Pyometra in a tiger (Panthera tigris)

Background: Captive tigers can live a long life, around 26 years. Among the diseases described some of non-infectious origin are quite common, such as chronic kidney disease, spondylosis, and biliary cysts or tumors. On the other hand, pyometra has been frequently reported in lions, who have a higher risk of developing the disease than tigers and leopards. Pyometra is a disease with few descriptions in tigers and it may be related to the physiological features of the species. The animal is listed as Endangered on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened. The present report aims to describe the diagnosis and treatment of pyometra in a captive tigress. Case: A 7-year-old entire female tiger (Panthera tigris) weighing 140 kg was presented with a 3-day history of anorexia and prostration. For clinical examinations, collection of laboratory and imaging tests, the patient initially underwent dissociative anesthesia to allow catheterization of the cephalic vein and intravenous general anesthesia for orotracheal intubation followed by anesthetic maintenance in isoflurane. On general physical examination, the animal had normal colored mucosa, vital parameters within normal limits, and a body condition score of 6 on a scale of 9. There was no presence of vulvar secretion. The blood count and the biochemical exams showed values within the normal range for the species. The chest X-ray in the right and left views did not demonstrate pulmonary abnormalities. Ultrasonographic examination of the abdomen showed distension of the uterine body and horns, which have intraluminal hyperechoic fluid content without flocculation. Based on the imaging exam, the diagnosis was suggestive of pyometra. Exploratory celiotomy was performed via ventral midline, confirming the condition, which was treated by ovariohysterectomy. The surgical technique was performed as described for therapeutic ovariohysterectomy in dogs and cats. Culture of uterine content identified Escherichia coli. The histological analysis identified diffuse endometritis associated with follicular cysts. The tiger had complete recovery without any complications. The patient was releasing 13 days after the surgical procedure and in the last contact four months after the surgery, it was in perfect health conditions. Discussion: Pyometra in large exotic felids has been occasionally reported, mainly in animals more than 10 years of age. Although the tigress in the report is estimated to be seven years old. The patient in question started with anorexia and prostration and as there was already a history of cystic endometrial hyperplasia, a possible pyometra was suspected, despite being uncommon in the species. There was not vaginal discharge. The definitive diagnosis was by means of ultrasound examination and ovariohysterectomy was performed. Abdominal surgery for these large felids is complex, due to the intra-abdominal volume the flank approach or by laparoscopic is suggested, however in this case a ventral midline incision was performed without intercurrences and complications in the post-operative period. The surgical technique like that used in small animals was effective for the treatment of pyometra in the tigress with the use of ovariohysterectomy. Culture of uterine content identified Escherichia coli, which has been the most commonly isolated pathogen in pyometra of large felids. It was concluded that, as in bitches with pyometra, early diagnosis and surgical treatment is ideal for the patient's recovery.

O papel da nutrição na doença articular degenerativa do esqueleto apendicular de gatos / The role nutrition in the degenerative joint disease of appendicular skeleton in cats / El papel de la nutrición en la enfermedad articular degenerativa del esqueleto apendicular de los gatos

Estudos relativos ao reconhecimento e importância da doença articular degenerativa em gatos requerem maior divulgação, em virtude das particularidades associadas à espécie. Sendo assim, a presente revisão teve por objetivo discorrer sobre os métodos diagnósticos da doença articular degenerativa/osteoartrite do esqueleto apendicular e enfatizar os aspectos nutricionais associados à afecção. Para o diagnóstico da afecção é necessário inicialmente efetuar anamnese completa e exame físico geral e ortopédico específico. Entretanto, os sinais clínicos da afecção podem ser sutis em gatos, incluindo alterações comportamentais ou mudanças do estilo de vida, tais como manter-se mais tempo deitado, relutância em subir ou saltar, entre outros. Baseada nos achados clínicos, a confirmação da lesão deverá ser efetuada com o uso de métodos de imagem. Dentre os vários aspectos da doença, o papel da nutrição precisa ser evidenciado. A nutrição pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento de doenças que levam à osteoartrite, de forma direta ou indireta, entre elas a obesidade, que além da sobrecarga nas estruturas articulares, contribui para o processo inflamatório. Em contrapartida, a nutrição pode auxiliar no mecanismo de controle ou mesmo prevenção, pela modificação do processo degenerativo ou resposta inflamatória, contudo seus efeitos benéficos ainda não estão elucidados. Portanto, estudos das diferentes particularidades do papel da nutrição no manejo da doença articular degenerativa/osteoartrite do esqueleto apendicular em gatos são necessários.(AU)

Studies related to recognition and importance of degenerative joint disease in cats must be better divulgation, due to some peculiarities related to the species. Therefore, the purpose of this article was to overview of diagnosis methods of degenerative joint disease/osteoarthritis of the appendicular skeleton, and to emphasize the nutritional aspects associated with the disease. For the diagnosis should be performed initially a complete medical history, and general physical examination followed by specific orthopedic examination. However, clinical signs of the disease can be subtle in cats, including behavioral changes, or lifestyle' changes such as spend more time lying down, and reluctance to climb or jump, among others. Based on clinical findings, the confirmation of the lesion requires the use of imaging techniques, but the poor correlation between radiographic severity and clinical signs should be considered. Among the several aspects of the disease, the role of nutrition must be highlighted. The nutrition can contribute to the development of diseases that lead to osteoarthritis in a direct or indirect manner. For example, the obesity that promotes overloading of the articular structures as well as contributes to inflammation. On the other hand, the nutrition can help in the control mechanism or even prevention of disease, by modification of degenerative process or inflammatory response. Among of the possible modifying agents for osteoarthritis are glucosamine, chondroitin and omega-3 fatty acids, but the beneficial effects are not fully understood. Therefore, multicenter trial or based on a large standard population are needed to validate the different aspects of the role of nutrition in the management of degenerative joint disease/osteoarthritis of the appendicular skeleton in cat.(AU)

