Classification of Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) and Human Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) in Phylogenetic Groups and Association with Pathogenicity In Vivo

Background: Avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) and uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) are responsible, respectively, for avian colibacillosis and for 80% of urinary tract infections in humans. E. coli control is difficult due to the absence of a reliable method to differentiate pathogenic and commensal strains. Genetic similarity between APEC and UPEC suggests a common ancestral origin and the capability of potentially pathogenic strains to affect human health. The classification in phylogenetic groups facilitates the identification of pathogenic strains. The objective of this work was to classify APEC and UPEC E. coli strains into phylogenetic groups and to associate it with in vivo pathogenicity.Materials, Methods & Results: 460 APEC and 450 UPEC strains, stored in BHI with glycerol at -80C, were selected. APEC strains were isolated from cellulitis, respiratory tract and poultry litter of broiler flocks from Southern Brazil. The UPEC strains from urinary tract infection were provided by a hospital in Porto Alegre. After DNA extraction, APEC and UPEC strains were classified into four phylogenetic groups (A, B1, B2 and D) by a multiplex-PCR protocol for the detection of the chuA and yjaA genes and the TspE4.C2 DNA fragment. Phylogenetic groups were associated with pathogenicity indexes (PI), presented on a scale of 0 to 10, which were previously obtained through the inoculation of

Salmonella spp. isolated by miniaturized most probable number and conventional microbiology in poultry slaughterhouses

Background: Salmonella spp. are frequently isolated from fowls, and their detection in poultry products varies according to the breeding system and the slaughtering process, bringing risks to the consumer and compromising the marketability. The control of Salmonella in poultry slaughterhouses is based on the detection of bacteria, but the quantification of the agent would be important in assessing risk, as well as in obtaining data to determine the capacity of each step of the process to decrease or increase bacterial contamination. The aims of this study were to propose a method for the quantification of Salmonella in poultry slaughterhouses, frequency of isolation and serovars identified. Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty-one broiler flocks from seven federally inspected slaughterhouses in southern Brazil, totaling 1,071 samples, were assessed by miniaturized most probable number (mMPN) and conventional microbiology. The samples were collected in triplicate at 17 points, which included cloacae, transportation cages before and after sanitization, water (scald tank, supply, pre-chiller and chiller), and carcasses (before and after scalding, defeathering, rinsing, evisceration, final rinsing, chilling at 4ºC, and freezing at -12C for 24 h, 30 and 60 days). Typical Salmonella colonies were submitted to TSI, LIA, SIM, urea, and polyvalent anti-O antiserum tests [...](AU)

Salmonella spp. isolated by miniaturized most probable number and conventional microbiology in poultry slaughterhouses

Background: Salmonella spp. are frequently isolated from fowls, and their detection in poultry products varies according to the breeding system and the slaughtering process, bringing risks to the consumer and compromising the marketability. The control of Salmonella in poultry slaughterhouses is based on the detection of bacteria, but the quantification of the agent would be important in assessing risk, as well as in obtaining data to determine the capacity of each step of the process to decrease or increase bacterial contamination. The aims of this study were to propose a method for the quantification of Salmonella in poultry slaughterhouses, frequency of isolation and serovars identified. Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty-one broiler flocks from seven federally inspected slaughterhouses in southern Brazil, totaling 1,071 samples, were assessed by miniaturized most probable number (mMPN) and conventional microbiology. The samples were collected in triplicate at 17 points, which included cloacae, transportation cages before and after sanitization, water (scald tank, supply, pre-chiller and chiller), and carcasses (before and after scalding, defeathering, rinsing, evisceration, final rinsing, chilling at 4ºC, and freezing at -12C for 24 h, 30 and 60 days). Typical Salmonella colonies were submitted to TSI, LIA, SIM, urea, and polyvalent anti-O antiserum tests [...]

Resistance to -lactam and tetracycline in Campylobacter spp.isolated from broiler slaughterhouses in southern Brazil

Abstract The study was carried out to screen and analyze the genetic characteristics of antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter spp. from poultry sources. A total of 141 strains of Campylobacter isolated from samples of broilers of slaughterhouses in southern Brazil was identified by phenotypic and genotypic methods. Campylobacter isolates were evaluated for its antimicrobial susceptibility and the presence of resistance genes. The strains were investigated for antimicrobial susceptibility against two agents (ampicillin and tetracycline) by disk diffusion method. PCR assay was used to confirm the specie and the presence of ampicillin (blaOXA-61), tetracycline tet(O), and the energy-dependent multi-drug efflux pump (cmeB) genes. Campylobacter jejuni was the most ubiquitous; its presence was determined in 140 samples out of 141 (99.3%), whereas Campylobacter coli was found only in one of the contaminated samples (0.70%). The results obtained showed 65% and 35.5% of Campylobacter isolates resistant to -lactams and tetracyclines, respectively. The cmeB gene responsible for multidrug resistance was detected in 26 isolates out 141 strains (18.5%). Moreover, 36 out of 141 Campylobacter strains (25.6%) were found to be resistant to at least two different antimicrobia resistance markers (-lactams and tetracyclines).

