Phmetria Esofágica Em Cães / Esophageal Ph-Metry In Dogs / Ph-Metría Esofágica En Perros

A avaliação da phmetria esofágica é um método sensível e especifico para detectar a ocorrência de refluxo gastroesofágico, bem como sua frequência, duração e até mesmo determinar a origem. O conteúdo do refluxo gastroesofágico pode ter origem somente gástrica, duodenal ou de ambos, demonstrando características únicas em relação a valores ácido-base e graus de severidade diferentes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o valor do pH esofágico em cães anestesiados, e avaliar a ocorrência de episódios de refluxo gastroesofágico durante as intervenções cirúrgicas. Foram utilizados nove cães machos e fêmeas adultos saudáveis, com peso corporal médio de 15,0 ± 5,4 kg. A pHmetria esofágica foi realizada pela inserção de um cateter pela nasofaringe em 9 cães anestesiados com cetamina, midazolan e metadona; propofol e isoflurano, submetidos as intervenções de mastectomia, orquiectomia e ovariosalpingohisterectomia eletiva. Em nove cães que foram realizadas a passagem do cateter, apenas um animal submetido a ovariosalpingohisterectomia apresentou episódio de refluxo gastroesofágico; comprovado por esofagoscopia. A phmetria foi realizada até 180 minutos pós-anestesia, sem alterações significativas da mensuração do pH (P<0,05) em todos os tempos. Os animais foram acompanhados até 30 dias de pós-operatório sem sinais clínicos de esofagite. A média de todas as mensurações de pH foi de 6.229 +- 0.5245.(AU)

Esophageal pHmetry evaluation is a sensitive and specific method to detect gastroesophageal reflux, as weel as its frequency, duration, and origin. Gastroesophageal reflux content can be originated from stomach, duodenal or both, showing unique features of acid-base values and different severity degrees. The aim of this study was to stablish esophageal pH values in anesthetized dogs, and to evaluate the occurrence of gastroesophageal reflux episodes during surgical intervention. Were used 9 female and male healthy dogs, with mean body weight of 15.0 ±5.4 kg. Esophageal pHmetry was performed throght the insertion of a catheter on the nasopharinx in 9 dogs anesthetized with ketamine, midazolam, methadone, propofol e isoflurane, subject to mastectomy, orchiectomy and elective ovariosalpingohysterectomy. Of all 9 dogs in which the catheter was applied, only one animal, subject to ovariosalpingohysterectomy, has shown a gastroesophageal reflux episode, proved by esofagoscopy. pHmetry was performed until 180 minutes post-anesthesia, without significative changes on pH mesurement (P<0.05) at all times. The animals had follow ups until 30 days of post-operative with no clinical signs of esophagitis. The mean pH measurement was 6.222 ± 0.5245.(AU)

La evaluación del pHmetría esofágica es un método específico y sensible para detectar la aparición de reflujo gastroesofágico, así como su frecuencia, duración e incluso determinar el origen. El contenido del reflujo gastroesofágico puede tener origen sólo gástrica, duodenal, o ambos, demostrando características únicas con respecto a los valores de acido-base y distintos grados de severidad. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el valor del pH del esófago en perros anestesiados y evaluar la ocurrencia de episodios de reflujo gastroesofágico durante las intervenciones quirúrgicas. Fueron utilizados nueve perros adultos saludables, machos y hembras, con medio peso de 15.0 ± 5,4 kg. El monitoreo del pH esofágico fué realizado insertando un catéter a través de la nasofaringe en 9 perros anestesiados con ketamina, midazolam y metadona; propofol y isoflurane, sometidos a intervenciones de mastectomía, orquiectomía y ovariosalpingohisterectomia electiva. En los nueve perros que fueron hechos el paso del catéter, sólo 1 animal sometido a ovariosalpingohisterectomia presentó episodio de reflujo gastroesofágico; probado por esofagoscopia. El monitoreo del pH fue realizado en 180 minutos pós-anestesia, sin cambios significativos en la medición del pH (P < 0.05) en todos los tiempos. Los animales fueron acompañados hasta 30 días después de la quirugía sin signos clínicos de esofagitis. El promedio de todas las mediciones de pH fue de 6229 +- 0.5245.(AU)

Phmetria Esofágica Em Cães / Esophageal Ph-Metry In Dogs / Ph-Metría Esofágica En Perros

A avaliação da phmetria esofágica é um método sensível e especifico para detectar a ocorrência de refluxo gastroesofágico, bem como sua frequência, duração e até mesmo determinar a origem. O conteúdo do refluxo gastroesofágico pode ter origem somente gástrica, duodenal ou de ambos, demonstrando características únicas em relação a valores ácido-base e graus de severidade diferentes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o valor do pH esofágico em cães anestesiados, e avaliar a ocorrência de episódios de refluxo gastroesofágico durante as intervenções cirúrgicas. Foram utilizados nove cães machos e fêmeas adultos saudáveis, com peso corporal médio de 15,0 ± 5,4 kg. A pHmetria esofágica foi realizada pela inserção de um cateter pela nasofaringe em 9 cães anestesiados com cetamina, midazolan e metadona; propofol e isoflurano, submetidos as intervenções de mastectomia, orquiectomia e ovariosalpingohisterectomia eletiva. Em nove cães que foram realizadas a passagem do cateter, apenas um animal submetido a ovariosalpingohisterectomia apresentou episódio de refluxo gastroesofágico; comprovado por esofagoscopia. A phmetria foi realizada até 180 minutos pós-anestesia, sem alterações significativas da mensuração do pH (P<0,05) em todos os tempos. Os animais foram acompanhados até 30 dias de pós-operatório sem sinais clínicos de esofagite. A média de todas as mensurações de pH foi de 6.229 +- 0.5245.

