Lesão traumática facial em cão - reconstrução cirúrgica com retalho de transposição rotacional / Facial traumatic injury in a dog - surgical reconstruction with rotational transposition flap

Background: Bite injuries are commonly found in small animal clinics, especially in male dogs, due to their habits of fighting and territorial disputes. In general, the lesions are treated with the use of compresses and bandages, however, it is extremely important to carefully evaluate the site, in order to carry out the appropriate treatment. In cases of tissue loss, an increasingly used practice is reconstructive surgery, which launches alternatives for treatment through flaps and skin grafts, promoting healing and satisfactory aesthetic repair. This report describes the case of a dog with a facial bite, treated with reconstructive surgery. Case: A 5-year-old male mixed-breed dog, with a body mass of 5 kg, was treated and submitted to a physical examination, due to the owner's complaint that he had been attacked by another dog, causing a bite on the face. On physical examination, the animal showed normal vital parameters, except for mild hyperthermia due to rectal temperature (39.5°C). On the face, it was possible to observe a lacerative lesion in the temporomandibular and masseteric regions, with loss of skin and muscle, in addition to having an aspect of infection and necrosis. To describe the hematological profile, a blood count was performed, showing no changes. In the biochemical tests, the present alteration was a slight increase in Alkaline Phosphatase (393.8 IU/L). Surgical treatment was indicated through facial reconstruction with a skin graft. After performing the antisepsis, the lesion was debrided, the edges were regularized and the injured tissue was curetted. For reconstruction of the defect, we used a flap obtained through a perpendicular incision at the base of the ear, in a caudal direction, and this flap was pulled and transposed over the wound. Flap synthesis was performed with 3-0 nylon thread. After surgery, a compressive bandage was performed, which was removed after 24 h. It was indicated to avoid exertion in the area and to return in 10 days for the evaluation of the surgery and removal of the stitches. Discussion: Traumatic injuries in animals are being increasingly reported, with male and non-neutered dogs being the most prevalent patients. This report is in line with other studies, with the patient's profile being a male dog, with an average age, in line with the literature. In general, in certain types of wounds, the affected animals can develop sepsis and even progress to death, however, in this case the patient did not show changes in vital parameters and in hematological tests. Reconstructive surgeries are performed with the aim of correcting skin defects and knowledge of the available techniques is important. It is also necessary to carry out a good planning, in order to avoid complications in the trans and postoperative period. In the present case, we chose to use a flap obtained through an incision perpendicular to the base of the ear, transposing it over the wound, in addition to relieving tissue tension through skin divulsion, increasing its elastic potential. The use of bandages is considered extremely important for the success of the surgical procedure, as it provides an efficient barrier against infections, trauma and adhesions. However, we emphasize the need to use ointments, gauzes and bandages concomitantly, in order to have the desired success in the postoperative period. In addition to proper surgical techniques, pain management and infection control are important for patient recovery. It is important to use non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opioids to obtain analgesia, in addition to antibiotic therapy before and after surgery. The reported case demonstrated that lesions in dogs with skin loss can be reconstructed using skin flaps, with an excellent recovery and good prognosis, as was the case with the patient in this report.

Emergências reprodutivas de cadelas e gatas em um hospital veterinário universitário / Reproductives emergencies in female dogs and female cats treated in a teaching veterinary hospital

Emergências obstétricas são comuns na rotina clínica de cães e gatos. Dentre as emergências obstétricas uma das mais importantes é a distocia. De modo geral, a distocia ocorre quando há falha no momento do parto ou na expulsão do feto, sendo que a causa mais comum de distocia nas duas espécies é a inércia uterina primária. Outra emergência obstétrica de ocorrência frequente em cadelas e gatas é a piometra. Esta doença é uma infecção que ocorre no útero, causada por alterações hormonais na fase do diestro dos animais. As duas enfermidades (distocia e piometra) podem ter o envolvimento de anticoncepcionais, tanto nas cadelas como nas gatas. Em relação ao tratamento, na maioria das vezes, as distocias em cadelas e gatas são abordadas por meio da realização de cesarianas. Em piometra, a terapêutica mais efetiva é a realização de ovariohisterectomia. Neste estudo, 43 cadelas e 20 gatas com emergências obstétricas foram monitoradas durante 90 dias. Entre as cadelas, 29 (67,44%; 29/43) apresentaram piometra e 13 (30,23%; 13/43) distocia. Além disso, uma cadela apresentou prolapso vaginal. Entre as gatas, 13 apresentaram distocia (65%; 13/20) e sete (35%; 7/20) piometra. Algumas dessas emergências obstétricas foram relacionadas ao uso de anticoncepcional. Assim, os clínicos veterinários devem desencorajar esta prática e incentivar a castração das fêmeas.

Obstetric emergencies are common in the clinical routine of dogs and cats. One of the most important obstetric emergencies is dystocia. In general, dystocia occurs when there is a failure at the parturition time or expulsion of the fetus, and the most common cause of dystocia in both species is primary uterine inertia. Another frequently occurring obstetric emergency in bitches and cats is piometra. This disease is an infection that occurs in the uterus caused by hormonal changes in the diestrus phase of animals. In both diseases (dystocia and pyometra), contraceptives can be involved in female dogs and cats. Regarding the treatment, most of the time, dystocias in bitches and cats are addressed through cesarean sections. In pyometra, the most effective therapy is to perform ovariohysterectomy. In the present study, 43 female dogs and 20 female cats with emergency obstetric were monitored during 90 days. Among bitches, 29 (67.44%; 29/43) had pyometra, and 13 (30.23%; 13/43) showed dystocia. In addition, one female dog presented vaginal prolapse. Among the cats, 13 had dystocia (65%; 13/20) and seven (35%; 7/20) pyometra. Some of these obstetric emergencies were related to contraceptive use. Thus, veterinary clinicians must discourage this practice and encourage the neutering of females.