Resumo O presente estudo foi realizado para examinar e analisar as características genéticas de resistência antimicrobiana de Campylobacter spp. a partir de fontes avícolas. Um total de 141 amostras de Campylobacter isolados em matadouros-frigoríficos de aves do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, foi identificado por métodos fenotípicos e genotípicos. Foi analisada a susceptibilidade antimicrobiana e a presença de genes de resistência. As cepas foram testadas para detectar sensibilidade frente a dois antimicrobianos (ampicilina e tetraciclina) pelo método de difusão em disco. A seguir, usando a reação em cadeia da polimerase foi confirmada a espécie e a presença dos genes de resistência à ampicilina (blaOXA-61) e tetraciclina tet(O), assim como a detecção da bomba de efluxo (cmeB). Campylobacter jejuni foi a espécie mais isolada, sua presença foi determinada em 140 amostras (99,3%), e Campylobacter coli foi encontrada em uma única amostra (0,70%). Os resultados obtidos mostraram 65% e 35,5% de Campylobacter isolados resistentes a -lactâmicos e tetraciclinas, respectivamente. O gene cmeB responsável pela resistência a múltiplos antimicrobianos foi detectado em 26 amostras (18,5%). Neste contexto, 36 das 141 amostras (25,6%) foram consideradas resistentes a dois grupos diferentes de antimicrobianos (-lactâmicos e tetraciclinas).

Salmonella and Listeria from stainless steel, polyurethane and polyethylene surfaces in the cutting room of a poultry slaughterhouse / Salmonella and Listeria from stainless steel, polyurethane and polyethylene surfaces in the cutting room of a poultry slaughterhouse

Background: The cleaning process in poultry slaughterhouses consists basically on the use of hot water, detergents and disinfectants. The disinfection, which is the last stage of the cleaning process, seeks to reduce the number of total microorganisms and eliminating pathogen, so that levels are kept safe for good quality products. Pathogenic microorganisms such as Salmonella and Listeria are of utmost importance since they may cause foodborne diseases and consequently result in public health and economic losses in the domestic and in exporting markets. Materials, Methods & Results: This study was conducted in the cutting room of a poultry slaughterhouse with capacity to process 20.000 animals per hour in the Southern state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Samples were collected during preoperational cleaning: before the surfaces were washed (without the removal of residues); after washing with hot water at 45 to 50C and 22.5 bar pressure; and after washing with 2% sodium hydroxide detergent. Three disinfectants were tested: 0.5% peracetic acid, 2% quaternary ammonium and 1% biguanide, all of them for 15 min, followed by rinsing with hot water. Evaluations were made in three processing lines for cutting chicken legs at the same time and on fully randomized sites of three surfaces: stainless steel tables, polyurethane conveyors, and polyethylene cutting boards. The pre-enrichm

Background: The cleaning process in poultry slaughterhouses consists basically on the use of hot water, detergents and disinfectants. The disinfection, which is the last stage of the cleaning process, seeks to reduce the number of total microorganisms and eliminating pathogen, so that levels are kept safe for good quality products. Pathogenic microorganisms such as Salmonella and Listeria are of utmost importance since they may cause foodborne diseases and consequently result in public health and economic losses in the domestic and in exporting markets. Materials, Methods & Results: This study was conducted in the cutting room of a poultry slaughterhouse with capacity to process 20.000 animals per hour in the Southern state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Samples were collected during preoperational cleaning: before the surfaces were washed (without the removal of residues); after washing with hot water at 45 to 50C and 22.5 bar pressure; and after washing with 2% sodium hydroxide detergent. Three disinfectants were tested: 0.5% peracetic acid, 2% quaternary ammonium and 1% biguanide, all of them for 15 min, followed by rinsing with hot water. Evaluations were made in three processing lines for cutting chicken legs at the same time and on fully randomized sites of three surfaces: stainless steel tables, polyurethane conveyors, and polyethylene cutting boards. The pre-enrichm

Use of FTA cards for the transport of DNA samples of Salmonella spp. from poultry products from southern Brazil / Uso dos cartões FTA para o transporte de amostras de DNA de Salmonella spp. isoladas de produtos avícolas do Sul do Brasil

