, manhã e tarde. A temperatura da superfície do flanco, olho e escroto foi obtida por termografia infravermelho. Os índices de conforto térmico foram calculados a partir de dados meteorológicos. A análise estatística incluiu análises de variância, correlações e uma regressão parcial de mínimos quadrados para determinar quais características foram as mais importantes na adaptabilidade térmica. A morfologia externa dos touros foi importante para explicar as mudanças fisiológicas nas duas estações, mas sua contribuição foi maior no verão. Os touros sofreram estresse térmico moderado no verão, o que levou a respostas fisiológicas significativas, que foram mais pronunciadas na Angus. As principais diferenças de adaptação térmica encontradas entre as raças foram as características do pêlo e a frequência respiratória. Apesar de usar diferentes mecanismos para lidar com os desafios ambientais, todos os touros foram capazes de manter a termorregulação testicular ideal e a normotermia, mostrando boa adaptação às condições climáticas.

Influence of season and external morphology on thermal comfort and physiological responses in bulls from two breeds adapted to a subtropical climate

ABSTRACT Animals in subtropical regions can be exposed to periods of thermal stress. Locally adapted breeds are especially important in this context, but these have little information available in their natural environments. The aim of this study was to assess whether season affects thermal comfort and physiological responses to increased temperatures of two breeds of bulls in a subtropical climate. Four Angus and four Crioulo Lageano bulls were used in this study. Body and testicles measurements, skin pigmentation and thickness, hair number, length and pigmentation, respiratory rate, panting score, rectal temperature and haematological profile were recorded on three occasions in summer and winter, morning and afternoon. The surface temperature of the flank, eye and scrotum were obtained by infrared thermography. Hair coat colour was determined by CIELAB method. Thermal comfort indexes were calculated from meteorological data. Statistical analysis included analyses of variance, correlations and a partial least squares regression in determining which traits were the most important in thermal adaptability. External morphology of the bulls was important for explaining physiological changes in both seasons, but their contribution was greater in summer. Bulls experienced moderate heat stress in summer, which led to significant physiological responses, which were more pronounced in Angus bulls. The main differences in thermal adaptation found between breeds were the hair coat characteristics and respiratory rate. Despite using different mechanisms to cope with environmental challenges, all bulls were able to maintain optimal testicular thermoregulation as well as systemic normothermia throughout the seasons, showing good adaptation to the climate conditions.

RESUMO Animais em regiões subtropicais podem ser expostos ao estresse térmico. As raças localmente adaptadas são especialmente importantes nesse contexto, mas possuem pouca informação disponível em seus ambientes naturais. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se a estação afeta o conforto térmico e as respostas fisiológicas ao aumento da temperatura de duas raças de touros em clima subtropical. Quatro touros Angus e quatro Crioulo Lageano foram utilizados neste estudo. As medidas do corpo e testículos, pigmentação e espessura da pele, número, comprimento e pigmentação de pêlos, frequência respiratória, escore ofegante, temperatura retal e perfil hematológico foram registradas no verão e inverno, manhã e tarde. A temperatura da superfície do flanco, olho e escroto foi obtida por termografia infravermelho. Os índices de conforto térmico foram calculados a partir de dados meteorológicos. A análise estatística incluiu análises de variância, correlações e uma regressão parcial de mínimos quadrados para determinar quais características foram as mais importantes na adaptabilidade térmica. A morfologia externa dos touros foi importante para explicar as mudanças fisiológicas nas duas estações, mas sua contribuição foi maior no verão. Os touros sofreram estresse térmico moderado no verão, o que levou a respostas fisiológicas significativas, que foram mais pronunciadas na Angus. As principais diferenças de adaptação térmica encontradas entre as raças foram as características do pêlo e a frequência respiratória. Apesar de usar diferentes mecanismos para lidar com os desafios ambientais, todos os touros foram capazes de manter a termorregulação testicular ideal e a normotermia, mostrando boa adaptação às condições climáticas.