Indicações de ovariohisterectomia terapêutica em gatas / Indications of therapeutic ovariohisterectomy in female cats

Ovariohisterectomia (OH) é o procedimento cirúrgico mais realizado na rotina veterinária. Tal cirurgia pode ser realizada como tratamento de enfermidades, sendo denominada de OH terapêutica. Assim, o objetivo desta revisão é determinar quais as indicações de OH terapêutica em gatas. Para isso, foi realizada uma busca em sites de artigos científicos utilizando-se termos relacionados ao tema, abrangendo o período de 2012 a 2022 (10 anos). Os artigos sobre indicação de OH terapêutica em gatas foram analisados e os dados obtidos foram dispostos em tabela e gráfico. Foram analisadas 27 publicações, perfazendo 1.264 casos de OH terapêutica em gatas. Piometra foi a enfermidade mais frequente, totalizando 1.010 casos (79,90%). Cisto ovariano foi a segunda causa mais frequente, compreendendo 95 casos (7,51%). A terceira causa mais frequente de OH terapêutica foi a distocia, representando 81 casos (6,40%). A hiperplasia mamária foi indicação de OH terapêutica em 30 casos (2,37%). Prolapso uterino e torção uterina obtiveram a mesma frequência (11 casos; 0,87%). Maceração fetal foi uma indicação terapêutica em três relatos (0,23%) nos artigos analisados. Ocorreram dez outras indicações menos comuns de OH terapêutica em gatas. Desta forma, os resultados indicam a piometra como a doença mais frequente, entretanto, foram encontrados poucos artigos sobre o tema, indicando a necessidade de mais estudos envolvendo a espécie felina.

Ovariohysterectomy (OH) is the most performed surgical procedure in the veterinary routine. Such surgery can be carried out as a treatment for diseases, being called therapeutic OH. Thus, the present review aims to determine the indications for therapeutic OH in cats. For this purpose, a search was carried out on scientific article websites using terms related to the topic, covering the period from 2012 to 2022 (10 years). The articles on the indication of therapeutic OH in cats were analyzed and the data obtained were arranged in a table and graph. Twenty-seven publications were analyzed, totaling 1,264 cases of therapeutic OH in cats. Pyometra was the most frequent disease, totaling 1,010 cases (79.90%). Ovarian cyst was the second most frequent cause, comprising 95 cases (7.51%). The third most frequent cause of therapeutic HO was dystocia, representing 81 cases (6.40%). Breast hyperplasia was an indication for therapeutic OH in 30 cases (2.37%). Uterine prolapse and uterine torsion had the same frequency (11 cases; 0.87%). Fetal maceration was a therapeutic indication in three reports (0.23%) in the analyzed articles. There were ten other less common indications of therapeutic OH in cats. Thus, the results indicate pyometra as the most frequent disease; however, few articles were found on the subject, indicating the need for more studies involving the feline species.

Zoonoses parasitárias oriundas de fezes de cães no Brasil / Parasitic zoonoses arising from dog feces in Brazil

O crescente número de animais de companhia, principalmente nos grandes centros, tem estreitado o contato entre esses e o homem, aumentando a exposição humana a agentes de zoonoses. A incidência de zoonoses parasitárias é frequente em cães. Entre as zoonoses parasitárias estão: Giardíase, Dipilidiose, Criptosporodiose, Toxocaríase, Larva migrans cutânea, Larva migrans ocular e Larva migrans visceral. Diante do exposto, o objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma revisão de literatura dessas zoonoses transmitidas por fezes de cães no Brasil. Foi realizada, para isso, uma busca em revistas acadêmicas científicas disponíveis on-line e impressas, com os seguintes termos de indexação: zoonoses parasitárias e parasitos intestinais em cães; sendo incluídos no estudo artigos publicados a partir de 1958 até 2021. Dessa forma, foram reunidos e comparados os diferentes dados encontrados nas fontes de consulta e listadas as principais zoonoses parasitárias em cães, além de etiologia, forma de transmissão e tratamento.

The growing number of companion animals, especially in large cities, has narrowed the contact between these animals and man, increasing human exposure to agents of zoonoses. The incidence of parasitic zoonoses is frequent in dogs. Among the parasitary zoonoses are Giardiasis, Dipilidiosis, Cryptosporodiosis, Toxocariasis, cutaneous larva migrans, ocular larva migrans, and visceral larva migrans. The aim of this study was to conduct a literature review of these zoonoses transmitted by dog feces in Brazil. A search was performed in scientific academic journals available online and in print, with the following indexing terms: parasitary zoonoses and intestinal parasites in dogs. Articles published from 1958 to 2021 were included in the study. Based on these articles, the different data related to the main parasitic zoonoses in dogs, etiology, form of transmission, and treatment were gathered and compared.

Anoftalmia bilateral em cão associada à malformação peniana congênita / Bilateral anophthalmia in dog associated with congenital penile malformation

Background: Anophthalmia refers to the complete absence of an eyeball. It is a very rare congenital condition that affects all breeds of dogs, which may be unilateral or bilateral. Anophthalmia results from a severe developmental deficiency in the primitive forebrain, prior to the formation of the optic sulcus. This condition has a complex etiology, and chromosomal, monogenic, and environmental causes have already been identified. There might be an association between anophthalmia and other congenital abnormalities. This case report aimed to report the case of a male dog with bilateral anophthalmia associated with penile malformation. Case: A 3-year-old male mongrel dog was evaluated in a clinical consultation at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of the Federal University of Piauí (UFPI) - Teresina - Brazil, with signs of anemia and diarrhea. His vaccinations were not up to date (multiple and anti-rabies), presented ectoparasites (ticks), and showed inappetence. The owner reported that the animal was blind from birth, was already well adapted to its environment, had the company of other animals, and had no access to the street. On clinical examination, the animal had a good body score. The eyelids were bilaterally present with normally developed eyelashes. Both the head and face had a symmetrical appearance, without structural abnormalities, and the palpebral fissures were narrow. When opening the eyelids manually, the presence of the conjunctiva was observed bilaterally, the orbits were shallow, and neither orbit contained the eyeball. Further inspection with an ophthalmic clinical flashlight did not reveal any other ocular structures. The initial diagnosis was suggestive of bilateral anophthalmia. Ultrasound examination of the ocular region confirmed the presence of bilateral anophthalmia. A general physical examination revealed a malformed penis with a persistent penile frenulum. Regarding systemic clinical signs (apathy, inappetence, diarrhea, and anemia), clinical and laboratory examinations led to the suspicion of verminosis. Discussion: The dog in this report had a good body score; however, this type of malformation can generate non-viable puppies. Anophthalmia is an extremely rare congenital ocular malformation, both in humans and companion animals, in which there are no ocular structures in the orbits, and these structures (orbits) in affected individuals are generally small and shallow, as seen in the dog in this report. Ultrasonographic examination confirmed the bilateral anophthalmic condition, being the most accurate method of diagnosing this congenital condition. The animal in this report presented with anophthalmia associated with penile malformation. This type of association until this case report has only been described in humans and mice, and is probably caused by a mutation in the SOX2 gene, which is responsible for the protein of the same name, which makes the maturation of ocular tissues in the primitive forebrain. Thus, it is likely that such congenital alterations are the cause of the malformations observed in this animal. Maternal vitamin A deficiency, a factor known to cause ocular malformations, may also be involved in the etiology of congenital diseases. Nutritional imbalances in dogs are common in the animal's region of origin The dog in this report had a normal life. Although it is a condition that causes blindness, dogs can have a normal life and welfare, even with bilateral anophthalmia.