Background: The contamination of products with Salmonella is a major threat to the poultry industry because the possible transmission to humans and animals can produce a huge negative impact. The diversity of Salmonella enterica serotypes complicates the diagnostic systems and the transport of live cultures to the diagnostic labs may represent a biohazard. Current methods for serotyping using antibodies do not work well for many Salmonella serotypes and reagents are not often available. For these reasons, methods that assign serotype by the analysis of DNA are preferred. One step that is currently in development is streamlining methods for DNA submission to the laboratories for sequencing. For this purpose, we investigated fi lter papers commercially available (Flinders Technology Associates - FTA) to ship DNA samples. Filter papers are impregnated with a chemical formulation that lyses cells, immobilizes DNA, and protects it from degradation. The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility of the FTA cards for transporting Salmonella DNA samples in order to reduce biohazards and if they would yield enough DNA in quantity and quality for molecular analyses.Material, Methods & Results: In this study 156 samples of Salmonella enterica serotypes Enteritidis, Heidelberg, Hadar, Gallinarum, Typhimurium, Agona and Pullorum were isolated from poultry products and environ

Background: The contamination of products with Salmonella is a major threat to the poultry industry because the possible transmission to humans and animals can produce a huge negative impact. The diversity of Salmonella enterica serotypes complicates the diagnostic systems and the transport of live cultures to the diagnostic labs may represent a biohazard. Current methods for serotyping using antibodies do not work well for many Salmonella serotypes and reagents are not often available. For these reasons, methods that assign serotype by the analysis of DNA are preferred. One step that is currently in development is streamlining methods for DNA submission to the laboratories for sequencing. For this purpose, we investigated fi lter papers commercially available (Flinders Technology Associates - FTA) to ship DNA samples. Filter papers are impregnated with a chemical formulation that lyses cells, immobilizes DNA, and protects it from degradation. The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility of the FTA cards for transporting Salmonella DNA samples in order to reduce biohazards and if they would yield enough DNA in quantity and quality for molecular analyses.Material, Methods & Results: In this study 156 samples of Salmonella enterica serotypes Enteritidis, Heidelberg, Hadar, Gallinarum, Typhimurium, Agona and Pullorum were isolated from poultry products and environ

Behavior of Salmonella heidelberg and Salmonella enteritidis strains following broiler chick inoculation: evaluation of cecal morphometry, liver and cecum bacterial counts and fecal excretion patterns

Over the years, Salmonella Heidelberg (SH) has gained prominence in North America poultry production and in the poultry production of other countries. Salmonella Heidelberg has been isolated and reported from poultry and poultry products in Brazil since 1962, whereas Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) has only emerged as a serious problem in poultry and public health since 1993. These strains of Salmonella can cause intestinal problems in newly hatched chicks, and infection may persist until adulthood. Upon slaughter of chickens, Salmonella can contaminate carcasses, a condition that poses a threat to human health. The aim of this study was to compare the fecal excretion of Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Heidelberg in newly hatched chicks (orally inoculated with 10(5)ufc/mL each) until 20 days of age. In addition, the ratio of cecal villus height:crypt depth (morphometry) and liver and cecum cell counts was analyzed in chicks ranging from 0 to 3 days of age and infected with these two Salmonella strains. One hundred seventeen chicks were separated into one of three experimental groups: a control group, an SE-infected group and an SH-infected group. Eight chicks per group were euthanized at 6, 12 and 72 hours post-inoculation (pi) to allow for Salmonella isolation from the liver and cecum and for the collection of the cecum for villi and crypt analysis. Other birds were allowed to mature to 20 days of age and cloacal swabs were taken at 2, 6, 13 and 20 days pi to compare the fecal excretion of inoculated strains. The Salmonella Enteritidis group had a higher number of cells excreted during the trial. Both strains were isolated from the liver and cecum by 6h pi. At 12h pi the Salmonella Heidelberg group had high cell counts in the cecum. No difference was found in liver cell counts. Both strains showed lower villus height:crypt depth ratio than the control group post-infection.

Número mais provável de Salmonella isoladas de carcaças de frango resfriadas

Salmonella in poultry remains an important worldwide problem, and among foodborne pathogens, the Salmonella appears as one of the most important outbreaks agents. To assess the risks of acquiring infection via undercooked poultry or cross contamination from chickens, it is important to determine the extent of the contamination on raw poultry with this pathogen. In this study, 180 refrigerated broiler carcasses, obtained from local stores, were assessed to recover Salmonella by the most probable number (MPN) method to quantify bacterias cells onto brilliant green agar with novobiocin (BGN) and xylose lysin tergitol 4 agar (XLT4). The results showed 12,2% occurrence of Salmonella by conventional microbiological method from refrigerated broiler carcasses. The MPN per ml rates was 2,7 cells on XLT4 agar and 1,3 cells on BGN agar plate. The Salmonella serovars isolated from broiler carcasses were S. Enteritidis, S. Agona, S. Rissen, S. Heidelberg and S. Livingstone. Results analysis showed that could be a variable number of cells contaminating refrigerated broiler carcasses, which have been selling to the consumer.