Typology of beef production systems according to bioeconomic efficiency in the south of Brazil / Tipologia de sistemas de produção de carne bovina de acordo com a eficiência bioeconômica no sul do Brasil

The objective of this study was to evaluate the bioeconomic efficiency of beef cattle production systems in the south of Brazil. A survey was conducted with 33 beef cattle farmers operating with complete cycle production systems in areas larger or equal to 900 ha. Answers were classified in two drivers, technology (TEC) and management (MAN), which were separated into subfactors with their respective components. Multiple correspondence analysis, Tukey test, cluster analysis, and Pearson correlation were the statistics procedures. The TEC components were above normal for Brazilian farmers, but the gross margin is still lower than that needed to generate financial resources for a proper remuneration of cattle farmer. Farmers were classified into three clusters according to bioeconomic efficiency: low (LEL), intermediate (IEL), or high-efficiency level (HEL). The TEC driver differentiated the LEL x HEL clusters and the MAN, mainly expressed in costs, the IEL x HEL. Positive correlation between age at first mating and age at slaughter in the HEL cluster explains the higher costs when compared to IEL because of the use of differentiated feed resources. Investments in technologies related to herd feeding in HEL cluster improved the productivity by only 20% and the cost per hectare by 95 USD ha-1 in comparison to IEL cluster. The main differences between farmers are because of the use of technologies related to feeding and cost management. Therefore, before implementing a new technology, an economic evaluation is necessary.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficiência bioeconômica em sistemas de produção de bovinos de corte no sul do Brasil. A pesquisa foi realizada com 33 pecuaristas que operam com sistemas de produção baseado em ciclo completo, em áreas maiores ou iguais a 900 hectares. As respostas foram classificadas em dois fatores: tecnologia (TEC) e gestão (GES), os quais foram separados em subfatores com seus respectivos componentes. A análise de correspondência múltipla, teste de Tukey, análise de cluster e correlação de Pearson foram os procedimentos estatísticos. Os componentes do TEC estavam acima do normal para os pecuaristas brasileiros, mas a margem bruta ainda é menor do que a necessária para gerar recursos financeiros para uma remuneração adequada ao pecuarista. Os pecuaristas foram classificados em três grupos de acordo com a eficiência bioeconômica: baixo (BNE), intermediário (INE) ou alto nível de eficiência (ANE). O driver TEC diferenciou os clusters BNE x ANE e o GES, expresso principalmente em custos, o INE x ANE. A correlação positiva entre a idade no primeiro acasalamento e a idade ao abate no agrupamento ANE explica os custos mais elevados quando comparados aos INE, devido ao uso de recursos alimentares diferenciados. Os investimentos em tecnologias relacionadas à alimentação de rebanho no agrupamento ANE melhoraram a produtividade em apenas 20% e o custo por hectare em 95 USD ha-1 em comparação ao cluster INE. As principais diferenças entre os pecuaristas se devem ao uso de tecnologias relacionadas à alimentação e ao gerenciamento de custos. Portanto, antes de implementar uma nova tecnologia, uma avaliação econômica é necessária.(AU)

Sensory evaluation of beef and buffalo extensively reared and its relationship to sociodemographic characteristics of consumers / Avaliação sensorial de carne bovina e bubalina de animais criados a pasto e sua relação com as características sociodemográficas dos consumidores