Síndrome de ansiedade de separação animal na população canina de Teresina/Piauí, Brasil / Separation anxiety syndrome in the canine population of Teresina/Piauí, Brazil

A Síndrome de Ansiedade de Separação Animal (SASA) em cães é uma alteração comportamental comum na atualidade, decorrente do novo estilo de vida e de modificações sociais. Os sinais que compõem a síndrome são vocalização excessiva, destruição de objetos e micção e defecação fora do lugar determinado. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar animais portadores da síndrome e seus sinais, assim como avaliar o conhecimento dos tutores sobre os distúrbios comportamentais nos animais. A pesquisa foi realizada em um Hospital Veterinário Universitário, com uma população canina formada por 131 pacientes. Os cães foram avaliados sem distinção de raça, sexo, tamanho e idade por meio de informações fornecidas pelos proprietários, que foram indagados através de um questionário desenvolvido para o estudo. Ao avaliar os 131 questionários respondidos, observou 43,51% de animais positivos para SASA. Dentre os 57 animais positivos para SASA, 28 eram fêmeas e 29 machos. Um total de 12,28% das fêmeas foram castradas, enquanto para os machos, os castrados correspondiam a 5,26%. Os principais sinais observados foram vocalização excessiva (66,66%), comportamento destrutivo (57,89%) e sinais de depressão na ausência do tutor (35,08%). Afirmou-se que 85,97% dos tutores de animais positivos para SASA procuraram um veterinário para tratar problemas comportamentais e que 29,82% possuíam conhecimento sobre a existência da síndrome. Conclui-se que a SASA é comum em cães entre os clientes avaliados. Devido ao desconhecimento dos tutores sobre distúrbios comportamentais, sugere-se que os médicos veterinários abordem o assunto com mais frequência, enfatizando suas consequências e a necessidade de tratamento.

Animal Separation Anxiety Syndrome (ASAS) in dogs is a common behavioral change nowadays, resulting from new lifestyle and social changes. The signs of the syndrome are excessive vocalization, destruction of objects, and urination and defecation out of the determined place. Thus, this study aimed to identify animals with the syndrome and its signs, as well as evaluate the knowledge of the tutors about behavioral disorders in animals. The research was carried out at a Veterinary Teaching Hospital with a canine population of 131 patients. Dogs were evaluated without distinction of breed, sex, size, and age through information provided by the owners, who were asked through a questionnaire developed for the study. By evaluating the 131 answered questionnaires, 43.51% of animals were positive for ASAS. Among the 57 ASAS-positive animals, 28 were female, and 29 were male. A total of 12.28% of the females were castrated, while for the males, the castrated corresponded to 5.26%. The main signs observed were excessive vocalization (66.66%), destructive behavior (57.89%), and signs of depression in the absence of the tutor (35.08%). It was stated that 85.97% of SASA-positive animal owners searched for a veterinarian to treat behavioral problems and that 29.82% of SASA-positive animal owners were aware of the existence of the syndrome. It was concluded that SASA is common in dogs among the assessed clients. Due to the lack of knowledge of tutors about behavioral disorders, it is suggested that veterinarians address the subject more frequently, emphasizing its consequences and the need for treatment.

Emergências reprodutivas de cadelas e gatas em um Hospital Veterinário Universitário / Reproductives emergencies in female dogs and female cats treated in a Teaching Veterinary Hospital

Emergências reprodutivas, como as piometras e distocias, são frequentes na rotina clínica de cadelas e gatas. A distocia ocorre quando há falha no momento do parto ou na expulsão do feto e sua causa mais comum, nas duas espécies, é a inércia uterina primária. A piometra é uma infecção que ocorre no útero, causada por alterações hormonais na fase do diestro dos animais. As duas enfermidades (distocia e piometra) podem ter o envolvimento de anticoncepcionais, tanto nas cadelas como nas gatas. Na maioria das vezes, as distocias, em cadelas e gatas, é abordada por meio da realização de cesarianas, enquanto para a piometra, a terapêutica mais efetiva é a realização de ovariohisterectomia. Desta forma, tendo em vista a deficiência na quantificação de emergências reprodutivas obstétricas em cadelas e gatas diagnosticadas em serviços veterinários do Brasil, este trabalho teve como objetivo relatar os achados obtidos através do monitoramento, durante 90 dias, de 43 cadelas e 20 gatas com emergências reprodutivas. Dentre as cadelas, 29 (67,44%; 29/43) apresentaram piometra, 13 (30,23%; 13/43) distocia e 1 prolápso vaginal. Dentre as gatas, 13 (65%; 13/20) apresentaram distocia e sete (35%; 7/20) piometra. Algumas das emergências reprodutivas foram relacionadas ao uso de anticoncepcional. Assim, os clínicos veterinários devem desencorajar esta prática e incentivar a castração das fêmeas.

Reproductive emergencies, such as pyometras and dystocias, are frequent in the clinical routine of female dogs and cats. Dystocia occurs when there is a failure during delivery or expulsion of the fetus, and its most common cause, in both species, is primary uterine inertia. Pyometra is an infection that occurs in the uterus caused by hormonal changes in the diestrous phase of animals. In both diseases (dystocia and pyometra), contraceptives can be involved in both female dogs and cats. Most of the time, dystocias, in female dogs and cats, is addressed through cesarean sections, while in pyometra, the most effective therapy is to perform ovariohysterectomy. Thus, given the deficiency in the quantification of obstetric reproductive emergencies in female dogs and cats diagnosed in veterinary services in Brazil, this study aimed to report the findings obtained by monitoring 43 female dogs and 20 female cats with reproductive emergencies for 90 days. Among bitches, 29 (67.44%; 29/43) presented pyometra, 13 (30.23%; 13/43) showed dystocia, and 1 had vaginal prolapse. Among the cats, 13 presented dystocia (65%; 13/20), and 7 (35%; 7/20) showed pyometra. Some reproductive emergencies were related to contraceptive use. Thus, veterinary clinicians must discourage this practice and encourage the castration of females