A Salmonella permanece um importante problema na avicultura e, considerando os patógenos transmitidos por alimentos, aparece como um dos agentes principais em surtos de toxinfecções alimentares. Para auxiliar na avaliação de riscos em adquirir infecção alimentar via carne de frangos que sofreram cocção inadequada, ou através de contaminação cruzada a partir desses animais, torna-se importante determinar a extensão de contaminação por patógenos em carne crua. No presente trabalho, foram analisadas 180 carcaças de frangos resfriadas, adquiridas em varejos, para pesquisa de Salmonella com determinação do número de células da bactéria. Foi utilizado o método do número mais provável (NMP) nos ágares para isolamento verde brilhante com novobiocina (BGN) e xilose-lisina tergitol 4 (XLT4). Os resultados mostraram 12,2% de ocorrência de Salmonella nas carcaças de frangos resfriadas e a média de NMP de Salmonella por mL, na leitura pelo ágar XLT4 foi de 2,7 células e no ágar BGN foi de 1,3 células. Os sorovares de Salmonella isolados das carcaças de frangos no estudo foram S. Enteritidis, S. Agona, S.Rissen, S. Heidelberg e S. Livingstone. A análise dos resultados demonstrou existir um número variável de células de Salmonella contaminando as carcaças de frango resfriadas que estão à venda ao consumidor.

Número mais provável de Salmonella isoladas de carcaças de frango resfriadas

Salmonella in poultry remains an important worldwide problem, and among foodborne pathogens, the Salmonella appears as one of the most important outbreaks agents. To assess the risks of acquiring infection via undercooked poultry or cross contamination from chickens, it is important to determine the extent of the contamination on raw poultry with this pathogen. In this study, 180 refrigerated broiler carcasses, obtained from local stores, were assessed to recover Salmonella by the most probable number (MPN) method to quantify bacterias cells onto brilliant green agar with novobiocin (BGN) and xylose lysin tergitol 4 agar (XLT4). The results showed 12,2% occurrence of Salmonella by conventional microbiological method from refrigerated broiler carcasses. The MPN per ml rates was 2,7 cells on XLT4 agar and 1,3 cells on BGN agar plate. The Salmonella serovars isolated from broiler carcasses were S. Enteritidis, S. Agona, S. Rissen, S. Heidelberg and S. Livingstone. Results analysis showed that could be a variable number of cells contaminating refrigerated broiler carcasses, which have been selling to the consumer.

A Salmonella permanece um importante problema na avicultura e, considerando os patógenos transmitidos por alimentos, aparece como um dos agentes principais em surtos de toxinfecções alimentares. Para auxiliar na avaliação de riscos em adquirir infecção alimentar via carne de frangos que sofreram cocção inadequada, ou através de contaminação cruzada a partir desses animais, torna-se importante determinar a extensão de contaminação por patógenos em carne crua. No presente trabalho, foram analisadas 180 carcaças de frangos resfriadas, adquiridas em varejos, para pesquisa de Salmonella com determinação do número de células da bactéria. Foi utilizado o método do número mais provável (NMP) nos ágares para isolamento verde brilhante com novobiocina (BGN) e xilose-lisina tergitol 4 (XLT4). Os resultados mostraram 12,2% de ocorrência de Salmonella nas carcaças de frangos resfriadas e a média de NMP de Salmonella por mL, na leitura pelo ágar XLT4 foi de 2,7 células e no ágar BGN foi de 1,3 células. Os sorovares de Salmonella isolados das carcaças de frangos no estudo foram S. Enteritidis, S. Agona, S.Rissen, S. Heidelberg e S. Livingstone. A análise dos resultados demonstrou existir um número variável de células de Salmonella contaminando as carcaças de frango resfriadas que estão à venda ao consumidor.

Quantification of biofilm production on polystyrene by Listeria, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus isolated from a poultry slaughterhouse

This study assessed biofilm formation on polystyrene by Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, L. welshimeri and Escherichia coli, isolated from a slaughtering plant, grown on tryptic soy broth (TSB) using different glucose concentrations. The tested bacteria produced biofilm in at least one of the concentrations used, and some of them were strong biofilm producers.