Sensory characteristics of meat from different animal types, including cattle (Angus and Brangus) and buffalo raised at pasture, and information on socio-demographic determinants of consumer preference were evaluated. Samples of roasted rib eye were cut and served in a disordered and monadic manner to 188 untrained tasters. A nine-point hedonic scale was used to assess odor, color, tenderness, succulence and overall appearance. Analysis of variance was carried out using the GLM procedure of SAS®, considering animal type and socio-demographic characteristics as fixed effects and using the LSMEANS procedure for multiple mean comparisons. Differences (P 0.001) between animal types were observed only for tenderness, with Brangus (7.02) and buffalo (6.82) meat being superior to Angus (6.25). Regardless of meat origin, age, income, smoking and place of purchase affected the perceived attributes (P 0.05). People aged over 50 years gave higher mean scores for odor and color (P 0.05), indicative of greater satisfaction and less demanding tastes when compared to other age categories. Despite the variability in the intrinsic characteristics, differentiation of meat by the consumer is not easy to determine, with little impact of sociodemographic characteristics on organoleptic perception. Meat from Brangus cattle and buffaloes raised at pasture was considered tenderer than...(AU)

Avaliaram-se as características sensoriais da carne de diferentes espécies (bovina e bubalina) e raças (Angus e Brangus) criadas a pasto (campo nativo), além dos determinantes sociodemográficos de preferência dos consumidores, através de painel sensorial. Amostras de Longíssimus dorsi foram assadas, cortadas e servidas de forma desordenada e monádica a 188 painelistas não-treinados sediados no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Foi utilizada uma escala hedônica de nove pontos para avaliar os atributos odor, cor, maciez, suculência e aparência global. Através do procedimento GLM - SAS® realizou-se a análise de variância, considerando as características sensoriais e sociodemográficas como fatores fixos. Quando o fator apresentou efeito significativo (P 0,05), foi utilizado LSMEANS para comparação entre as médias. Foi encontrada diferença (P 0,001) somente para o atributo maciez, com as carnes de bovinos da raça Brangus e de bubalinos apresentando maior grau, com 7,02 e 6,82, respectivamente, quando comparados com a de bovinos da raça Angus (6,25). Independente da origem da carne, a idade, a renda, o hábito de fumar e o local de compra dos consumidores foram determinantes para parte dos atributos avaliados (P 0,05). Pessoas com idade superior a 50 anos conferiram escores médios superiores (5,86 e 7,36 para odor e cor, respectivamente; P 0,05), indicativo de ...(AU)

Biochemical and hematological profile associated with pregnancy in Nellore heifers / Perfil bioquímico e hematológico associados à ocorrência da gestação em novilhas Nelore

The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between biochemical and hematological profile and the occurrence of pregnancy in Nellore heifers raised on pasture. We evaluated the heifers (56) during 17-month, and carried out nine collections every two months to evaluate age and weight, and determine serum concentrations of total protein, magnesium, phosphorus, calcium, albumin, glucose, cholesterol, urea, serum activity of gamma glutamyl transferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, erythrocyte, leukocyte, platelet counts, hematocrit value, hemoglobin and fibrinogen to relate possible changes in hematological and biochemical profile with the occurrence of pregnancy in heifers. Of the 56 heifers evaluated, 66.07% were pregnant with age range from 28.70 ± 2.73 to 30.55 ± 2.80 months and weighing 328.92 ± 32.47 to 386.81 ± 46.56 kg. The animals that gave birth presented higher values of the variables albumin, urea, erythrocytes, hemoglobin and hematocrit, and lower values for AST, ALP and GGT. Among the probabilities associated to pregnancy, age, weight and total protein can be highlighted. We concluded that the occurrence of pregnancy in heifers raised on pasture was related to variables total protein, albumina, urea, AST, ALP, and GGT of the biochemical profile, and the variables hematocrit, hemoglobin and leukocyte of the blood profile