Los estudios sobre el reconocimiento y la importancia de la enfermedad degenerativa de las articulaciones en los gatos requieren una mayor difusión debido a las particularidades asociadas con la especie. Por lo tanto, la presente revisión tuvo como objetivo discutir los métodos de diagnóstico de la enfermedad articular degenerativa / osteoartritis del esqueleto apendicular y enfatizar los aspectos nutricionales asociados con la afección. Para el diagnóstico de la afección, inicialmente es necesario realizar una anamnesis completa y un examen físico general y ortopédico específico. Sin embargo, los signos clínicos de la afección pueden ser sutiles en los gatos, incluidos cambios de comportamiento o cambios en el estilo de vida, como estar acostado por más tiempo, renuencia a trepar o saltar, entre otros. Según los hallazgos clínicos, la lesión debe confirmarse mediante métodos de imagen. Entre los diversos aspectos de la enfermedad, debe destacarse el papel de la nutrición. La nutrición puede contribuir al desarrollo de enfermedades que conducen a la osteoartritis, directa o indirectamente, incluida la obesidad, que además de sobrecargar las estructuras articulares, contribuye al proceso inflamatorio. Por otro lado, la nutrición puede ayudar en el mecanismo de control o incluso en la prevención, al modificar el proceso degenerativo o la respuesta inflamatoria, sin embargo, sus efectos beneficiosos aún no se han dilucidado. Por lo tanto, se necesitan estudios sobre las diferentes particularidades del papel de la nutrición en el tratamiento de la enfermedad articular degenerativa / osteoartritis esquelética apendicular en los gatos.(AU)

Evaluation of the degradation of two bioabsorbable interference screws: an in-vivo study in sheep

Purpose: To evaluate in-vivo degradation of two bioabsorbable interference screws. Methods: Twenty-two crossbred Santa Inês ewes were used. A poly-DL-lactide (PDLLA) screw (70%/30%) was inserted in the right pelvic limb, and a PDLLA screw (70%) + ß-tri-calcium phosphate (ß-TCP) (30%) in the left pelvic limb. Animals were euthanized at one, four, seven and a half and 18 months after surgery. Plain radiography, computed tomography (CT), microCT, and histological analysis were accomplished. Results: PDLLA screw was hypodense at all evaluation moments, but with progressive density increase along the central axis, whereas PDLLA/ß-TCP was initially hyperdense and progressively lost this characteristic. No adverse reactions were observed on histological evaluation. Conclusions: The inclusion of ß-TCP favors screw degradation since the PDLLA/ß-TCP screws evidenced a more intense degradation process than the PDLLA screws at the last evaluation. PDLLA screws showed higher bone production, evident around the screw thread, inside the lateral perforations, and in the central canal, whereas the PDLLA/ß-TCP screws presented less bone tissue at the implantation site.

Fratura exposta do fêmur em preguiça-real (Choloepus didactylus) - tratamento e reabilitação / Open fracture of the femur in a two-toed sloth (Choloepus didactylus) - treatment and rehabilitation

Background: The Choloepus didactylus is characterized by having 2 fingers on the forelimbs and 3 on the hind limbs, being found more frequently in northern South America, in countries such as Venezuela, Guyana, Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil. In Brazil, deforestation of the Amazon rainforest has threatened the survival of C. didactylus. In addition, these animals can be affected by several diseases, being those of the musculoskeletal system with limited reports. Thus, the present report aimed to describe the treatment and evolution of an open fracture of the femur in a free-living Choloepus didactylus, which after rehabilitation was released back to the wild. Case: A free-living female two-toed sloth (Choloepus didactylus), weighing 7.0 kg, was found in Manaus city and referred to the Wild Animal Treatment Center (CETAS - IBAMA-AM) located in Amazonas, Brazil, after initial treatment and osteosynthesis in a private clinic (CVMinasPet). According to history, the animal had suffered electrocution 30 days ago and, as a result, had an extensive wound that resulted in the exposure of the knee joint, distal fracture of the femur, and areas of necrosis in the right pelvic limb. After cleansing of the area and removal of necrotic tissues, the fracture was stabilized with the cross-pinning technique (2 Steinmann pins). Then, the stifle joint was stabilized with external skeletal fixation (Type 1b, unilateral biplanar). The external fixator and cross-pins were removed 2 months after the surgical procedure, being observed bone healing. Next, the animal underwent physical rehabilitation for 30 days. After the rehabilitation period, a microchip and a radio collar were applied, and the sloth was released back to the wild. Discussion: Electrocution has been one of the causes of wildlife rescue, with consequences varying depending on the degree of the burn. Generally, the burn is most severe at the entry and exit sites. Since suspensory quadrupedal locomotion requires that sloths have specialized hands and feet to connect with the supports, probably the animal of the current report touched the right pelvic limb on a high-tension pole. The cross-pinning technique combined with the external fixator was used because the animal had an exposed Salter-Harris type I fracture with soft tissue loss. The younger the animal presents physeal fractures, the greater is the chance of developing growth abnormalities due to growth plate closure caused by fracture type or immobilization method. Since the sloth was a free-living animal, the age was unknown. However, pelvic limb length discrepancy was not observed after removing the implants. Culture and antimicrobial susceptibility test were not done and may be considered a limitation of this report. However, the application of ceftriaxone was adequate to control the infection, since the animal did not show signs of infection or draining sinus tracts. Ceftriaxone is a third-generation antibiotic that can be used in chronic osteomyelitis. In addition, the animal in the present report showed good adaptation to captive conditions that contributed to the clinical management. The longevity of the sloth in captivity can reach more than 30 years, but the goal is always to return the animal to nature after the treatment. Surgical treatment of the fracture and physical therapy after implant removal allowed this action in the current report, confirmed by monitoring with the radio collar.