Esophageal pHmetry evaluation is a sensitive and specific method to detect gastroesophageal reflux, as weel as its frequency, duration, and origin. Gastroesophageal reflux content can be originated from stomach, duodenal or both, showing unique features of acid-base values and different severity degrees. The aim of this study was to stablish esophageal pH values in anesthetized dogs, and to evaluate the occurrence of gastroesophageal reflux episodes during surgical intervention. Were used 9 female and male healthy dogs, with mean body weight of 15.0 ±5.4 kg. Esophageal pHmetry was performed throght the insertion of a catheter on the nasopharinx in 9 dogs anesthetized with ketamine, midazolam, methadone, propofol e isoflurane, subject to mastectomy, orchiectomy and elective ovariosalpingohysterectomy. Of all 9 dogs in which the catheter was applied, only one animal, subject to ovariosalpingohysterectomy, has shown a gastroesophageal reflux episode, proved by esofagoscopy. pHmetry was performed until 180 minutes post-anesthesia, without significative changes on pH mesurement (P<0.05) at all times. The animals had follow ups until 30 days of post-operative with no clinical signs of esophagitis. The mean pH measurement was 6.222 ± 0.5245.

La evaluación del pHmetría esofágica es un método específico y sensible para detectar la aparición de reflujo gastroesofágico, así como su frecuencia, duración e incluso determinar el origen. El contenido del reflujo gastroesofágico puede tener origen sólo gástrica, duodenal, o ambos, demostrando características únicas con respecto a los valores de acido-base y distintos grados de severidad. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el valor del pH del esófago en perros anestesiados y evaluar la ocurrencia de episodios de reflujo gastroesofágico durante las intervenciones quirúrgicas. Fueron utilizados nueve perros adultos saludables, machos y hembras, con medio peso de 15.0 ± 5,4 kg. El monitoreo del pH esofágico fué realizado insertando un catéter a través de la nasofaringe en 9 perros anestesiados con ketamina, midazolam y metadona; propofol y isoflurane, sometidos a intervenciones de mastectomía, orquiectomía y ovariosalpingohisterectomia electiva. En los nueve perros que fueron hechos el paso del catéter, sólo 1 animal sometido a ovariosalpingohisterectomia presentó episodio de reflujo gastroesofágico; probado por esofagoscopia. El monitoreo del pH fue realizado en 180 minutos pós-anestesia, sin cambios significativos en la medición del pH (P < 0.05) en todos los tiempos. Los animales fueron acompañados hasta 30 días después de la quirugía sin signos clínicos de esofagitis. El promedio de todas las mediciones de pH fue de 6229 +- 0.5245.

Surgical correction of esophageal stenosis by right aortic arch persistence in two cats

Background: Vascular ring anomaly is considered a hereditary change. It occurs when the fourth right aortic arch persists instead of the fourth left aortic arch, forming a vascular ring that compress the esophagus causing esophageal dilatation cranial to the compression site. Diagnosis is based upon anamnesis, physical examination, clinical signs and complementary exams (radiograph, complete blood count and biochemical tests). The clinical treatment is inadequate, since the dilatation persists and tends to progress causing irreversible tissue injury. Surgical correction is indicated and consists of the arterial ligament resection and correction of the esophageal stenosis. Case: The objective of the current study is to report two case of persistence of right aortic arch in two cats referred to the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Santa Maria. On physical examination the patients were alert, in good nutritional status, adequately hydrated and presented normal colored mucous membranes. Each animal underwent radiography and esophagogram with barium sulphate. The exam demonstrated partial esophageal dilation cranial to the cardiac silhouette, suggestive of vascular ring anomaly. An exploratory thoracotomy was performed in order to achieve the definitive diagnosis. The arterial ligament was resected and esophageal stenosis corrected. Anesthesia, surgery and the [...]