Avaliação da hidrofobicidade e da formação de biofilme em poliestireno por Salmonella Heidelberg isoladas de abatedouro avícola

Bactérias do gênero Salmonella são consideradas a principal causa de infecções alimentares em humanos associadas a produtos avícolas, na maioria dos países. São capazes de formar biofilmes em diferentes superfícies, dificultando sua eliminação por procedimentos de limpeza e sanificação na indústria de alimentos. Estudos demonstram uma melhor adesão microbiana com o aumento da hidrofobicidade, tanto da superfície celular como do substrato de adesão. Neste trabalho, avaliou-se a formação de biofilme em placas de poliestireno por S. Heidelberg isoladas de abatedouros avícolas, cultivadas em caldo TSB com diferentes concentrações de glicose e a hidrofobicidade destas cepas na fase logarítmica (4h) e na fase estacionária (24h) do crescimento bacteriano. No caldo TSB sem suplementação de glicose, todas as amostras foram capazes de formar biofilme, sendo duas amostras fortemente formadoras de biofilme, e a maioria fracamente formadora. Nos caldos TSB com 0,5, 1,0 e 1,5% de glicose, todas as amostras foram fracamente formadoras. Nos caldos TSB com 2,0 a 4,0% de glicose, várias amostras apresentaram-se não formadoras e as demais fracamente formadoras. Após a incubação a 36ºC por 4 horas, o índice de hidrofobicidade foi inferior a 10%, com todas as amostras sendo altamente hidrofílicas. Na incubação a 36ºC por 24 horas, os resultados foram distintos, sendo 1/16 altamente hidrofóbica, 9/1

OCURRENCE OF Campylobacter sp IN BROILER FLOCKSAND CORRESPONDING CARCASSES / OCORRÊNCIA DE Campylobacter sp EM LOTES DE FRANGOS DE CORTE E NAS CARCAÇAS CORRESPONDENTES

The aim of the present study was to assess the dissemination and levels of Campylobacter contamination in broiler flocks and related carcasses. Twenty-two flocks aged 3 weeks or older were assessed, and 110 cecal droppings and 96 carcasses (38 carcasses after defeathering and 58 after the last chilling operation) were enumerated. Bolton selective enrichment broth was used for enumeration of the organism. Additionally, the carcasses were submitted to pre-enrichment for the detection of the agent at low levels of contamination. Was noted that 18.18% of broiler flocks (4/22) was not colonized by Campylobacter; however, their carcasses were found to be contaminated after defeathering. The mean levels of colonization of positive flocks were 7.00 log10 cfu/g of cecal droppings, 5.15 log10 cfu per carcass after defeathering and 4.24 log cfu per carcass after the last chilling operation. The prevalence of Campylobacter in carcasses after defeathering and chilling were positively correlated, whereas a reduction of around 1 log10 was observed in the contamination initially found in the carcasses, showing that current measures, such as Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) and Good Production Practices, are useful but insufficient for thoroughly eliminating Campylobacter from the end product. Key words: Chicken, contamination, slaughterhouse.

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo verificar a ocorrência de Campylobacter em lotes de frango de corte durante a criação e nas carcaças correspondentes após o abate. Foram avaliados 22 lotes a partir das três semanas de idade, com a análise de 110 conteúdos cecais e 96 carcaças (38 após a depenadeira e 58 após o último chiller). Para a enumeração do Campylobacter, utilizou-se o caldo Bolton, analisando-se as carcaças pré-enriquecimento. Quatro (18,18%) dos lotes analisados não estavam colonizados por Campylobacter, mas, após a depenadeira, carcaças correspondentes estavam contaminadas. Os níveis médios de colonização dos lotes positivos foram de 7 log10ufc/g de conteúdo cecal, 5,15 log10 ufc/carcaça após a depenadeira e 4,24 log10 ufc/carcaça após o último chiller. Os níveis de Campylobacter nas carcaças após a depenadeira e chiller tiveram correlação positiva. Observou-se redução de cerca de 1 log10 na contaminação inicial, demonstrando que medidas atuais, como análise de perigos e pontos críticos de controle e boas práticas de produção, são úteis, mas insuficientes para eliminar completamente Campylobacter do produto final. Palavras-chaveS: Abatedouro, aves, colonização bacteriana.

Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter spp isolated from broiler flocks

The aim of this study was to assess the antimicrobial susceptibility of 62 Campylobacter spp. strains obtained from broiler flocks using the agar diffusion method. The Campylobacter spp strains were isolated from 22 flocks aged between 3 and 5 weeks of life, isolated from cloacae swabs, stools and cecal droppings in the farm and from the carcass rinsing in the slaughterhouse. Campylobacter spp strains were tested on Mueller-Hilton (MH) agar (27 samples) and MH plus TTC agar (35 samples). The antimicrobial susceptibility test revealed a 62.5% resistance to at least one drug, especially to enrofloxacin (71%), neomycin (50%), lincomycin (50%), tetracycline (43%), penicillin (42%), ceftiofur (33%) amoxicillin (27%), spiramycin (20%), ampicillin (18%) and norfloxacin (14%), whereas a lower percentage of strains was resistant to erythromycin (10%) and doxycycline (10%). All strains were sensitive to gentamicin and lincomycin-spectinomycin and 80% of them to colistin. These results indicate that it is necessary to reduce the use of antimicrobials in veterinary and human medicine.