Princípios e aplicações da betaterapia em medicina veterinária / Principles and applications of beta therapy in veterinary medicine / Principios y aplicaciones de la terapia beta en medicina veterinaria

A betaterapia é uma forma de braquiterapia onde a fonte emissora de raios beta é posicionada diretamente na área em que se deseja tratar. As principais aplicações são em dermatologia e em oftalmologia no tratamento de lesões superficiais, pois as partículas betas têm grande poder de ionização e pequeno alcance no tecido. A radioterapia em medicina veterinária vem aumentando e apresentando resultados satisfatórios no Brasil e pelo mundo. Esta revisão teve como objetivo descrever os princípios e aplicações da betaterapia em medicina veterinária. Para a concretização foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica, possibilitando assim, consolidar informações relativas à base teórica e ao tema proposto. Foi observado o uso do Estrôncio-90 (Sr90) nos principais procedimentos realizados em animais domésticos, selvagens e de experimentação, realçando a importância desta técnica adjuvante. A betaterapia mostrou-se exequível e de fácil manuseio para aplicações em medicina veterinária, especialmente nos casos de lesões e neoplasias superficiais. As fontes radioativas emissoras de partículas betas, como as de Sr90 não requerem grandes cuidados com proteção radiológica, o que contribui para a viabilidade da sua manipulação em radioterapia veterinária, principalmente nos procedimentos intra-operatórios.

Beta therapy is a form of brachytherapy where the beta ray emitting source is positioned directly in the area in which it is desired to be treated. The main applications are in dermatology and ophthalmology in the treatment of superficial lesions, since beta particles have great ionization power and small reach in the tissue. Radiotherapy in veterinary medicine has been increasing and presenting results satisfactory in Brazil and around the world. This review aimed to describe the principles and applications of beta-therapy in veterinary medicine. For the realization, a bibliographic research was carried through, making possible, to consolidate information related to the theoretical base and to the proposed theme. The use of Strontium-90 (Sr90) was observed in the main procedures performed on domestic, wild and experimental animals, highlighting the importance of this adjuvant technique. Beta therapy has been shown to be feasible and easy to handle for veterinary medicine applications, especially in cases of superficial lesions and neoplasms. Beta-emitting radioactive sources, such as those of Sr90, do not require great care with radiological protection, which contributes to the viability of their manipulation in veterinary radiotherapy, especially in intraoperative procedures.

La terapia beta es una forma de braquiterapia en la que la fuente emisora de rayos beta se coloca directamente en el área en la que se desea tratar. Las principales aplicaciones son en dermatología y oftalmología en el tratamiento de lesiones superficiales, porque las partículas beta tienen un gran poder de ionización y un alcance pequeño en el tejido. La radioterapia en medicina veterinaria ha ido aumentando y presentando resultados considerablemente en Brasil y en todo el mundo. Esta revisión tuvo como objetivo describir los principios y aplicaciones de la terapia beta en medicina veterinaria. Para la realización, se realizó una investigación bibliográfica que permitió consolidar información relacionada con la base teórica y el tema propuesto. El uso de Estroncio-90 (Sr90) se observó en los principales procedimientos realizados en animales domésticos, salvajes y experimentales, destacando la importancia de esta técnica adyuvante. Se ha demostrado que la terapia beta es factible y fácil de manejar para aplicaciones veterinarias, especialmente en casos de lesiones superficiales y neoplasias. Las fuentes radiactivas emisoras beta, como las de Sr90, no requieren un gran cuidado con la protección radiológica, lo que contribuye a la viabilidad de su manipulación en radioterapia veterinaria, especialmente en procedimientos intraoperatorios.

Princípios e aplicações da betaterapia em medicina veterinária / Principles and applications of beta therapy in veterinary medicine / Principios y aplicaciones de la terapia beta en medicina veterinaria

A betaterapia é uma forma de braquiterapia onde a fonte emissora de raios beta é posicionada diretamente na área em que se deseja tratar. As principais aplicações são em dermatologia e em oftalmologia no tratamento de lesões superficiais, pois as partículas betas têm grande poder de ionização e pequeno alcance no tecido. A radioterapia em medicina veterinária vem aumentando e apresentando resultados satisfatórios no Brasil e pelo mundo. Esta revisão teve como objetivo descrever os princípios e aplicações da betaterapia em medicina veterinária. Para a concretização foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica, possibilitando assim, consolidar informações relativas à base teórica e ao tema proposto. Foi observado o uso do Estrôncio-90 (Sr90) nos principais procedimentos realizados em animais domésticos, selvagens e de experimentação, realçando a importância desta técnica adjuvante. A betaterapia mostrou-se exequível e de fácil manuseio para aplicações em medicina veterinária, especialmente nos casos de lesões e neoplasias superficiais. As fontes radioativas emissoras de partículas betas, como as de Sr90 não requerem grandes cuidados com proteção radiológica, o que contribui para a viabilidade da sua manipulação em radioterapia veterinária, principalmente nos procedimentos intra-operatórios.(AU)

Beta therapy is a form of brachytherapy where the beta ray emitting source is positioned directly in the area in which it is desired to be treated. The main applications are in dermatology and ophthalmology in the treatment of superficial lesions, since beta particles have great ionization power and small reach in the tissue. Radiotherapy in veterinary medicine has been increasing and presenting results satisfactory in Brazil and around the world. This review aimed to describe the principles and applications of beta-therapy in veterinary medicine. For the realization, a bibliographic research was carried through, making possible, to consolidate information related to the theoretical base and to the proposed theme. The use of Strontium-90 (Sr90) was observed in the main procedures performed on domestic, wild and experimental animals, highlighting the importance of this adjuvant technique. Beta therapy has been shown to be feasible and easy to handle for veterinary medicine applications, especially in cases of superficial lesions and neoplasms. Beta-emitting radioactive sources, such as those of Sr90, do not require great care with radiological protection, which contributes to the viability of their manipulation in veterinary radiotherapy, especially in intraoperative procedures.(AU)

