Model-predicted ammonia emission from two broiler houses with different rearing systems

Ammonia (NH3) emissions from broiler production can affect human and animal health and may cause acidification and eutrophication of the surrounding environment. This study aimed to estimate ammonia emissions from broiler litter in two systems of forced ventilation, the tunnel ventilation (TV) and the dark house (DH). The experiment was carried out on eight commercial broiler houses, and the age of the birds (day, d), pH and litter temperature were recorded. Broilers were reared on built-up wood shaving litter using an average flock density of 14 bird m2. Temperature and relative humidity inside the broiler houses were recorded in the morning during the grow-out period. A factorial experimental design was adopted, with two types of houses, four replicates and two flocks with two replicates each. A deterministic model was used to predict ammonia emissions using the litter pH and temperature, and the day of grow-out. The highest litter temperature and pH were found at 42 d of growth in both housing systems. Mean ambient air temperature and relative humidity did not differ in either system. Mean model predicted ammonia emission was higher in the DH rearing system (5200 mg NH3 m2h1 at 42 d) than in the TV system (2700 mg NH3m2 h1 at 42 d). TV presented the lowest mean litter temperature and pH at 42 d of growth. In the last week of the broilers grow-out cycle, estimated ammonia emissions inside DH reached 5700 mg m2h1 in one of the flocks. Ammonia emissions were higher inside DH, and they did not differ between flocks. Assuming a broiler market weight in Brazil of close to 2 kg, ammonia emissions were equivalent to 12 g NH3 bird-marketed1. Model-predicted ammonia emissions provided comprehensible estimations and might be used in abatement strategies for NH3 emission.

Model-predicted ammonia emission from two broiler houses with different rearing systems

Ammonia (NH3) emissions from broiler production can affect human and animal health and may cause acidification and eutrophication of the surrounding environment. This study aimed to estimate ammonia emissions from broiler litter in two systems of forced ventilation, the tunnel ventilation (TV) and the dark house (DH). The experiment was carried out on eight commercial broiler houses, and the age of the birds (day, d), pH and litter temperature were recorded. Broilers were reared on built-up wood shaving litter using an average flock density of 14 bird m2. Temperature and relative humidity inside the broiler houses were recorded in the morning during the grow-out period. A factorial experimental design was adopted, with two types of houses, four replicates and two flocks with two replicates each. A deterministic model was used to predict ammonia emissions using the litter pH and temperature, and the day of grow-out. The highest litter temperature and pH were found at 42 d of growth in both housing systems. Mean ambient air temperature and relative humidity did not differ in either system. Mean model predicted ammonia emission was higher in the DH rearing system (5200 mg NH3 m2h1 at 42 d) than in the TV system (2700 mg NH3m2 h1 at 42 d). TV presented the lowest mean litter temperature and pH at 42 d of growth. In the last week of the broilers grow-out cycle, estimated ammonia emissions inside DH reached 5700 mg m2h1 in one of the flocks. Ammonia emissions were higher inside DH, and they did not differ between flocks. Assuming a broiler market weight in Brazil of close to 2 kg, ammonia emissions were equivalent to 12 g NH3 bird-marketed1. Model-predicted ammonia emissions provided comprehensible estimations and might be used in abatement strategies for NH3 emission.(AU)

Histologia do fígado de avestruz (Struthio camelus, Linnaeus 1758) / Histology of ostrich liver (Struthio camelus, Linnaeus 1758)

A criação de avestruz (Struthio camelus, Linnaeus 1758) é uma atividade de grande potencial, porém não existem padrões definidos sobre a histologia do seu fígado, que é um órgão de grande importância no metabolismo. O conhecimento de sua histologia pode contribuir para a detecção de doenças e deficiências nutricionais no animal. Para este estudo foram utilizados 24 avestruzes com idades entre 12 e 18 meses (com peso médio em torno de 80 a 100 kg), provenientes do abatedouro Don Pig, em Botucatu no estado de São Paulo. Os animais foram abatidos com pistola pneumática e, após a sangria, as amostras do fígado foram processadas e observadas em microscopia de luz e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET). A hematoxilina e eosina (H.E), picrossírius, Gordon e Sweets, Sudan black e o ácido peródico de Schiff (PAS) são colorações usadas respectivamente para observar a morfologia do fígado, colágeno, fibras reticulares, gordura e glicogênio. Foram encontrados os espaços portahepáticos.O glicogênio mostrou média de 5,68%, o conteúdo lipídico, média de 9,83%, o colágeno média de 14,71% e as fibras reticulares média de 5,96%. Quanto à MET notou-se no citoplasma dos hepatócitos, numerosas mitocôndrias, glicogênio, muitas gotas de gordura, alguns lisossomos, retículo endoplasmático granular ao redor das mitocôndrias, algumas células estreladas, célula em degeneração e o canalículo biliar ao centro. Provavelmente o quadro sugestivo de esteatose é resultante do estado nutricional dos animais. Estes resultados demonstraram que os hepatócitos dos avestruzes são muito similares às outras aves, como também muito semelhantes à estrutura e ultraestrutura das células do fígado de mamíferos.(AU)