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a susceptibilidade antimicrobiana de 62 amostras de Campylobacter spp. em amostras isoladas de 22 lotes de frango de corte, pelo método de difusão em Agar. As amostras de Campylobacter spp foram isoladas de frangos com idade entre 3 e 5 semanas, isoladas a partir de swabs cloacais, fezes e descarga cecal obtidos nas granjas e de rinsagem de carcaças no abatedouro. Das 62 amostras avaliadas, 27 foram testadas em ágar MH e 35 no ágar MH com TTC. O perfil de susceptibilidade antimicrobiana apresentou 62,5% de resistência para, no mínimo, uma droga, sobretudo para enrofloxacina (71%), neomicina (50%), lincomicina (50%), tetraciclina (43%), penicilina (42%), ceftiofur (33%) amoxicilina (27%), espiramicina (20%), ampicilina (18%) e norfloxacina (14%), enquanto uma percentagem menor foi observada frente eritromicina (10%) e doxiciclina (10%). Todas as amostras foram sensíveis a gentamicina e linco-espectinomicina e 80% à colistina. Pelo exposto, faz-se necessária a redução do uso dos antimicrobianos na medicina veterinária e em humanos.

Pré-enriquecimento e isolamento direto para identificação de Campylobacter em swabs cloacais e carcaças de frango

Campylobacter   são microorganismos patogênicos associados com aves ou alimentos de origem avícola e sua importância está relacionada à alta prevalência de Campylobacter nos frangos de corte e suas carcaças, correlacionados com gastroenterite em humanos. Neste estudo, monitorou-se 22 lotes de frango de corte com idades entre 3 a 5 semanas na granja e 35 dias no abate e avaliou-se os métodos de pré-enriquecimento (PE) e isolamento direto (ID) para identificação de Campylobacter em swabs cloacais e carcaças de frango. Realizaram-se 22 análises de swabs cloacais pelo PE e pelo ID, 96 análises de carcaças pelo ID e, destas, 95 pelo PE. Para o isolamento direto a partir de swabs utilizou-se o ágar mCCDA acrescido de suplemento seletivo, acondicionado em embalagem não permeável e microaerofilia com mistura de gases (5% O2, 10% CO2 e 85% N2). Para o PE, os swabs foram inoculados em pool no caldo Bolton suplementado com antibióticos e 200 mg/L de TTC, seguido de inoculação em ágar mCCDA, também em microaerofilia. As carcaças também foram analisadas para ambos os métodos, utilizando-se caldo Bolton no pré-enriquecimento, seguido de inoculação em mCCDA ou isolamento direto em ágar Bolton com TTC, sempre em microaerofilia. Não houve diferença significativa (p=1,00) entre os métodos de pré-enriquecimento e isolamento direto nas amostras de swabs e carcaças. Identificou-se 81,8% lotes posit

Caracterização do consumidor de carne de frango da cidade de Porto Alegre

The concern with the alimentary security has changed the form as the consumers see the meaty products; searching information on the foods that consume. In this direction, this research was aimed at characterizing the chicken meat consumer of Porto Alegre, Brazil. They had been interviewed 393 consumers during the period of April the July of 2004. The results demonstrate that the chicken meat is the second preferred meat of the consumers, and that the empanados cuts and of chicken are the most consumed products. The consumers believe that the bird flu and salmonelose are the main illnesses propagated by this meat.

A preocupação com a segurança alimentar tem mudado a forma como os consumidores vêem os produtos cárneos, fazendo com que busquem informações sobre os alimentos que consomem. Neste sentido, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo caracterizar o consumidor porto-alegrense de carne de frango. Foram entrevistados 393 consumidores durante o período de abril a julho de 2004. Os resultados demonstram que a carne de frango é a segunda carne preferida dos consumidores e que os cortes e empanados de frango são os produtos mais consumidos. Os consumidores acreditam que a gripe do frango e a salmonelose são as principais doenças veiculadas por esta carne.