La terapia beta es una forma de braquiterapia en la que la fuente emisora de rayos beta se coloca directamente en el área en la que se desea tratar. Las principales aplicaciones son en dermatología y oftalmología en el tratamiento de lesiones superficiales, porque las partículas beta tienen un gran poder de ionización y un alcance pequeño en el tejido. La radioterapia en medicina veterinaria ha ido aumentando y presentando resultados considerablemente en Brasil y en todo el mundo. Esta revisión tuvo como objetivo describir los principios y aplicaciones de la terapia beta en medicina veterinaria. Para la realización, se realizó una investigación bibliográfica que permitió consolidar información relacionada con la base teórica y el tema propuesto. El uso de Estroncio-90 (Sr90) se observó en los principales procedimientos realizados en animales domésticos, salvajes y experimentales, destacando la importancia de esta técnica adyuvante. Se ha demostrado que la terapia beta es factible y fácil de manejar para aplicaciones veterinarias, especialmente en casos de lesiones superficiales y neoplasias. Las fuentes radiactivas emisoras beta, como las de Sr90, no requieren un gran cuidado con la protección radiológica, lo que contribuye a la viabilidad de su manipulación en radioterapia veterinaria, especialmente en procedimientos intraoperatorios.(AU)

Estudo ex vivo do uso do ultrassom fisioterapêutico em pérolas de polimetilmetacrilato dopadas com azul de metileno como carreador de antibiótico / Ex vivo study of use of physiotherapy ultrasound in polymethylmethacrylate beads doped with methylene blue as an antibiotic carrier

O cimento ósseo de polimetilmetacrilato é considerado um material padrão como carreador de antibiótico em cirurgias ortopédicas. A energia ultrassônica é um método capaz de gerar efeitos biológicos por mecanismos térmicos e não térmicos. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a dispersão de azul de metileno em pérolas de polimetilmetacrilato combinada com a exposição em campo acústico gerado por ultrassom não térmico. Foram utilizados 49 corpos-de-prova, cada um composto por uma pérola de polimetilmetacrilato (0,6 mm de diâmetro) dopada com azul de metileno e depositada em amostra de gelatina. Quarenta espécimes foram divididos em quatro grupos de 10 amostras com base nas intensidades de ultrassom (Grupo 1: 1,0 W/cm2; Grupo 2: 1,5 W/cm2) e profundidade (A - 2 cm; B - 3 cm) dos grânulos de polimetilmetacrilato na amostra de gelatina. Os outros nove espécimes constituíram o grupo controle. O grupo controle diferiu estatisticamente dos outros grupos. Todos os grupos irradiados com ultrassom apresentaram diferenças significativas, exceto os Grupos 2A e 2B. A dispersão de azul de metileno na gelatina entre os grupos foi: 1A> 1B; 2A> 1A; 2B> 1A; 2A> 1B; 2B> 1B. Ultrassom de baixa intensidade permitiu maior dispersão de azul de metileno com polimetilmetacrilato posicionado mais superficialmente, e não ocorreu influência da profundidade da pérola com ultrassom de alta intensidade.

Polymethylmethacrylate bone cement is a standard material used as antibiotic carrier in the orthopedic surgery. The ultrasonic energy method is capable of triggering biological effects based on both thermal and non-thermal mechanisms. The aim of the current study is to analyze methylene blue dispersion in polymethylmethacrylate beads, in association with the acoustic field generated by non-thermal ultrasound. Forty-nine specimens were used, and each specimen comprised one polymethylmethacrylate bead (0.6-mm diameter) doped with methylene blue and deposited in gelatin sample. Forty test specimens were divided into four groups comprising 10 samples, each, based on different ultrasound intensities (Group 1: 1.0 W/cm2; Group 2: 1.5 W/cm2) and polymethylmethacrylate bead depths (A - 2 cm; B - 3 cm) in gelatin sample. The control group comprised other nine specimens and statistically differed from the other groups. All groups irradiated with ultrasound have shown statistically significant differences in methylene blue dispersion, except for Groups 2A and 2B. Methylene blue dispersion in gelatin among groups was 1A> 1B; 2A> 1A; 2B> 1A; 2A> 1B; and 2B> 1B. Low-intensity ultrasound enabled the highest methylene blue dispersion when polymethylmethacrylate bead was positioned superficial; bead depth associated with high-intensity ultrasound did not influence methylene blue dispersion.

Ex vivo study of use of physiotherapy ultrasound in polymethylmethacrylate beads doped with methylene blue as an antibiotic carrier / Estudo ex vivo do uso do ultrassom fisioterapêutico em pérolas de polimetilmetacrilato dopadas com azul de metileno como carreador de antibiótico

Polymethylmethacrylate bone cement is a standard material used as antibiotic carrier in the orthopedic surgery. The ultrasonic energy method is capable of triggering biological effects based on both thermal and non-thermal mechanisms. The aim of the current study is to analyze methylene blue dispersion in polymethylmethacrylate beads, in association with the acoustic field generated by non-thermal ultrasound. Forty-nine specimens were used, and each specimen comprised one polymethylmethacrylate bead (0.6-mm diameter) doped with methylene blue and deposited in gelatin sample. Forty test specimens were divided into four groups comprising 10 samples, each, based on different ultrasound intensities (Group 1: 1.0 W/cm2; Group 2: 1.5 W/cm2) and polymethylmethacrylate bead depths (A - 2 cm; B - 3 cm) in gelatin sample. The control group comprised other nine specimens and statistically differed from the other groups. All groups irradiated with ultrasound have shown statistically significant differences in methylene blue dispersion, except for Groups 2A and 2B. Methylene blue dispersion in gelatin among groups was 1A> 1B; 2A> 1A; 2B> 1A; 2A> 1B; and 2B> 1B. Low-intensity ultrasound enabled the highest methylene blue dispersion when polymethylmethacrylate bead was positioned superficial; bead depth associated with high-intensity ultrasound did not influence methylene blue dispersion.