Auto-hemoterapia em orquiectomia de cães / Autohemotherapy in dogs' orchiectomy

A orquiectomia consiste na remoção dos testículos e, em animais, pode ser realizada por motivo eletivo ou terapêutico. A cirurgia eletiva faz parte da guarda responsável de cães e gatos e é um dos procedimentos mais realizados na medicina veterinária, incluindo mutirões de castração onde a redução de custos é importante. A auto-hemoterapia (AHT) vem sendo aplicada em animais, inclusive em acupontos, com o intuito de produzir efeitos imunoestimulantes. Neste contexto, este estudo utilizou AHT, durante o período pós-operatório imediato, em acupontos de cães submetidos à orquiectomia eletiva sem a aplicação de antibióticos. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com dados referentes a outro grupo de animais, os quais foram orquiectomizados e previamente tratados com antibiótico sistêmico. Todos os animais foram acompanhados clinicamente e foram feitos hemogramas nos períodos pré e pós-operatório, assim como o registro de infecções e outras intercorrências relacionadas ao procedimento cirúrgico. Considerando os 20 cães usados no estudo, não houve ocorrência de infecção ou processo inflamatório nos animais após o procedimento cirúrgico. Além disso, alterações hematológicas significativas não foram observadas entre os grupos e entre os períodos pré e pós-operatório de ambos os grupos. Desta forma, conclui-se que a auto-hemoterapia associada à acupuntura pode representar uma alternativa para um protocolo cirúrgico sem antibióticos em cirurgia eletiva de orquiectomia em animais hígidos.

The orchiectomy is the removal of the testicles and, in animals, can be performed due to by elective or therapeutic reasons. Elective surgery is part of the responsible ownership of dogs and cats and is one of the most performed procedures in veterinary medicine, including castration efforts where cost reduction is important. Autohemotherapy (AHT) has been applied in animals, including acupoints, to produce immunostimulatory effects. In this context, this study used AHT, during the immediate postoperative period, in acupoints of dogs submitted to elective orchiectomy without the use of antibiotics. The results obtained were compared to data from another group of animals, which were orchiectomized and previously treated with a systemic antibiotic. All animals were clinically monitored and hemograms were performed during the pre and post-operatory period, as well as the registration of infections and other complications related to the surgical procedure. Regarding the 20 dogs used in the study, there was no occurrence of infection or inflammation in the animals after the surgical procedure. In addition, significant hematologic alterations were not observed between groups and between pre- and post-operatory periods in both groups. Therefore, it is concluded that autohemotherapy associated with acupuncture may represent an alternative for a surgical protocol without antibiotics in elective orchiectomy surgery in healthy animals.

Nova técnica de ligadura do pedículo ovariano e coto uterino em cadela com utilização de duas pinças / Novel technique of ligature of the ovarian pedicle and uterine stump in bitches using two clamps

A ovariosalpingohisterectomia (OSH), que consiste na retirada cirúrgica de ovários, tubas uterinas e útero, é um dos procedimentos cirúrgicos mais realizados em cadelas na rotina veterinária. É utilizado para evitar prenhez indesejada e no tratamento e profilaxia de enfermidades reprodutivas. Classicamente, na técnica de ligadura do pedículo ovariano e coto uterino na OSH em cadelas e gatas, são empregadas três pinças para expor a área de ligadura, por isso, a técnica é conhecida como técnica das três pinças. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi propor uma técnica diferente para executar tais ligaduras, reduzindo o tempo do procedimento por meio da diminuição do número de pinças usadas para a exposição dos locais a serem feitas as ligaduras. Desta forma, o experimento foi conduzido com 20 cadelas hígidas submetidas à OSH. Os animais foram divididos em dois grupos: animais submetidos ao procedimento de ligadura pela técnica das três pinças e animais submetidos a ligadura pela técnica proposta neste estudo. A abertura da cavidade abdominal, para expor as estruturas a serem ligadas, foi a mesma para as duas técnicas (laparotomia mediana ventral). Foi mensurado, por meio de cronômetro digital, o tempo despendido na realização de todas as cirurgias. Não ocorreram óbitos e não houve dificuldades na execução das duas técnicas. Além disso, no transoperatório, não houve intercorrências dignas de nota. Os resultados demonstraram que o tempo de execução foi estatisticamente menor para a técnica proposta, indicando a aplicação preferencial deste procedimento para realização de OSH em cadelas.

The ovariohysterectomy (OH), which consists of the surgical removal of ovaries, uterine tubes, and uterus, is one of the most common surgical procedures performed on bitches in the veterinary routine. It is used to prevent unwanted pregnancy and in the treatment and prophylaxis of reproductive diseases. Classically, in the technique of ligation of the ovarian pedicle and uterine stump in OH in bitches and cats, three clamps are used to expose the ligature area, that is why the technique is known as the three clamps technique. Thus, this study aimed to propose a different technique to perform such ligatures, reducing the procedure time by reducing the number of clamps used to expose the sites to be ligated. Therefore, the experiment was carried out with twenty healthy bitches submitted to OH. The animals were divided into two groups: animals submitted to the ligation procedure using the three clamps technique and animals submitted to ligation using the technique proposed in this study. The opening of the abdominal cavity, to expose the structures to be ligated, was the same for both techniques (ventral median laparotomy). The time spent performing all surgeries was measured using a digital timer. There were no deaths and there were no difficulties in performing both techniques. Besides, in the transoperative period, there were no noteworthy complications. The results demonstrated that the execution time was statistically shorter for the proposed technique, indicating the preferential application of this procedure for performing OH in bitches.

Protocolo de sedação visando a castração química em cães / Sedation protocol aiming to chemical castration in dogs

A castração química é utilizada para castrar cães machos a um custo mais baixo que o procedimento cirúrgico, que é o método mais aplicado para castrar cães e gatos. A castração química é um procedimento mais simples que a castração cirúrgica e pode ser realizada a nível ambulatorial, sem necessidade de anestesia geral. Entretanto, devido ao estresse pela manipulação e ao desconforto produzido pela injeção de uma substância no interior dos testículos, faz-se necessária uma sedação para que a castração química seja efetuada de um modo que proporcione o bem-estar do animal. Assim, este artigo tem como objetivo propor um protocolo inovador para sedação de cães submetidos à castração química. Para isso, foram utilizados 12 cães submetidos à administração de xilazina em subdose no acuponto yin tang. Após o estabelecimento da sedação, os cães foram castrados quimicamente. O protocolo proposto permitiu que a castração química fosse realizada com conforto para o paciente e para a equipe de médicos veterinários. Desta forma, concluiu-se que o protocolo de sedação é seguro e pode ser empregado em cães para procedimentos não invasivos, como exames, coleta de material e outros processos ou técnicas semelhantes.