O objetivo desse estudo foi verificar a relação do perfil bioquímico e hematológico com a ocorrência de gestação em novilhas Nelore criadas a pasto. Foram acompanhadas 56 novilhas no período de 17 meses, realizou-se nove colheitas com intervalos de dois meses no qual foram avaliados idade e peso; e quantificado as concentrações séricas de proteína total, magnésio, fósforo, cálcio, albumina, glicose, colesterol, ureia, atividade sérica da gama glutamiltransferase, aspartato aminotransferase e fosfatase alcalina, contagem de hemácias, de leucócitos, de plaquetas, valor de hematócrito, teor de hemoglobina e fibrinogênio para relacionar possíveis alterações no perfil bioquímico e hematológico com a ocorrência da gestação em novilhas. Das 56 novilhas avaliadas, 66,07% ficaram gestantes com intervalo de idade de 28,70 ± 2,73 a 30,55 ± 2,80 meses e peso entre 328,92 ± 32,47 a 386,81 ± 46,56 kg. Os animais que gestaram obtiveram maiores valores para as variáveis albumina, ureia, hemácias, hemoglobina e hematócrito e menores valores para AST, ALP e GGT. Dentre as probabilidades associadas a ocorrência de gestação, pode-se destacar as variáveis idade, peso e proteína total. Conclui-se neste estudo que a ocorrência de gestação em novilhas Nelore criadas a pasto apresentou relação com as variáveis proteína total, alumina, ureia, AST, ALP, GGT do perfil bioquímico e com as variáveis hemácias, hematócrito, hemoglobina e leucócitos do perfil hematológico

Biochemical and hematological profile associated with pregnancy in Nellore heifers / Perfil bioquímico e hematológico associados à ocorrência da gestação em novilhas Nelore

The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between biochemical and hematological profile and the occurrence of pregnancy in Nellore heifers raised on pasture. We evaluated the heifers (56) during 17-month, and carried out nine collections every two months to evaluate age and weight, and determine serum concentrations of total protein, magnesium, phosphorus, calcium, albumin, glucose, cholesterol, urea, serum activity of gamma glutamyl transferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, erythrocyte, leukocyte, platelet counts, hematocrit value, hemoglobin and fibrinogen to relate possible changes in hematological and biochemical profile with the occurrence of pregnancy in heifers. Of the 56 heifers evaluated, 66.07% were pregnant with age range from 28.70 ± 2.73 to 30.55 ± 2.80 months and weighing 328.92 ± 32.47 to 386.81 ± 46.56 kg. The animals that gave birth presented higher values of the variables albumin, urea, erythrocytes, hemoglobin and hematocrit, and lower values for AST, ALP and GGT. Among the probabilities associated to pregnancy, age, weight and total protein can be highlighted. We concluded that the occurrence of pregnancy in heifers raised on pasture was related to variables total protein, albumina, urea, AST, ALP, and GGT of the biochemical profile, and the variables hematocrit, hemoglobin and leukocyte of the blood profile(AU)

O objetivo desse estudo foi verificar a relação do perfil bioquímico e hematológico com a ocorrência de gestação em novilhas Nelore criadas a pasto. Foram acompanhadas 56 novilhas no período de 17 meses, realizou-se nove colheitas com intervalos de dois meses no qual foram avaliados idade e peso; e quantificado as concentrações séricas de proteína total, magnésio, fósforo, cálcio, albumina, glicose, colesterol, ureia, atividade sérica da gama glutamiltransferase, aspartato aminotransferase e fosfatase alcalina, contagem de hemácias, de leucócitos, de plaquetas, valor de hematócrito, teor de hemoglobina e fibrinogênio para relacionar possíveis alterações no perfil bioquímico e hematológico com a ocorrência da gestação em novilhas. Das 56 novilhas avaliadas, 66,07% ficaram gestantes com intervalo de idade de 28,70 ± 2,73 a 30,55 ± 2,80 meses e peso entre 328,92 ± 32,47 a 386,81 ± 46,56 kg. Os animais que gestaram obtiveram maiores valores para as variáveis albumina, ureia, hemácias, hemoglobina e hematócrito e menores valores para AST, ALP e GGT. Dentre as probabilidades associadas a ocorrência de gestação, pode-se destacar as variáveis idade, peso e proteína total. Conclui-se neste estudo que a ocorrência de gestação em novilhas Nelore criadas a pasto apresentou relação com as variáveis proteína total, alumina, ureia, AST, ALP, GGT do perfil bioquímico e com as variáveis hemácias, hematócrito, hemoglobina e leucócitos do perfil hematológico(AU)