O cimento ósseo de polimetilmetacrilato é considerado um material padrão como carreador de antibiótico em cirurgias ortopédicas. A energia ultrassônica é um método capaz de gerar efeitos biológicos por mecanismos térmicos e não térmicos. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a dispersão de azul de metileno em pérolas de polimetilmetacrilato combinada com a exposição em campo acústico gerado por ultrassom não térmico. Foram utilizados 49 corpos-de-prova, cada um composto por uma pérola de polimetilmetacrilato (0,6 mm de diâmetro) dopada com azul de metileno e depositada em amostra de gelatina. Quarenta espécimes foram divididos em quatro grupos de 10 amostras com base nas intensidades de ultrassom (Grupo 1: 1,0 W/cm2; Grupo 2: 1,5 W/cm2) e profundidade (A - 2 cm; B - 3 cm) dos grânulos de polimetilmetacrilato na amostra de gelatina. Os outros nove espécimes constituíram o grupo controle. O grupo controle diferiu estatisticamente dos outros grupos. Todos os grupos irradiados com ultrassom apresentaram diferenças significativas, exceto os Grupos 2A e 2B. A dispersão de azul de metileno na gelatina entre os grupos foi: 1A> 1B; 2A> 1A; 2B> 1A; 2A> 1B; 2B> 1B. Ultrassom de baixa intensidade permitiu maior dispersão de azul de metileno com polimetilmetacrilato posicionado mais superficialmente, e não ocorreu influência da profundidade da pérola com ultrassom de alta intensidade.

Comparação de três métodos de imagem para análise da evolução da osteoartrite induzida pela ruptura do ligamento cranial em coelhos / Comparison of three imaging methods for the evaluation of osteoarthritis induced by cranial cruciate ligament transection in rabbits

Background: Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that affects specially cartilage, meniscus, and tendons. Ligaments, muscles, subchondral bone and synovium. This pathology is a common condition limiting the quality of life ofpatients. Imaging modalities have also been used for evaluation the progression of the osteoarthritis, or degenerative processes induced by acute injury. In order to use more accessible imaging modalities for experimentation, this study aimedto compare radiographic, computed tomography, and ultrasound findings in the evaluation of osteoarthritis induced by thecranial cruciate ligament transection model in rabbits.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty-four male Norfolk rabbits aged approximately 5 months old were used. All rabbits were submitted to cranial cruciate ligament transection of the left stifle and evaluated 45 days after the surgery. Theradiographic findings were subchondral bone sclerosis (33.33%); joint space narrowing (66%); presence of osteophytesat medial femoral condyle (4.16%), lateral femoral condyle (4.16%), medial fabela (20.83%), lateral fabela (8.33%) andsesamoid of the popliteal muscle (4.16%). No osteophytes were seen at medial and lateral tibial condyles. The tomographiccomputed findings were joint space narrowing (62.5%); presence of osteophytes at medial femoral condyle (75%), lateralfemoral condyle (54.16%), medial fabela (66.66%), lateral fabela (37.5%), medial tibial condyle (75%), lateral tibialcondyle (20.83%) and sesamoid of the popliteal muscle (37.5%). The ultrasound findings were synovial hypertrophy(95.83%); effusion in the suprapatellar recess (75%), distal tibial recess (16.66%) and cranial joint space (75%); changes(hyperechogenic foci and heterogeneity) of the lateral meniscus (50%) and medial meniscus (25%); increased thickness ofthe medial condyle (54.16%) and lateral condyle (45.83%); irregularity of the medial condyle (66.66%) and lateral condyle...

Comparação de três métodos de imagem para análise da evolução da osteoartrite induzida pela ruptura do ligamento cranial em coelhos / Comparison of three imaging methods for the evaluation of osteoarthritis induced by cranial cruciate ligament transection in rabbits

Background: Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that affects specially cartilage, meniscus, and tendons. Ligaments, muscles, subchondral bone and synovium. This pathology is a common condition limiting the quality of life ofpatients. Imaging modalities have also been used for evaluation the progression of the osteoarthritis, or degenerative processes induced by acute injury. In order to use more accessible imaging modalities for experimentation, this study aimedto compare radiographic, computed tomography, and ultrasound findings in the evaluation of osteoarthritis induced by thecranial cruciate ligament transection model in rabbits.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty-four male Norfolk rabbits aged approximately 5 months old were used. All rabbits were submitted to cranial cruciate ligament transection of the left stifle and evaluated 45 days after the surgery. Theradiographic findings were subchondral bone sclerosis (33.33%); joint space narrowing (66%); presence of osteophytesat medial femoral condyle (4.16%), lateral femoral condyle (4.16%), medial fabela (20.83%), lateral fabela (8.33%) andsesamoid of the popliteal muscle (4.16%). No osteophytes were seen at medial and lateral tibial condyles. The tomographiccomputed findings were joint space narrowing (62.5%); presence of osteophytes at medial femoral condyle (75%), lateralfemoral condyle (54.16%), medial fabela (66.66%), lateral fabela (37.5%), medial tibial condyle (75%), lateral tibialcondyle (20.83%) and sesamoid of the popliteal muscle (37.5%). The ultrasound findings were synovial hypertrophy(95.83%); effusion in the suprapatellar recess (75%), distal tibial recess (16.66%) and cranial joint space (75%); changes(hyperechogenic foci and heterogeneity) of the lateral meniscus (50%) and medial meniscus (25%); increased thickness ofthe medial condyle (54.16%) and lateral condyle (45.83%); irregularity of the medial condyle (66.66%) and lateral condyle...(AU)

Use of hyaluronic acid associated with triamcinolone acetonide or ozone gas in the treatment of induced osteoarthritis in rabbits

Purpose: To evaluate the effects of the intra-articular application of hyaluronic acid associated with triamcinolone acetonide, and ozone gas in the treatment of induced osteoarthritis in rabbit’s stifles.Methods: Twenty-one Norfolk rabbits were submitted to cranial cruciate ligament transection of the left stifle. After six weeks of the surgery, the rabbits were randomized assigned into three groups: G1 (control) – saline solution (0.9%); G2 – hyaluronic acid associated with triamcinolone; G3 – ozone gas, submitted to three intra-articular applications every seven days. Results: Significant differences occurred: osteophytes at medial femoral condyle (G2 > G1, G2 > G3) on radiography exam; thickening of the medial condyle (G1 > G3, G2 > G3) on ultrasound exam; osteophytes at lateral tibial condyle (G2 > G1, G2 > G3), and medial femoral condyle (G1 > G2, G3 > G1) on computed tomography. Histologically, mean values of chondrocytes in the femur and tibia in G3 and G2 were statistically lower. Conclusions: The intra-articular injection of hyaluronic acid associated with triamcinolone accentuated degenerative joint disease by imaging and macroscopic evaluations, and by histological findings, this treatment and the ozone gas treatment showed similar effects and were inferior to the saline solution (0.9%).