Número mais provável (NMP) de Salmonella sp. em cecos de frangos de corte e correlação com a população linfocitária bursal

A contaminação de produtos avícolas por Salmonella tem sido um real desafio à avicultura desde o reconhecimento da carne de frango e ovos como importantes fontes de transmissão de salmonelas para humanos. O estado imune das aves tem um papel crítico na defesa contra diferentes patógenos. Lotes de aves com imunossupressão sofrem aumento da incidência de infecções secundárias e têm seu desempenho afetado negativamente. Entre os patógenos virais aviários que têm capacidade imunossupressora encontra-se o vírus da doença infecciosa da bursa ou doença de Gumboro. Neste estudo, avaliou-se a população linfocitária bursal através de exame histopatológico e a contagem de Salmonella em cecos de frango de corte através do método do número mais provável (NMP) buscando-se correlacionar estes fatores. Foram coletados os cecos e as bolsas de Fabricius (BF) de 347 frangos de corte com 28 dias de idade. Os cecos foram congelados e analisados pela microbiologia convencional para determinar a presença ou ausência de Salmonella sp e as amostras positivas submetidas à técnica de contagem pelo NMP. Foram identificadas duas amostras positivas (0,58%) para Salmonella Enteritidis e estas apresentaram 0 e 21 NMP/g, enquanto os cecos correspondentes apresentaram entre 60-70% de depleção linfocitária. Outros gêneros bacterianos identificados foram Providencia rettgeri, Proteus mirabilis e E. coli. Os escor

Caracterização do consumidor de carne de frango da cidade de Porto Alegre

The concern with the alimentary security has changed the form as the consumers see the meaty products; searching information on the foods that consume. In this direction, this research was aimed at characterizing the chicken meat consumer of Porto Alegre, Brazil. They had been interviewed 393 consumers during the period of April the July of 2004. The results demonstrate that the chicken meat is the second preferred meat of the consumers, and that the empanados cuts and of chicken are the most consumed products. The consumers believe that the bird flu and salmonelose are the main illnesses propagated by this meat.

A preocupação com a segurança alimentar tem mudado a forma como os consumidores vêem os produtos cárneos, fazendo com que busquem informações sobre os alimentos que consomem. Neste sentido, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo caracterizar o consumidor porto-alegrense de carne de frango. Foram entrevistados 393 consumidores durante o período de abril a julho de 2004. Os resultados demonstram que a carne de frango é a segunda carne preferida dos consumidores e que os cortes e empanados de frango são os produtos mais consumidos. Os consumidores acreditam que a gripe do frango e a salmonelose são as principais doenças veiculadas por esta carne.

Salmonella spp. in raw broiler parts: occurrence, antimicrobial resistance profile and phage typing of the Salmonella Enteritidis isolates

The present study was carried out to evaluate the occurrence of Salmonellae in raw broiler parts and to determine the antimicrobial resistance profile of the isolated strains. Twenty-four (39.3%) broiler parts samples were positive for Salmonella and twenty-five Salmonella strains were isolated, since two different serovars were detected in one single positive sample. Salmonella Enteritidis was the most prevalent serovar. Among Salmonella Enteritidis isolates, 95.2% belonged to Phage Type 4 (PT4) (20/21) and 4.8% to PT7 (1/21). Twenty-two (88%) strains of Salmonella were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent, generating eight different resistance patterns. The S. Typhimurium (n: 1) and S. Hadar (n: 3) isolates presented multiple resistance. Three S. Enteritidis isolates were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested, two were resistant only to tetracycline. The high prevalence of Salmonella in the broiler parts strenghtens the importance of the use of good manufacturing practices (GMP), and HACCP. The results also emphasize the need for the responsible use of antimicrobials in animal production.

Este trabalho foi conduzido para avaliar a ocorrência de Salmonella em cortes de frango e para determinar o perfil de resistência antimicrobiana das cepas isoladas. Vinte e quatro (39,3%) cortes de frango foram positivas para Salmonella, tendo sido isoladas vinte e cinco cepas de Salmonella, uma vez que em uma amostra isolaram-se dois sorovares. Salmonella Enteritidis foi o sorovar prevalente. Entre as Salmonella Enteritidis isoladas, 95,2% pertencem ao Fagotipo 4 (PT4) (20/21) e 4,8% ao PT7 (1/21). Vinte e duas (88%) cepas de Salmonella foram resistentes a pelo menos um agente antimicrobiano e oito diferentes padrões de resistência foram observados. S. Typhimurium (n:1) e S. Hadar (n: 3), apresentaram múltipla resistência. Três cepas de S. Enteritidis foram sensíveis a todos os antimicrobianos e duas resistentes somente a tetraciclina. A elevada ocorrência de Salmonella nos cortes de frango utilizados no presente estudo reforça a importância das normas de boas práticas de fabricação, bem como dos controles de perigos e pontos críticos de controle. No tocante aos níveis de resistência a antimicrobianos, os resultados enfatizam a necessidade do uso responsável dos mesmos na produção animal.