Sensory evaluation of beef and buffalo extensively reared and its relationship to sociodemographic characteristics of consumers / Avaliação sensorial de carne bovina e bubalina de animais criados a pasto e sua relação com as características sociodemográficas dos consumidores

Sensory characteristics of meat from different animal types, including cattle (Angus and Brangus) and buffalo raised at pasture, and information on socio-demographic determinants of consumer preference were evaluated. Samples of roasted rib eye were cut and served in a disordered and monadic manner to 188 untrained tasters. A nine-point hedonic scale was used to assess odor, color, tenderness, succulence and overall appearance. Analysis of variance was carried out using the GLM procedure of SAS®, considering animal type and socio-demographic characteristics as fixed effects and using the LSMEANS procedure for multiple mean comparisons. Differences (P 0.001) between animal types were observed only for tenderness, with Brangus (7.02) and buffalo (6.82) meat being superior to Angus (6.25). Regardless of meat origin, age, income, smoking and place of purchase affected the perceived attributes (P 0.05). People aged over 50 years gave higher mean scores for odor and color (P 0.05), indicative of greater satisfaction and less demanding tastes when compared to other age categories. Despite the variability in the intrinsic characteristics, differentiation of meat by the consumer is not easy to determine, with little impact of sociodemographic characteristics on organoleptic perception. Meat from Brangus cattle and buffaloes raised at pasture was considered tenderer than...

Avaliaram-se as características sensoriais da carne de diferentes espécies (bovina e bubalina) e raças (Angus e Brangus) criadas a pasto (campo nativo), além dos determinantes sociodemográficos de preferência dos consumidores, através de painel sensorial. Amostras de Longíssimus dorsi foram assadas, cortadas e servidas de forma desordenada e monádica a 188 painelistas não-treinados sediados no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Foi utilizada uma escala hedônica de nove pontos para avaliar os atributos odor, cor, maciez, suculência e aparência global. Através do procedimento GLM - SAS® realizou-se a análise de variância, considerando as características sensoriais e sociodemográficas como fatores fixos. Quando o fator apresentou efeito significativo (P 0,05), foi utilizado LSMEANS para comparação entre as médias. Foi encontrada diferença (P 0,001) somente para o atributo maciez, com as carnes de bovinos da raça Brangus e de bubalinos apresentando maior grau, com 7,02 e 6,82, respectivamente, quando comparados com a de bovinos da raça Angus (6,25). Independente da origem da carne, a idade, a renda, o hábito de fumar e o local de compra dos consumidores foram determinantes para parte dos atributos avaliados (P 0,05). Pessoas com idade superior a 50 anos conferiram escores médios superiores (5,86 e 7,36 para odor e cor, respectivamente; P 0,05), indicativo de ...

Conteúdo químico e energético do milho antes e após pré-limpeza / Chemical and energetic content of corn before and after pre-cleaning

The poultry industry normally has little control over the raw material that arrives at the processing plant. This experiment aimed to evaluate chemical and energetic quality of corn obtained in a feed mill before and after pre-cleaning. Twenty samples of 30 kg of corn each were taken from trucks delivering corn to the mill. The trucks were then unloaded and the material passed through a pre-cleaning process when another sample was taken. Samples were graded and physical properties evaluated: density (g/L), grain percentages of foreign material, impurities, fragments, broken,  soft, insect damaged, fire-burnt, fermented, damaged, cracked and fine particles, as well as chemical composition analysis: Apparent metabolizable energy for poultry (AME), ether extract (EE), crude fiber (CF), starch (STA), water activity (WA), crude protein (CP), digestible and total lysine, methionine, cystine, threonine, tryptophan, valine, isoleucine,  leucine, phenylalanine, histidine and arginine. The experiment was a randomized design with two treatments (before and after pre-cleaning) and twenty replications. Data was analyzed using SAS ® and treatment differences obtained using F test. Correlations and principal components were calculated. There was a decrease in density after the pre-cleaning process, which was probably due to the removal of earth and stones rather than grain and its fractions.