Effect of low-level laser therapy on the membrane induced by the Masquelet technique at an orthotopic site in rabbits

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on the membrane induced by the Masquelet technique in rabbits. Methods: Twelve Norfolk rabbits at approximately 3 months of age were used. A 1-cm segmental defect was induced in both radii, which were filled with polymethylmethacrylate cylinder. LLLT was used postoperatively in the bone defect of one of the forelimbs every 48 hours for 15 days. Six rabbits were euthanatized on third and sixth postoperative weeks. Results: In both forelimbs, radiographs showed new bone growth from radius cut ends on the third postoperative week and more advanced stage on the sixth postoperative week. Ultrasound showed induced membrane one week after the surgery. Histologically, there were no significant differences in the semi-quantitative score of inflammation intensity, total number of blood vessels, bone metaplasia, and collagen. The average thicknesses were 2,050.17 and 1,451.96 μm for control membranes and 2,724.26 and 2,081.03 μm for irradiated membranes, respectively, on third and sixth postoperative weeks. Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) expression were present in the induced membranes of control and irradiated forelimbs, but there was no significant difference. Conclusions: Based on assessment methods, it was not possible to demonstrate the effect of LLLT on the induced membrane.

Combinação da auto-hemoterapia e sulfato de vincristina no tratamento de tumor venéreo transmissível em cadelas em Moçambique / Combination of autohemotherapy and vincristine sulfate in treatment of canine transmissible venereal tumor in bitches in Mozambique

Background: Canine transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) is a tumor of round cells. Vincristine sulfate is the most effective for TVT. Alternatively, hemotherapy is an alternative therapy that consists of the administration of autologous blood and the positive effects are associated with an immunomodulatory effect. Since chemotherapy has some collateral effects, it is necessary to study another treatment with minimal side effects. In this context, this report case aimed to describe the use of autohemotherapy associated with vincristine sulfate for treating a transmissible venereal tumor in the vulvar mucosa of 7 adult bitches, being the first case report in Mozambique, Africa. Case: Seven adult bitches, median size, were referred to the School Veterinary Hospital, School of Veterinary, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique, Africa, with a diagnosis of TVT in the vulvar mucosa. All bitches were treated weekly with autohemotherapy and vincristine sulfate for 21 days. The parameters assessed included clinical and TVT macroscopic examination, complete blood count, serum biochemical examination and urinalysis, and were evaluated 60-min before each treatment. No clinical side effects were identified during the treatments. Color, appearance and tumor size were changed during the treatment period, and all bitches showed complete remission of the tumor 21 days after the beginning of treatment or after the third therapeutic session. The values of the complete blood count, serum biochemical and urinalysis did not demonstrate significant variations throughout the evaluated time-points. The TVT cytopathological classification was lymphocytic (42.9 %), plasmacytic (28.6 %) and lymphoplasmacytic (28.6 %). Discussion: The aims of this report were to describe the combination of autohemotherapy and vincristine sulfate for treating the transmissible venereal tumor located in the vulvar mucosa of adult bitches, through clinical and laboratory evaluation, and was not...

Symptomatic orthotopic ureterocele in a dog

Background: Ureteroceles are cystic dilatations of the terminal ureter and is a rare diagnosed condition in dogs. They can be classified as orthotopic when it is entirely within the bladder and the ureteral orifice emerges normally or ectopic if the ureteral orifice is not in the normal position in the trigone. Orthotopic are usually clinically silent. Ureterocele can contribute to lower urinary tract disease leading to infections and loss of the renal function. As long as this injury can arise slowly, it might be underdiagnosed in companion animals. This case aims to report a case of a bitch with diagnosed symptomatic orthotopic ureterocele efficacious surgical treatment. Case: A 5-month-old female mixed breed was referred to the veterinary hospital, with a major complaint of urinary incontinence since the birth date after the first attendance in a colleague who have suspected of ureterocele considering ultrasound report of a vesicle of 1.4 x 1.5 cm in lefts ureter bladder’s insertion topography with ipsilateral hydroureter and renal dilatation. Beside the urinary dysfunction, the animal presented good general status and normal vital signs. Complete blood count and biochemical analysis were within normal ranges. A new ultrasound exam and Computerized Urotomography with contrast gave the definitive diagnosis of left orthotopic ureterocele with twisted hydroureter (proximal 1.29 cm and distally 0.98 cm) and hydronephrosis (3.32 cm). The marsupialization was chosen scientifically based to correct the ureterocele and the patient presented good general condition since then with prompt improvement of clinical signs. The patient was submitted to serial image exams in six weeks following up to check the consequent urinary tract dilatation from the previous disease regression. After the last follow up animal received...