Chemical castration is used to spay male dogs at a lower cost than the surgical procedure, which is the most applied method to spay dogs and cats. Chemical castration is a simpler procedure than surgical castration and can be performed on an outpatient basis, without the need for general anesthesia. However, due to the stress caused by manipulation and the discomfort produced by the injection of a substance into the testicles, sedation is necessary so that chemical castration is to be carried out in a way that provides the animal's welfare. Thus, this article aims to propose an innovative protocol for sedation of dogs submitted to chemical castration. For this purpose, twelve dogs submitted to the administration of xylazine in subdosis in the yin-tang acupoint were used. After the establishment of sedation, the dogs were chemically neutered. The proposed protocol allowed chemical castration to be performed with comfort for the patient and the team of veterinarians. Therefore, it is concluded that the sedation protocol is safe and can be used in dogs for non-invasive procedures such as exams, material collection, and other similar processes or techniques.

O que há de novo em castração química de animais machos? / What's new in chemical castration of male animals?

A castração é um dos procedimentos mais realizados na prática clínica veterinária. A castração química é um método não invasivo, que leva à redução total ou parcial da produção de espermatozoides, causando disfunção reprodutiva. Tal procedimento apresenta vantagens como baixo custo, simplicidade e possibilidade de esterilização de um grande número de animais. Neste artigo realiza-se uma revisão atual (a partir de 2016) sobre castração química em animais como uma alternativa viável para castrar machos. Foram resgatados artigos que descrevem castração química em diversas espécies. A técnica de castração química na maioria das vezes é realizada com anestesia local e inclui a introdução de substâncias no interior dos testículos com a utilização de seringas e agulhas. Várias substâncias podem ser utilizadas para realizar castração química em animais. As mais empregadas na prática são cloreto de cálcio e cloreto de sódio hipertônico. A principal desvantagem da castração química se relaciona à dor produzida pela injeção de uma substância no interior do testículo. Ocorre edema e processo inflamatório, mas são transitórios. Concluiu-se que a castração química é uma técnica viável para ser utilizada em animais machos. Pode ser empregada em animais de produção, especialmente para os pequenos produtores. Além disso, pode ser útil no controle populacional de cães e gatos. São necessários mais estudos com fármacos, doses e espécies diferentes, inclusive estudos a longo prazo que devem enfocar especialmente a reversibilidade do método, a carcinogênese e as alterações comportamentais.

Castration is one of the most performed procedures in veterinary clinical practice. Chemical castration is a noninvasive method, which leads to a total or partial reduction in the production of sperm, causing reproductive dysfunction. Such a procedure has advantages such as low cost, simplicity and the possibility of sterilizing many animals. In this paper, a current review (from 2016) on chemical castration in animals as a viable alternative to castrate males is carried out. Papers that describe chemical castration in several species were retrieved. The chemical castration technique is most often performed with local anesthesia and includes the introduction of substances into the testicles with the use of syringes and needles. Various substances can be used to perform chemical castration in animals. The most used in practice are calcium chloride and hypertonic sodium chloride. The main disadvantage of chemical castration is related to the pain produced by the injection of a substance inside the testicle. Edema and inflammation occur, but they are transient. It was concluded that chemical castration is a viable technique to be used in male animals. It can be used in farm animals, especially for small producers. Besides that, it can be useful in the population control of dogs and cats. Further studies with different drugs, doses and species are needed, including long-term studies that should focus especially on the reversibility of the method, carcinogenesis and behavioral changes.

Abordagem cirúrgica em bezerros com onfalite / Surgical approach in calves with omphalitis

Pathological changes in the umbilical region are common in calves. Among such alterations, omphalitis is included. This term is used to define inflammation and infection of the external structures of the umbilicus. According to the affected structures, it can be subclassified into omphalophlebitis, omphaloarteritis, omphalourachitis and panvasculitis. These inflammations are usually associated with bacterial infections. There are predisposing conditions that include inadequate handling such as poor hygiene and neglect of primary care. Omphalitis can affect the animal in a multisystemic way, compromising its well-being and bringing economic losses. In treatment, the use of antimicrobials does not always solve the problem. Thus, surgical treatment can be used, which has good results and should be the choice in the disease. The objective of this work is to report 30 cases of omphalitis in calves, submitted to surgical or conservative treatment. Thirty cases of omphalitis in calves treated in the routine of the Veterinary Hospital of the Paranaense University was analyzed. On physical examination, the animals presented fever, apathy, hyporexia or anorexia and increase of umbilical volume, usually with purulent secretion. Some animals had sepsis and arthritis. In animals with sepsis, hyperemia of the episcleral vessels, dehydration and severe apathy were observed. In calves with arthritis, increased joint volume, pain on palpation and lameness were observed. In animals where the owners did not authorize the surgery, treatment was instituted with sulfadoxine and flunixim meglumine. In dehydrated calves, fluid therapy was used. Animals that were surgically treated received the same clinical treatment protocol as non-operated animals. The surgical procedure was performed under general anesthesia and consisted of resection of the affected umbilical structures. Omphalophlebitis was the most common illness. The most frequent complication was sepsis. Calves treated surgically had a higher survival rate (86.66%) than those treated clinically (46.67%). The clinical signs presented by all animals converged with the literature, allowing for clinical diagnosis. Clinical examination is essential for diagnosis in omphalitis cases. Complementary methods include ultrasound, thermography and laparoscopy, which are important to identify changes in intra-abdominal umbilical structures. Accurate diagnosis of the involved structures was only possible in animals surgically, as well as alterations in organs such as the liver and bladder. There is great variability related to the umbilical structures involved, according to initial care, breeds, seasonality or even the method of conception. Unlike what is observed in the literature, in the present study, there was a higher prevalence of omphalophlebitis, demonstrating variability in relation to the umbilical structures involved. Sepsis, observed in 16.7% of cases, results from bacterial ascension of the umbilical structures. Lameness due to polyarthritis was found in 10% of animals. Meningoencephalitis was observed in 3.3%. Hepatic and retroperitoneal abscedation were observed in 6.7% and 3.3% of cases, respectively. Conservative treatment with antibiotics and local antiseptics has a limited effect on this type of condition, which was proven in the present study, since the survival rate was statistically higher in animals surgically treated.(AU)