A indústria avícola normalmente tem pouco controle sobre a matéria-prima que chega à unidade de transformação. Este experimento teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade química e energética do milho obtida em uma fábrica de rações, antes e após a pré-limpeza. Vinte amostras de 30 kg de milho, foram retiradas de caminhões que entregavam milho para o moinho. Após os caminhões serem descarregados e o material passar por processo de pré-limpeza, outra amostra foi retirada. As amostras foram classificadas e as propriedades físicas foram avaliadas: densidade (g/L), percentagens de grãos de material estranho,  impurezas, fragmentados, quebrados, chocho, danificados por insetos, queimados, fermentados, danificados,avariados e quirera, bem como análises de composição bromatológica: energia metabolizável aparente para aves (EMA), extrato etéreo (EE), fibra bruta (FB), amido (A), atividade de água (AA), proteína bruta (PB), lisina digestível e total, metionina, cistina, treonina, triptofano, valina, isoleucina, leucina, fenilalanina, histidina e arginina. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado com dois tratamentos (antes e após a pré-limpeza) e vinte repetições cada. Os dados foram analisados ??usando o programa SAS ® e as diferenças entre os tratamentos obtidos pelo teste F. Correlações e componentes principais foram calculados. Houve diminuição na densidade após o processo de pré-limpeza que foi provavelmente devido à remoção de terra e pedras em vez de grão e as suas fracções. Aumentos significativos foram encontrados para danos causados por insetos, grãosfermentados e danificados, enquanto o nível de queimados foi significativamente reduzido após o processo de pré-limpeza. O amido aumentou após a pré-limpeza já que contaminantes normalmentesão pobres neste componente, porém os níveis de fibra também aumentaram. [...]

Conteúdo químico e energético do milho antes e após pré-limpeza / Chemical and energetic content of corn before and after pre-cleaning

The poultry industry normally has little control over the raw material that arrives at the processing plant. This experiment aimed to evaluate chemical and energetic quality of corn obtained in a feed mill before and after pre-cleaning. Twenty samples of 30 kg of corn each were taken from trucks delivering corn to the mill. The trucks were then unloaded and the material passed through a pre-cleaning process when another sample was taken. Samples were graded and physical properties evaluated: density (g/L), grain percentages of foreign material, impurities, fragments, broken,  soft, insect damaged, fire-burnt, fermented, damaged, cracked and fine particles, as well as chemical composition analysis: Apparent metabolizable energy for poultry (AME), ether extract (EE), crude fiber (CF), starch (STA), water activity (WA), crude protein (CP), digestible and total lysine, methionine, cystine, threonine, tryptophan, valine, isoleucine,  leucine, phenylalanine, histidine and arginine. The experiment was a randomized design with two treatments (before and after pre-cleaning) and twenty replications. Data was analyzed using SAS ® and treatment differences obtained using F test. Correlations and principal components were calculated. There was a decrease in density after the pre-cleaning process, which was probably due to the removal of earth and stones rather than grain and its fractions.(AU)