Symptomatic orthotopic ureterocele in a dog

Background: Ureteroceles are cystic dilatations of the terminal ureter and is a rare diagnosed condition in dogs. They can be classified as orthotopic when it is entirely within the bladder and the ureteral orifice emerges normally or ectopic if the ureteral orifice is not in the normal position in the trigone. Orthotopic are usually clinically silent. Ureterocele can contribute to lower urinary tract disease leading to infections and loss of the renal function. As long as this injury can arise slowly, it might be underdiagnosed in companion animals. This case aims to report a case of a bitch with diagnosed symptomatic orthotopic ureterocele efficacious surgical treatment. Case: A 5-month-old female mixed breed was referred to the veterinary hospital, with a major complaint of urinary incontinence since the birth date after the first attendance in a colleague who have suspected of ureterocele considering ultrasound report of a vesicle of 1.4 x 1.5 cm in lefts ureter bladders insertion topography with ipsilateral hydroureter and renal dilatation. Beside the urinary dysfunction, the animal presented good general status and normal vital signs. Complete blood count and biochemical analysis were within normal ranges. A new ultrasound exam and Computerized Urotomography with contrast gave the definitive diagnosis of left orthotopic ureterocele with twisted hydroureter (proximal 1.29 cm and distally 0.98 cm) and hydronephrosis (3.32 cm). The marsupialization was chosen scientifically based to correct the ureterocele and the patient presented good general condition since then with prompt improvement of clinical signs. The patient was submitted to serial image exams in six weeks following up to check the consequent urinary tract dilatation from the previous disease regression. After the last follow up animal received...(AU)

Considerations on avian fractures / Considerações sobre fraturas em aves / Consideraciones sobre fracturas en aves

La presente revisión tuvo por objetivos describir aspectos relacionados a las fracturas en aves, algunos métodos de inmovilización y las complicaciones de las fracturas. Aunque los principios de reparación de las fracturas en las aves son similares a los de los pequeños animales, existen diferencias que deben considerarse en el momento de la aplicación del método de inmovilización. Las fracturas en aves pueden ser inmovilizadas por medio de la coaptación externa (tallos y vendajes), fijación interna (Clavos, hilos de cerclaje, placas óseas) y fijación externa, entre otros, cada uno con sus ventajas y desventajas. La severidad de la fractura interfiere en la tasa y el curso de la consolidación; sin embargo, la estabilidad clínica puede preceder a la evidencia radiográfica, que es visibilizada entre tercera y sexta semana. Las fracturas en aves tienden a ser expuestas y conminutas, debido a la insuficiente cobertura de tejidos blandos. Cuando están expuestas, las fracturas presentan un alto riesgo de osteomielitis y, consecuentemente, pueden desarrollar unión atrasada o no-unión.

This review aimed to describe aspects of bird fractures, some immobilization techniques and the complications of fractures. Although the principles of fracture repair in birds are similar to those of small animals, there are differences that should be considered during the application of the immobilization method. Fractures in birds can be immobilized by external coaptation (splints and bandages), internal fixation (pins, cerclage wires, bone plates) and external fixation, among others, each one with its own advantages and disadvantages. The severity of the fracture interferes in the rate and course of bone healing; however, clinical stability may precede radiographic evidence, which is visible in 3-6 weeks. Avian fractures tend to be open and comminuted, because of the scarce cover of soft tissues. Open fractures have high risk of developing osteomyelitis and, consequently, may develop delayed union or non-union.

A presente revisão teve por objetivos descrever aspectos das fraturas em aves, alguns métodos de imobilização e as complicações das fraturas. Embora os princípios de reparo da fratura em aves seja similar aos de pequenos animais, existem diferenças que precisam ser consideradas no momento da aplicação do método de imobilização. As fraturas em aves podem ser imobilizadas por meio da coaptação externa (talas e bandagens), fixação interna (pinos, fios de cerclagem, placas ósseas) e fixação externa, entre outros, cada qual com suas vantagens e desvantagens. A severidade da fratura interfere na taxa e curso da consolidação; contudo, a estabilidade clínica pode preceder a evidência radiográfica, que é visibilizada entre 3 e 6 semanas. As fraturas em aves tendem a ser expostas e cominutivas, em virtude da insuficiente cobertura de tecidos moles. Quando expostas, as fraturas apresentam alto risco de osteomielite e, consequentemente, podem desenvolver união atrasada ou não-união.

Effects of whole-body vibration in hematobiochemical and hemogasometric parameters in adult and elderly healthy dogs

Background: Whole-Body Vibration (WBV) consists of mechanical vibration stimuli produced that propagate throughout the body by increasing the gravitational load. The WBV can increase muscle mass in dogs with muscular atrophy. As Whole-body vibration (WBV) can be used as exercise modality with no impact on the joints, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of single session of WBV in hematobiochemical and hemogasometric parameters in adult and elderly healthy dogs. Materials, Methods & Results: Fourteen clinically healthy, neutered crossbreed male dogs, non-athlete were selected. The dogs were divided into two groups of seven dogs, according to the age group: Group I - adult dogs (GI): age between 12.0 and 84.0 months old; Group II - elderly dogs (GII): age above 84.0 months old. All dogs were submitted to a single session WBV by using a vibrating platform that delivered a vortex wave circulation as mechanical vibration. The WBV protocol used was 30 Hz frequency (3.10 mm peak displacement; 11.16 m/s2 peak acceleration; 0.29 m/s velocity), then 50 Hz (3.98 mm peak displacement; 39.75 m/s2 peak acceleration; 0.62 m/s velocity), and lastly 30 Hz (3.10 mm peak displacement; 11.16 m/s2 peak acceleration; 0.29 m/s velocity) for 5-min between de frequencies. The hematobiochemical and hemagasometric parameters were evaluated at 1-min before the WBV session (1PRE), 1-min after the WBV session (1POST), 120-min (120POST) and 24 h after the WBV session (24hPOST). The dogs accepted the vibration stimulus quite well, however, elderly dogs weighing above 30 kg were more likely to sit down with increased frequency from 30 to 50 Hz. No variations of food and water intakes and gastrointestinal changes were observed after the WBV session. Hemoglobin values showed significant decrease (P = 0.0312) between 1PRE and 1POST in elderly dogs. A significant decrease (P = 0.0453) was observed in alanine aminotransferase values between 120POST...