Corticoterapia intralesional no tratamento de otohematoma em cães / Treating otohematomas in dogs with intra-lesional corticotherapy

Background: Otohematoma is common in dogs and is characterized by blood accumulation between the skin and cartilageof the outer ear. While the etiology is related to trauma, most cases have a predisposing condition. Treatment must drainthe hematoma and maintain appropriate skin apposition to the ear cartilage. Treatment can be surgical, but there are alsoconservative options such as puncture drainage, followed by intralesional injection of glucocorticoids. This alternativemethod is less invasive than surgery, with an equivalent success rate. This study aimed to describe intralesional injectionof corticosteroids for the treatment of dogs with otohematoma at a veterinary clinic.Materials, Methods & Results: Otohematoma was diagnosed and treated in 23 dogs (14 males and 9 females, weighing9.6 ± 2.7 kg) at a reference private veterinary clinic. The dogs were chemically restrained, and their ears were cleanedwith chlorhexidine. The lower face of each ear with otohematoma was then punctured with a needle coupled to a syringeto drain the liquid. Following drainage, the equipment was removed and the collected liquid volume was measured. A0.5 mg/kg dose of methylprednisolone acetate was prepared and diluted in saline (0.9% NaCl) to a volume equivalent to1/10 of the previously drained content volume from the otohematoma. The prepared solution was then injected into thedrained ear. Additionally, each patient was treated for the original cause of the otohematoma, according to conventionalprotocols. Eight animals (34.78%) had bilateral otohematoma and 15 (65.22%) presented with unilateral lesions. Leukocytosis was observed in most patients. Other laboratory alterations present in the studied dogs were thrombocytopenia,leukopenia, and anemia. Twenty (86.96%) patients presented with otitis externa. All patients were reassessed one weekafter the initial treatment, and 19 (82.60%) fully recovered. The remaining...

Incisional hernia in a dog

Background: The rupture of the suture in the abdominal wall, but with integrity of the cutaneous suture, results in a condition known as incisional hernia. It is characterized by the protrusion of the abdominal viscera through orifices or areas ofthe abdominal wall. In most of the cases these defects in the abdominal wall are iatrogenic. The incisional hernia occursin an intact wall that is weakened by surgical incisions. The available literature on the incidence of incisional herniasin animals is scarce. With the aim to contribute to the information about incisional hernia in animals, it was decided todescribe the case of incisional hernia in a female dog after performing ovariohysterectomy (OH).Case: An adult mongrel shelter bitch, of unknown age, weighing 9.5 kg was admitted for OH in a practical class of theveterinary surgical technical discipline. Once the anesthetic condition was established, a retro-umbilical cutaneous incisionwas made. After opening the abdominal cavity, the bitch was castrated routinely. The abdominal wall was sutured including peritoneum, muscle fascia, and rectus abdominis muscle with nylon thread and U-stitches. The subcutaneous tissuewas then sutured with the same thread using Cushing suture. Ten days after the surgery, when the stitches were removed,the bitch revealed an increase in volume at the region of the surgical scar. Incisional hernia was diagnosed after carefulpalpation. For correction of the hernia, the bitch was submitted to surgical procedure. After the skin opening, an intenseinflammatory reaction was observed in the subcutaneous tissue. The inflamed skin and subcutaneous tissue were removed.The abdominal cavity was closed with nylon thread by means of U-stitches. The subcutaneous and skin...

Incisional hernia in a dog

Background: The rupture of the suture in the abdominal wall, but with integrity of the cutaneous suture, results in a condition known as incisional hernia. It is characterized by the protrusion of the abdominal viscera through orifices or areas ofthe abdominal wall. In most of the cases these defects in the abdominal wall are iatrogenic. The incisional hernia occursin an intact wall that is weakened by surgical incisions. The available literature on the incidence of incisional herniasin animals is scarce. With the aim to contribute to the information about incisional hernia in animals, it was decided todescribe the case of incisional hernia in a female dog after performing ovariohysterectomy (OH).Case: An adult mongrel shelter bitch, of unknown age, weighing 9.5 kg was admitted for OH in a practical class of theveterinary surgical technical discipline. Once the anesthetic condition was established, a retro-umbilical cutaneous incisionwas made. After opening the abdominal cavity, the bitch was castrated routinely. The abdominal wall was sutured including peritoneum, muscle fascia, and rectus abdominis muscle with nylon thread and U-stitches. The subcutaneous tissuewas then sutured with the same thread using Cushing suture. Ten days after the surgery, when the stitches were removed,the bitch revealed an increase in volume at the region of the surgical scar. Incisional hernia was diagnosed after carefulpalpation. For correction of the hernia, the bitch was submitted to surgical procedure. After the skin opening, an intenseinflammatory reaction was observed in the subcutaneous tissue. The inflamed skin and subcutaneous tissue were removed.The abdominal cavity was closed with nylon thread by means of U-stitches. The subcutaneous and skin...(AU)

Corticoterapia intralesional no tratamento de otohematoma em cães / Treating otohematomas in dogs with intra-lesional corticotherapy

Background: Otohematoma is common in dogs and is characterized by blood accumulation between the skin and cartilageof the outer ear. While the etiology is related to trauma, most cases have a predisposing condition. Treatment must drainthe hematoma and maintain appropriate skin apposition to the ear cartilage. Treatment can be surgical, but there are alsoconservative options such as puncture drainage, followed by intralesional injection of glucocorticoids. This alternativemethod is less invasive than surgery, with an equivalent success rate. This study aimed to describe intralesional injectionof corticosteroids for the treatment of dogs with otohematoma at a veterinary clinic.Materials, Methods & Results: Otohematoma was diagnosed and treated in 23 dogs (14 males and 9 females, weighing9.6 ± 2.7 kg) at a reference private veterinary clinic. The dogs were chemically restrained, and their ears were cleanedwith chlorhexidine. The lower face of each ear with otohematoma was then punctured with a needle coupled to a syringeto drain the liquid. Following drainage, the equipment was removed and the collected liquid volume was measured. A0.5 mg/kg dose of methylprednisolone acetate was prepared and diluted in saline (0.9% NaCl) to a volume equivalent to1/10 of the previously drained content volume from the otohematoma. The prepared solution was then injected into thedrained ear. Additionally, each patient was treated for the original cause of the otohematoma, according to conventionalprotocols. Eight animals (34.78%) had bilateral otohematoma and 15 (65.22%) presented with unilateral lesions. Leukocytosis was observed in most patients. Other laboratory alterations present in the studied dogs were thrombocytopenia,leukopenia, and anemia. Twenty (86.96%) patients presented with otitis externa. All patients were reassessed one weekafter the initial treatment, and 19 (82.60%) fully recovered. The remaining...(AU)