are not distinct patterns about the histology of its liver, which is an organ of key importance in terms of metabolism. The knowledge of its histology can help the detection of diseases and nutritional deficiencies of this bird. Twenty four ostriches with an average age of 12-18 months and average weight of 80-100 Kg, proceeding from Don Pig Abatteur, located at Botucatu, São Paulo, were used. The birds were slaughtered with and to bleeding. Liver samples were processed for light and electron transmission microscopic studies. Hematoxilin and eosin (HE), picrosirius, Gordon and Sweets, Sudan black and Schiff periodic acid (PAS) were respectively used to observe the liver morphology, collagen, reticular fibers, lipids and glycogen. The liver portal spaces were determined. An average of 5.68% of glycogen was observed. The lipidic content with an average of 9.83%. Collagen fibers at an average of 14.71%. Reticular fibers with an average of 5.96%. Through transmission electron microscopy we noticed in the hepaticyte cytoplasm the presence of numerous mithocondria, glycogen, several lipidic droplets, some lysosomes, granular endoplasmatic reticulum around the mithocondria, some stellate cells, erythrocytes, nucleus and degenerating cells, besides the central biliary canaliculus. The suggestive steatotic results might result from the animals nutritional status Our results demonstrated that ostrich and other birds hepatocytes are very similar.(AU)

Avaliação do desenvolvimento da discondroplasia tibial em frangos de corte submetidos à dieta com 25 hidroxicolecalciferol / Evaluation of tibial dyschondroplasia development in broiler chickens fed diets containing 25 hydroxicolecalciferol

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desenvolvimento da discondroplasia tibial (DT) em frangos de corte de 1 ae fontes de vitamina D (1250UI D3/kg sem 25-(OH)D3; 1250UI D3/kg com 69mg 25-(OH)D3/ton e 3000UI D3/kg com 69mg 25-(OH)D3/ton) e dois tratamentos controles com níveis de cálcio e fósforo com 3000UI D3/kg sem 25-(OH)D3 e 3000UI D3/kg com 69mg 25-(OH)D3/ton de ração. Foram avaliadas características ósseas. No período de 1 a 21 dias, os resultados indicaram que as concentrações de cálcio e fósforo nas tíbias não foram influenciadas pelos tratamentos e que o consumo de ração foi superior para os tratamentos que compõem o fatorial. A resistência óssea também não foi influenciada pelos tratamentos e a análise histológica não evidenciou lesões características de DT. Conclui-se que, nas condições experimentais da presente pesquisa, o desenvolvimento de DT não foi observado.

This research was carried out to evaluate the development of tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) in broilers from 1 to 21 days. Four hundred forty day-old male chickens, from broiler breeders aged 60-62 weeks, were randomly distributed in a 3x3+2 factorial arrangement, resulting in 11 treatments with four replicates of 10 birds each. The factors evaluated were: bird strains (Ross 308, Cobb 500, and Hybro), levels and sources of vitamin D (1250UI D3/kg without 25-(OH)D3; 1250UI D3/kg with 69mg 25-(OH)D3/ton, and 3000UI D3/kg with 69mg 25-(OH)D3/ton), and two control treatments containing calcium and phosphorus levels with 3000UI D3/kg without 25-(OH)D3 and 3000UI D3/kg with 69mg 25- (OH)D3/ton of feed. Bone characteristics were evaluated. From 1 to 21 days, the results showed that bone calcium and phosphorus concentrations were not influenced by the treatments, however, feed intake was higher for factorial than control treatments. Bone breaking resistance was not influenced by the treatments and there were no typical lesions of TD. In conclusion, it was not observed TD development in broilers from 1 to 21 days according to experimental procedures of this research.(AU)

Estudo do membro pélvico do avestruz: considerações anatômicas, radiográficas e histológicas da rotação tibiotársica

Várias doenças músculo esqueléticas foram observadas em aves de rápido crescimento, sendo o elevado peso corporal, associado a uma estrutura óssea em formação, citados como as principais causas responsáveis pela ocorrência destas doenças, resultando em disfunções do aparelho locomotor. Apesar do estudo do membro pélvico do avestruz merecer a atenção de pesquisadores desde o século XIX, tendo sido descrito no tocante à miologia, principalmente, a osteologia e o estudo radiográfico e morfológico envolvidos na RTT ainda não receberam a devida atenção. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo fazer um estudo anátomo-patológico e radiográfico das estruturas envolvidas na rotação tibiotársica, assim como estudar as alterações articulares através de artrografias e histologia fazendo uma descrição das considerações anatômicas, macroscópicas, microscópicas e radiográficas do membro pélvico do avestruz (African Black). Para este estudo foram utilizadas trinta avestruzes, com idade entre um mês a um ano de idade, apresentando deformidade de membros pélvicos uni ou bilateral. Dessa forma, será possível contribuir para o entendimento desta enfermidade, que tem causado perdas para a estrutiocultura