Considerations on avian fractures / Considerações sobre fraturas em aves / Consideraciones sobre fracturas en aves

La presente revisión tuvo por objetivos describir aspectos relacionados a las fracturas en aves, algunos métodos de inmovilización y las complicaciones de las fracturas. Aunque los principios de reparación de las fracturas en las aves son similares a los de los pequeños animales, existen diferencias que deben considerarse en el momento de la aplicación del método de inmovilización. Las fracturas en aves pueden ser inmovilizadas por medio de la coaptación externa (tallos y vendajes), fijación interna (Clavos, hilos de cerclaje, placas óseas) y fijación externa, entre otros, cada uno con sus ventajas y desventajas. La severidad de la fractura interfiere en la tasa y el curso de la consolidación; sin embargo, la estabilidad clínica puede preceder a la evidencia radiográfica, que es visibilizada entre tercera y sexta semana. Las fracturas en aves tienden a ser expuestas y conminutas, debido a la insuficiente cobertura de tejidos blandos. Cuando están expuestas, las fracturas presentan un alto riesgo de osteomielitis y, consecuentemente, pueden desarrollar unión atrasada o no-unión.(AU)

This review aimed to describe aspects of bird fractures, some immobilization techniques and the complications of fractures. Although the principles of fracture repair in birds are similar to those of small animals, there are differences that should be considered during the application of the immobilization method. Fractures in birds can be immobilized by external coaptation (splints and bandages), internal fixation (pins, cerclage wires, bone plates) and external fixation, among others, each one with its own advantages and disadvantages. The severity of the fracture interferes in the rate and course of bone healing; however, clinical stability may precede radiographic evidence, which is visible in 3-6 weeks. Avian fractures tend to be open and comminuted, because of the scarce cover of soft tissues. Open fractures have high risk of developing osteomyelitis and, consequently, may develop delayed union or non-union.(AU)

A presente revisão teve por objetivos descrever aspectos das fraturas em aves, alguns métodos de imobilização e as complicações das fraturas. Embora os princípios de reparo da fratura em aves seja similar aos de pequenos animais, existem diferenças que precisam ser consideradas no momento da aplicação do método de imobilização. As fraturas em aves podem ser imobilizadas por meio da coaptação externa (talas e bandagens), fixação interna (pinos, fios de cerclagem, placas ósseas) e fixação externa, entre outros, cada qual com suas vantagens e desvantagens. A severidade da fratura interfere na taxa e curso da consolidação; contudo, a estabilidade clínica pode preceder a evidência radiográfica, que é visibilizada entre 3 e 6 semanas. As fraturas em aves tendem a ser expostas e cominutivas, em virtude da insuficiente cobertura de tecidos moles. Quando expostas, as fraturas apresentam alto risco de osteomielite e, consequentemente, podem desenvolver união atrasada ou não-união.(AU)

Healing of skin wounds in rats: influence of low-level laser therapy, alone or combined with natural products

Background: A great variety of natural products have been evaluated for the skin wound healing due to anti-inflammatory,antioxidant and antibacterial activities, and procollagen synthesis, of which may be mentioned the honey and propolis. Inturn, low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is considered an important tool in the treatment of skin wounds, because of ability toraise the ATP production, to stimulate the microcirculation, and formation of new blood vessels. Therefore, this study aimedto assess the influence of LLLT, alone or combined with natural products, in the healing of excisional skin wounds in rats.Materials, Methods & Results: One hundred twenty-six male Wistar rats, aged 14 weeks, were randomly divided intoseven groups (n = 18 per group) according to wound treatments: G1 (negative control): 0.9% saline solution; G2 (positive control): allantoin + zinc oxide ointment; G3: LLLT; G4: mixture of honey + 5% propolis hydroalcoholic solution;G5: LLLT + mixture of honey + hydroalcoholic solution of 5% propolis; G6: LLLT + honey in natura; G7: LLLT + 5%propolis hydroalcoholic solution. Six rats from each group were euthanized on the 7th, 14th, and 21th postoperative days.Macroscopic and histological evaluations of wound healing were performed. A decrease in wound area occurred in allgroups, but in general G4 had the higher reduction and G1 and G3 had the lower reductions. These findings correspondedto the percentage of wound contraction, since the largest contraction was G4 and the lowest contractions were G1 andG3. Histological analysis showed no significant difference among groups...

Acute effects of whole-body vibration on dopplerfluxometry of the common carotid artery parameters among adult and elderly non-athletes healthy dogs

Background: Whole-Body Vibration (WBV) is an oscillatory mechanical stimulus spreading throughout the body and considered a type of physical exercise because of the activation of the cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and neuroendocrine systems. It is a physical exercise modality since it promotes cardiovascular resistance, increase in muscular strength and neurosensitivity, and motor coordination improvement. For use of WBV as an exercise modality for dogs, it is necessary to evaluate the Dopplerfluxometry parameters of the common carotid artery in healthy dogs in order to perform a safe protocol without inducing any cerebral alteration. This study aimed to evaluate the acute effects of WBV on systolic peak velocity (SPV), resistivity (RI), and pulsatility index (PI) of the both common carotid artery among adults and elderly non-athletes healthy dog. Materials, Methods & Results: Fourteen clinically healthy, neutered crossbreed male dogs, non-athlete were divided into two groups of seven dogs, according to the age group: Group 1 (G1)- Adult dogs: age between 12 and 84 months; Group 2 (G2)- Elderly dogs: aged over 84 months. All dogs were submitted to sessions of WBV using the protocol of 30 Hz for 5 min, followed by an increase to 50 Hz for 5 more min and ending with 5 min at 30 Hz, without rest between the variation of the vibration frequency. The systolic peak velocity (SPV), resistivity (RI), and pulsatility index (PI) of the common carotid artery were assessed in two time-points: 5 min before the WBV sessions (5PRE) and 1 min after the WBV (1POS). No significant variations in the SPS, RI, and PI of both common carotid artery of the G1 and G2 were identified. The anatomic reference for the left and right common carotid artery was the right and left extern jugulars veins, which were...