Determinação do volume saturante de solução desinfetante em piso de chão batido de granja avícola em função da carga microbiana (coliformes) e composição do solo

The floor soil ground is used in most of the Brazilian poultry farms due to the high cost of the construction of concreted floors. The presence of organic matter on the surface of the soil hinders its disinfection, due to the reduction of the antimicrobial action of disinfectants and the tests accomplished in vitro to verify the effectiveness of the disinfectants do not contemplate the adverse conditions found at poultry farms. Thus, the present work intended to determinate the volume of disinfectant solution required to be used on m² floor and the counting of total and fecal coliforms in floor soil ground. Presence of total and faecal coliforms was detected in the depth of 0.5cm with 1100NMP g-1 e 460NMP g-1, respective. The volume of disinfectant solution defined to saturate 1m² to 1cm of depth was of one liter.

O piso de chão batido é utilizado na maioria das granjas avícolas brasileiras devido ao baixo custo em relação à construção de pisos concretados. A presença de matéria orgânica na superfície do solo dificulta sua desinfecção, devido à redução da ação antimicrobiana dos desinfetantes, sendo que os testes realizados in vitro para verificar a eficácia dos desinfetantes não contemplam as condições adversas encontradas em granjas avícolas. Assim, o presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a contaminação por coliformes totais e fecais através do número mais provável (NMP) no piso de chão batido de uma granja avícola e definir o volume de solução desinfetante necessário para saturar uma determinada área conforme a composição físico-hídrica do solo. Foi detectada a presença de coliformes totais e fecais na profundidade de 0,5cm, com população média de 1100NMP g-1 e 460NMP g-1, respectivamente. O volume de solução desinfetante adequado para saturar 1m² a uma profundidade de 1cm em um piso de chão batido composto por solo argiloso, com baixa porosidade e boa compactação, foi de um litro.

Macroscopia, histopatologia e bacteriologia de fígados de frangos (Gallus gallus) condenados no abate

Gross, microscopic, and bacteriologic evaluations of broiler chicken livers condemned at slaughter were performed. One hundred broiler livers were sampled. Ninety of them had gross lesions and were condemned by the meat inspection service. Ten of them were grossly normal. The sampling was done in two processing plants located in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. For the gross evaluation, the following parameters were considered: shape, color, size, texture, odor, and the presence of other visible lesions. Livers with changes in color, shape, size and/or texture were 47/90; brown-pale livers with other associated macroscopic lesions were 19/90; yellow or yellowish livers with other associated gross lesions were 5/90; and green or greenish livers with other associated lesions were 19/90. The main microscopic diagnoses consisted of multifocal heterophilic colangio-hepatitis, degeneration and/or centrilobular to bridging hepatocellular necrosis, random necrotizing hepatitis and multifocal heterophylic pericolangitis. The bacteriological evaluation was oriented to finding of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus sp. It was carried out by direct culture of the liver samples in selective culture media. E. coli was isolated in 26/100 samples and Staphylococcus sp. in 24/100 samples. For culturing of Salmonella spp., the conventional method indicated for this bacteria was utilized. However, there was no isolation of any species of the Salmonella genus. In all the three evaluations, a high incidence of lesions suggestive of bacterial infections was observed in the condemned livers.

Este trabalho avaliou, através da macroscopia, histopatologia e bacteriologia, fígados de frangos (Gallus gallus) condenados no abate. Cem fígados de frango foram coletados na linha de inspeção. Noventa deles tinham sido condenados por apresentarem alterações macroscópicas. Dez fígados não apresentavam alterações macroscópicas. As coletas foram feitas em dois abatedouros localizados no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. No laboratório, fez-se detalhada descrição das alterações macroscópicas dos fígados condenados e exames histopatológicos e bacteriológicos complementares. Para a descrição macroscópica, os seguintes parâmetros foram avaliados: forma, coloração, tamanho, consistência, odor e presença de lesões visíveis. Foram observados fígados com alterações na cor, forma, tamanho e/ou consistência em 47/90 amostras; fígados marrom-pálidos e com outras alterações macroscópicas associadas perfizeram 19/90 amostras; 5/90 fígados estavam amarelos ou amarelados e com outras alterações macroscópicas associadas; 19/90 fígados estavam verdes ou esverdeados e com outras alterações macroscópicas associadas. Os principais diagnósticos histopatológicos foram de colângio-hepatite heterofílica multifocal, degeneração e/ou necrose hepatocelular centrolobular e em ponte, hepatite necrosante aleatória, pericolangite heterofílica multifocal e peri-hepatite fibrinosa subaguda difusa acentuada. A bacteriologia foi direcionada para pesquisa de Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. e Staphylococcus sp. Utilizando-se cultivo direto das amostras de fígado em meios de cultura seletivos, isolou-se E. coli em 26/100 amostras e Staphylococcus sp. em 24/100 amostras. Para pesquisa de salmonelas, utilizou-se a metodologia convencional preconizada para esta bactéria, entretanto não houve isolamento de nenhuma espécie deste gênero. Através das avaliações realizadas pode-se confirmar o predomínio de lesões sugestivas de infecção bacteriana nos fígados condenados.