Neouretra com enxerto autógeno de segmento intestinal vascularizado em felino / Autogenous vascularized intestinal grafting for urethral reconstruction in feline

Background: Serious urethral damage or recurrent obstructions in felines require a urethrostomy to provide a return to and maintenance of urinary flow. In some cases, urethral reconstruction with complementary tissue is required. Grafting of autogenous vascularized intestinal segments is widely used in human medicine to promote the functional restoration of the urethra, but in veterinary medicine, its use is still incipient. Thus, the aim of this report was to analyze and describe the use of thein functional urethral repair in a feline diagnosed with a severe urethral rupture. Case: A castrated male cat presented with urethral obstruction. Emergency decompression cystocentesis was performed, and fluids and analgesics were administered. Catheterization and urohydropropulsion were attempted to relieve the obstruction, without success. An emergency perineal urethrostomy was indicated. After the procedure, the diagnosis (obstructive lower tract urinary disease) and the infeasibility of restoring urinary flow by conventional urethrostomy techniques were confirmed. We opted for a laparoscopic-assisted prepubic urethrostomy; the pre-prostatic urethra was transected, and its caudais end was brought through an abdominal incision cranially. However, urethral tension was noted after this maneuver was performed. Thus, we decided to use autogenous vascularized intestinal segment grafting for urethral reconstruction. A segment of the ileum was prepared for grafting, with preservation of irrigation and mesenteric innervation. A terminoterminal anastomosis was performed on the stumps of the remaining intestine, and the mesentery was sutured. The ileal graft was isolated and washed to remove...

Neouretra com enxerto autógeno de segmento intestinal vascularizado em felino / Autogenous vascularized intestinal grafting for urethral reconstruction in feline

Background: Serious urethral damage or recurrent obstructions in felines require a urethrostomy to provide a return to and maintenance of urinary flow. In some cases, urethral reconstruction with complementary tissue is required. Grafting of autogenous vascularized intestinal segments is widely used in human medicine to promote the functional restoration of the urethra, but in veterinary medicine, its use is still incipient. Thus, the aim of this report was to analyze and describe the use of thein functional urethral repair in a feline diagnosed with a severe urethral rupture. Case: A castrated male cat presented with urethral obstruction. Emergency decompression cystocentesis was performed, and fluids and analgesics were administered. Catheterization and urohydropropulsion were attempted to relieve the obstruction, without success. An emergency perineal urethrostomy was indicated. After the procedure, the diagnosis (obstructive lower tract urinary disease) and the infeasibility of restoring urinary flow by conventional urethrostomy techniques were confirmed. We opted for a laparoscopic-assisted prepubic urethrostomy; the pre-prostatic urethra was transected, and its caudais end was brought through an abdominal incision cranially. However, urethral tension was noted after this maneuver was performed. Thus, we decided to use autogenous vascularized intestinal segment grafting for urethral reconstruction. A segment of the ileum was prepared for grafting, with preservation of irrigation and mesenteric innervation. A terminoterminal anastomosis was performed on the stumps of the remaining intestine, and the mesentery was sutured. The ileal graft was isolated and washed to remove...(AU)

Quimiocastração com óleo essencial de Eugenia caryophyllata em cães / Canine chemical castration with Eugenia caryophyllata essential oil / Esterilización química con aceite Esencial de eugenia caryophyllata en perros

A esterilização química é uma técnica de esterilização que consiste na aplicação intratesticular de agentes esclerosantes, com o intuito de causar dano ao tecido testicular e, consequentemente, suprimir a atividade reprodutiva em animais do sexo masculino. Por ser uma técnica de rápida execução, de baixo custo e com baixos riscos de gerar complicações, vem sendo estudada como forma de esterilização em animais domésticos, especialmente pensando-se em sua utilização em larga escala. O presente estudo buscou avaliar a eficácia a médio prazo da quimiocastração com óleo essencial de cravo da índia. Doze cães adultos, sem raça definida, foram incluídos na pesquisa. Um grupo consistiu no grupo controle, o qual foi constituído de animais onde foi injetado 0,5 ml de solução fisiológica 0,9% em cada testículo, e outro, com a injeção de 0,5 mL de óleo essencial de cravo da índia em cada testículo. Foi possível observar histologicamente no grupo tratado que após 42 dias da quimiocastração houve a ocorrência de danos teciduais que geraram comprometimento da espermatogênese, o que não foi verificado no grupo controle. Apesar de o grupo tratado ter apresentado maior reação inflamatória dos testículos, as análises de cortisol e avaliação das escalas de dor permitiram constatar que não houve diferenças estatísticas entre o cortisol dos grupos controle e teste, e que a dor ocasionada pelo procedimento não atingiu um grau intenso, respectivamente. As análises bioquímicas das funções renal e hepática possibilitou verificar que, em ambos os grupos, não houve sinais de toxicidade para estes órgãos. Sendo assim, a sua utilização demonstrou-se eficaz e segura em causar supressão da atividade reprodutiva em cães machos, porém, mais estudos devem ser realizados de forma a verificar se os efeitos perduram em longo prazo.(AU)

Chemical castration is a sterilization technique consisting of intratesticular application of sclerosing agents with the intention of damaging the testicular tissue and, consequently, suppressing the reproductive activity in male animals. Since it is a fast-running, low-cost technique with low complication risks, it has been studied as a form of sterilization in pets, with special focus on a large-scale use. This study sought to evaluate the medium-term efficacy of clove essential oil as a chemical castration agent. Twelve adult dogs with no defined breed were included in the study. One group was considered the control group, which consisted of animals where 0.5 ml 0.9% saline solution was injected into each testicle. The other group was injected 0.5 ml clove essential oil in each testicle. It was possible to histologically observe in the treated group that after 42 days of the chemical sterilization there was the occurrence of tissue damages that generated spermatogenesis impairment, which was not verified in the control group. Although the treated group presented a greater inflammatory reaction of the testes, the cortisol analysis and evaluation of the pain scales showed that there were no statistical differences between the cortisol level of both groups, and that the pain caused by the procedure did not reach an intense degree, respectively. Biochemical analyzes of kidney and liver functions made it possible to verify that, in both groups, there were no signs of toxicity to these organs. Therefore, its use has been shown to be effective and safe in suppressing reproductive activity in male dogs. However, further studies should be carried out to verify if the effects persist in the long term.(AU)