A indústria avícola normalmente tem pouco controle sobre a matéria-prima que chega à unidade de transformação. Este experimento teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade química e energética do milho obtida em uma fábrica de rações, antes e após a pré-limpeza. Vinte amostras de 30 kg de milho, foram retiradas de caminhões que entregavam milho para o moinho. Após os caminhões serem descarregados e o material passar por processo de pré-limpeza, outra amostra foi retirada. As amostras foram classificadas e as propriedades físicas foram avaliadas: densidade (g/L), percentagens de grãos de material estranho,  impurezas, fragmentados, quebrados, chocho, danificados por insetos, queimados, fermentados, danificados,avariados e quirera, bem como análises de composição bromatológica: energia metabolizável aparente para aves (EMA), extrato etéreo (EE), fibra bruta (FB), amido (A), atividade de água (AA), proteína bruta (PB), lisina digestível e total, metionina, cistina, treonina, triptofano, valina, isoleucina, leucina, fenilalanina, histidina e arginina. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado com dois tratamentos (antes e após a pré-limpeza) e vinte repetições cada. Os dados foram analisados ??usando o programa SAS ® e as diferenças entre os tratamentos obtidos pelo teste F. Correlações e componentes principais foram calculados. Houve diminuição na densidade após o processo de pré-limpeza que foi provavelmente devido à remoção de terra e pedras em vez de grão e as suas fracções. Aumentos significativos foram encontrados para danos causados por insetos, grãosfermentados e danificados, enquanto o nível de queimados foi significativamente reduzido após o processo de pré-limpeza. O amido aumentou após a pré-limpeza já que contaminantes normalmentesão pobres neste componente, porém os níveis de fibra também aumentaram. [...](AU)

Níveis séricos de progesterona em vacas ovariectomizadas tratadas com Mad4® com diferentes concentrações e vias de administração / Serum progesterone levels in ovariectomised cows treated with mad-4® with different concentrations and routes of administration

Background: Progesterone and synthetic progestogens are used to prepare the uterus for pregnancy, and for the hypothalamus, pituitary and ovaries to respond to endogenous and exogenous gonadotropins. The object of this work was to check serum progesterone concentrations in ovariectomised cows, to determine pharmacokinetics of MAD-4 ® product. Materials, Methods & Results: A group of eigth Braford cows was divided into two groups, in two experiments. In experiment I, both groups received 250 mg of progesterone by different routes of application: intramuscular or subcutaneous. In experiment II, subcutaneous application was used in both groups, the differentiation of the treatments lying in the concentration of progesterone: treatment 2 received 250 mg progesterone and treatment 3 was administered 375 mg of progesterone. In the first 24 h samples were collected in intervals of 6 hours, then every 24 h up to 192 h (day 8). In experiment I there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) at 96 h, showing greater concentration in treatment 2 compared to treatment 1 (1.54 ng/mL vs. 0.48 ng/ mL, respectively). In experiment II, in the measures undertaken at 144 h, 168 h and 192 h with significant difference (P < 0.05), concentrations of progesterone in treatment 2 were lower when compared to treatment 3 (0.79 ng/mL vs. 1.63 ng/mL, 0.66 ng/ mL vs. 1.36 ng/mL and 0.49 ng/mL vs. 1.11 ng/mL respectively for hours and treatments). Due to the fact that the types of progestogens and doses used to control the estrous cycle in cattle may be less effective than endogenous progesterone (a corpus luteum) with respect to suppression of LH, the high frequency of LH pulses results in development of “persistent” follicles containing aged eggs of low fertility. In this study, the application of 250 mg of intramuscular and subcutaneous long action injectable progesterone elevated progesterone serum concentration above 1 ng/mL. Subcutaneous application presented levels exceeding 1 ng/mL for a longer time, from 6 to 96 h. This treatment probably suppresses LH pulses temporarily without staying very long in the bloodstream; for this reason it doesn’t impair fertility. The same cannot be said in the treatment situation with the application of 375 mg subcutaneous long-action injectable progesterone, because, as long as progesterone was measured (day 8), the concentration remained higher than 1 ng/mL. Discussion: Vaginal silicone implants impregnated with 0.5 g of progesterone, when used for the second time (7 days each time), failed to maintain serum progesterone levels for more than 24 h higher than 1 ng/mL. In this study, treatment with 250 mg intramuscular long-action injectable progesterone showed similar serum concentrations over time, because between 24 and 48 h the levels were below 1 ng/mL. Parenteral routes of administration include, among others, the intramuscular (IM) and subcutaneous (SC). The intramuscular route is characterised by a relatively rapid absorption via the subcutaneous, is characterized by a slower absorption and continuous. Treatment of ovariectomised cows with long-acting injectable progesterone in different doses and by different routes resulted in significantly different serum concentrations at some moments, characteristic of each route of administration and doses used. In this study we can conclude that the seemingly more appropriate treatment is that which makes use of 250 mg of long-acting progesterone, subcutaneously injected, keeping progesterone serum levels higher than 1ng/mL per period of four days.