La esterilización química es una técnica que consiste en la aplicación intratesticular de agentes esclerosantes, con el fin de causar daño al tejido testicular y, consecuentemente, suprimir la actividad reproductiva en animales del sexo masculino. Por ser una técnica de rápida ejecución, de bajo costo y con bajos riesgos de generar complicaciones, viene siendo estudiada como forma de esterilización en animales domésticos, especialmente pensando en su utilización a gran escala. El presente estudio buscó evaluar la eficacia a medio plazo de la esterilización química con aceite esencial del clavo de India. Doce perros adultos, sin raza definida, fueron incluidos en la investigación. Un grupo consistió en el grupo control, el cual fue constituido de animales donde se inyectó 0,5 ml de solución fisiológica 0,9% en cada testículo, y otro, con la inyección de 0,5 ml de aceite esencial del clavo de India en cada testículo. Se pudo observar histológicamente en el grupo tratado que, después de 42 días de la esterilización química hubo la ocurrencia de daños en tejidos que generaron comprometimiento de la espermatogénesis, lo que no fue verificado en el grupo control. A pesar de que el grupo tratado hubiera presentado mayor reacción inflamatoria de los testículos, los análisis de cortisol y evaluación de las escalas de dolor permitieron constatar que no hubo diferencias estadísticas entre el cortisol de los grupos control y prueba, y que el dolor ocasionado por el procedimiento no alcanzó un grado intenso, respectivamente. Los análisis bioquímicos de las funciones renal y hepática permitieron verificar que, en los grupos no hubo signos de toxicidad para estos órganos. Por lo tanto, su uso se demostró eficaz y seguro en causar supresión de la actividad reproductiva en perros machos, sin embargo, más estudios deben ser realizados para verificar si los efectos perduran a largo plazo.(AU)

Perfil de tutores de cadelas portadoras de tumor de mama / Profile of tutors of dogs with mammary tumor / Perfil de tutores de perras portadoras de tumor mama

É importante que se obtenha informações sobre tutores de cadelas portadoras de tumor de mama, pois o tutor precisa cuidar do animal principalmente no pós-operatório já que o tratamento é mastectomia. Foram entrevistados 11 tutores de cadelas submetidas à mastectomia. A maioria dos entrevistados tem ensino médio e superior, morando em casa própria com renda de um a cinco salários mínimos. Apenas uma pessoa disse que não sabia que cadelas podem ter câncer de mama. Entretanto, a maioria não sabe como prevenir o câncer de mama em cadelas, demonstrando que são necessárias campanhas educacionais sobre a doença para tutores de cadelas. A maneira mais frequente de aquisição do animal foi a adoção, o que demonstra o crescimento da posse responsável entre os tutores brasileiros. Três tutores afirmaram que aplicaram anticoncepcional nas suas cadelas várias vezes. Este fato é bastante preocupante porque tais fármacos possuem diversos efeitos colaterais adversos, inclusive tumor de mama. Oito tutores informaram que nunca haviam consultado um médico veterinário antes sobre o tumor, embora o mesmo fosse evidente. A maioria dos tutores só procurou ajuda para a cadela porque a participação no projeto era gratuita. Dificuldades financeiras é um dos principais motivos para que os tutores retardem as consultas. Entretanto, quando questionados por qual motivo as cadelas não tinham sido tratadas antes, nenhum tutor citou dificuldades financeiras. Concluiu-se que alguns tumores de mama foram causados por aplicação de anticoncepcional e que o desconhecimento sobre a doença ainda é grande entre os tutores entrevistados.(AU)

It is important to collect information about owners of dogs with mammary tumor, since the owner must take care of the animal after surgery, given that the treatment of choice is a mastectomy. This study interviewed eleven owners of female dogs submitted to mastectomy. Most respondents have high school and/or college education, live in their own homes with incomes between one to five minimum salaries. Only one person said they did not know that dogs could have mammary cancer. However, most do not know how to prevent mammary cancer in dogs, demonstrating the need for educational campaigns on the disease. The most frequent way of acquiring the animal was adoption, which demonstrates the growth of responsible ownership among Brazilian owners. Three owners stated that they used contraceptive drugs on their dogs several times. This fact is quite worrisome since such drugs have several adverse effects, including mammary tumor. Eight owners reported that they had never been to a veterinarian before about the tumor, although the tumor was evident. Most owners only sought help for the dog because participation in the project was free of charge. Financial difficulties are one of the main reasons for owners to delay consultations. However, when asked why the dogs had not been treated before, no owner mentioned financial difficulties. It can be concluded that some breast tumors were caused by the use of contraceptive drugs and that ignorance regarding the disease is still high among the interviewed tutorsd.(AU)

Es importante que se obtenga informaciones sobre los tutores de perras portadoras de tumor de mama, pues el tutor necesita cuidar del animal principalmente en el postoperatorio, ya que el tratamiento es la mastectomía. Se han entrevistado a once tutores de perras sometidas a la mastectomía. La mayoría de los encuestados tienen educación secundaria y universitaria, y viven en sus propios hogares con ingresos de uno a cinco sueldos mínimos. Solo una persona dijo que no sabía que las perras pueden tener cáncer de mama. Sin embargo, la mayoría no sabe cómo prevenir el cáncer de mama en perras, demostrando que son necesarias campañas educativas sobre la enfermedad para dueños de perras. La forma más frecuente de adquirir el animal es la adopción, lo que demuestra el crecimiento de la posesión responsable entre los tutores brasileños. Tres tutores declararon que aplicaron anticonceptivos a sus perras varias veces. Este hecho es bastante preocupante porque estos medicamentos tienen varios efectos secundarios adversos, incluso el tumor de mama. Ocho tutores informaron que nunca antes habían consultado a un médico veterinario sobre el tumor, aunque el mismo era evidente. La mayoría de los tutores solo buscaron ayuda para la perra porque la participación en el proyecto era gratuita. Las dificultades financieras es una de las principales razones por las cuales los tutores retrasan las consultas. Sin embargo, cuando cuestionados por cuál motivo las perras no habían sido tratadas antes, ningún tutor mencionó dificultades financieras. Se concluyó que algunos tumores de mama fueron causados por la aplicación de anticonceptivos y que el desconocimiento sobre la enfermedad aún es alta entre los tutores encuestados.(AU)