Níveis séricos de progesterona em vacas ovariectomizadas tratadas com Mad4® com diferentes concentrações e vias de administração / Serum progesterone levels in ovariectomised cows treated with mad-4® with different concentrations and routes of administration

Background: Progesterone and synthetic progestogens are used to prepare the uterus for pregnancy, and for the hypothalamus, pituitary and ovaries to respond to endogenous and exogenous gonadotropins. The object of this work was to check serum progesterone concentrations in ovariectomised cows, to determine pharmacokinetics of MAD-4 ® product. Materials, Methods & Results: A group of eigth Braford cows was divided into two groups, in two experiments. In experiment I, both groups received 250 mg of progesterone by different routes of application: intramuscular or subcutaneous. In experiment II, subcutaneous application was used in both groups, the differentiation of the treatments lying in the concentration of progesterone: treatment 2 received 250 mg progesterone and treatment 3 was administered 375 mg of progesterone. In the first 24 h samples were collected in intervals of 6 hours, then every 24 h up to 192 h (day 8). In experiment I there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) at 96 h, showing greater concentration in treatment 2 compared to treatment 1 (1.54 ng/mL vs. 0.48 ng/ mL, respectively). In experiment II, in the measures undertaken at 144 h, 168 h and 192 h with significant difference (P < 0.05), concentrations of progesterone in treatment 2 were lower when compared to treatment 3 (0.79 ng/mL vs. 1.63 ng/mL, 0.66 ng/ mL vs. 1.36 ng/mL and 0.49 ng/mL vs. 1.11 ng/mL respectively for hours and treatments). Due to the fact that the types of progestogens and doses used to control the estrous cycle in cattle may be less effective than endogenous progesterone (a corpus luteum) with respect to suppression of LH, the high frequency of LH pulses results in development of “persistent” follicles containing aged eggs of low fertility. In this study, the application of 250 mg of intramuscular and subcutaneous long action injectable progesterone elevated progesterone serum concentration above 1 ng/mL. Subcutaneous application presented levels exceeding 1 ng/mL for a longer time, from 6 to 96 h. This treatment probably suppresses LH pulses temporarily without staying very long in the bloodstream; for this reason it doesnt impair fertility. The same cannot be said in the treatment situation with the application of 375 mg subcutaneous long-action injectable progesterone, because, as long as progesterone was measured (day 8), the concentration remained higher than 1 ng/mL. Discussion: Vaginal silicone implants impregnated with 0.5 g of progesterone, when used for the second time (7 days each time), failed to maintain serum progesterone levels for more than 24 h higher than 1 ng/mL. In this study, treatment with 250 mg intramuscular long-action injectable progesterone showed similar serum concentrations over time, because between 24 and 48 h the levels were below 1 ng/mL. Parenteral routes of administration include, among others, the intramuscular (IM) and subcutaneous (SC). The intramuscular route is characterised by a relatively rapid absorption via the subcutaneous, is characterized by a slower absorption and continuous. Treatment of ovariectomised cows with long-acting injectable progesterone in different doses and by different routes resulted in significantly different serum concentrations at some moments, characteristic of each route of administration and doses used. In this study we can conclude that the seemingly more appropriate treatment is that which makes use of 250 mg of long-acting progesterone, subcutaneously injected, keeping progesterone serum levels higher than 1ng/mL per period of four days.(AU)