Surgical correction of esophageal stenosis by right aortic arch persistence in two cats

Background: Vascular ring anomaly is considered a hereditary change. It occurs when the fourth right aortic arch persists instead of the fourth left aortic arch, forming a vascular ring that compress the esophagus causing esophageal dilatation cranial to the compression site. Diagnosis is based upon anamnesis, physical examination, clinical signs and complementary exams (radiograph, complete blood count and biochemical tests). The clinical treatment is inadequate, since the dilatation persists and tends to progress causing irreversible tissue injury. Surgical correction is indicated and consists of the arterial ligament resection and correction of the esophageal stenosis. Case: The objective of the current study is to report two case of persistence of right aortic arch in two cats referred to the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Santa Maria. On physical examination the patients were alert, in good nutritional status, adequately hydrated and presented normal colored mucous membranes. Each animal underwent radiography and esophagogram with barium sulphate. The exam demonstrated partial esophageal dilation cranial to the cardiac silhouette, suggestive of vascular ring anomaly. An exploratory thoracotomy was performed in order to achieve the definitive diagnosis. The arterial ligament was resected and esophageal stenosis corrected. Anesthesia, surgery and the [...](AU)

Appendicular fractures of traumatic etiology in dogs: 955 cases (2004-2013) / Fraturas apendiculares de etiologia traumática em cães: 955 casos (2004-2013)

Orthopedic diseases are common in dogs and cats, especially, those caused by traumatic injury. Overall, among the significant changes in this group, the fractures are the major cause of pain and dysfunction in dogs of all ages, sizes and breeds. Therefore, a retrospective study of dogs examined between January 2004 and December 2013 at the University Veterinary Hospital of Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, was conducted aiming to identify and determine the prevalence of appendicular fractures caused by trauma and characterizing the population/etiology. In a population of 1,200 dogs with suspected traumatic orthopedic diseases in the locomotor system, 955 (79.6%) had appendicular fractures. Of the dogs 23.5% had fractures on the femur (n=225), 23.4% had pelvic fractures (n=223), 22% had tibial and fibular fractures (n=210), 17.6% had radius and ulna fractures (n=168), 7.5% had humeral fractures (n=72) and 6% had distal limb fractures (tarsus, carpus, metacarpus, metatarsus and phalanges (n=57)). The most frequent cause was car accidents (72.2%). Most affected dogs were male (52.5%), juvenile (42%), mixed breed (51.4%) and small size (42.7%). In conclusion, the profile of dogs with fractures in the Central Region of Rio Grande do Sul State is: male dogs, mixed breed, immature and small size, presenting femoral fractures by car accident.(AU)

Doenças ortopédicas são comuns em cães e gatos, especialmente, aquelas causadas por lesões traumáticas. De forma geral, dentre as alterações significativas desta margem, apontam-se as fraturas como causa importante de dor e disfunção em cães de todas as idades, tamanhos e raças. Diante disso, um estudo retrospectivo de cães atendidos entre janeiro de 2004 e dezembro de 2013 no Hospital Veterinário Universitário da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, foi realizado, objetivando identificar e determinar a prevalência das fraturas apendiculares decorrentes de traumatismo, caracterizando a população e a etiologia. De um total de 1.200 cães com suspeita de doença ortopédica de origem traumática no sistema locomotor, 955 (79,6%) apresentaram fraturas apendiculares, sendo que 23,5% foram fraturas do fêmur (n=225), 23,4% fraturas da pelve (n=223), 22% fraturas da tíbia e da fíbula (n=210), 17,6% fraturas do rádio e da ulna (n=168), 7,5% fraturas do úmero (n=72) e 6% fraturas distais dos membros (tarso, carpo, metacarpo, metatarso e falanges (n=57)), decorrentes principalmente de acidentes automobilísticos (72,2%). Os cães mais afetados foram machos (52,5%), filhotes (42%), sem raça definida (51,4%), de porte pequeno (42,7%). Conclui-se que o perfil de cães com fraturas na Região Central do Rio Grande do Sul é: cães machos, sem raça definida, imaturos, de pequeno porte, apresentando fratura de fêmur por acidente automobilístico.(AU)

Determining the optimal time of gastric emptying in cats using dry or wet food

Background: Pulmonary aspiration of gastric content can result in intraoperative and postoperative complications, such as regurgitation, gastro-esophageal reflux and esophagitis. There are variations among authors about the ideal period of solid and liquid fasting. Determination of the appropriate amount of food abstinence in surgical patients is important, because of the metabolic disorders that interfere in response to anesthetic protocol or surgical intervention. Thereby, this research aimed to evaluate the appropriate period of fasting for elective anesthesia and surgical procedures in cats, by analysis of gastric emptying time based on the daily energy requirement. Materials, Methods & Results: Seven cats of mixed breed, health and with an average weight of 2.857 ± 0.3780 were evaluated by gastroscopy for the presence of food and obtaining tissue samples. To evaluate the gastric emptying time, dry and moist food were offered at two different times, 8 h and 4 h before each evaluation, with an interval of seven days between each food treatment (dry and moist). There was no significant difference in all biochemical parameters evaluated (cholesterol, glucose, and lactate) in both fasting times and food types (P > 0.05). All animals underwent gastric biopsy for histological evaluation and urease test, to discard morphological changes. After 4 h it was observed dry food [...](AU)

Determining the optimal time of gastric emptying in cats using dry or wet food

Background: Pulmonary aspiration of gastric content can result in intraoperative and postoperative complications, such as regurgitation, gastro-esophageal reflux and esophagitis. There are variations among authors about the ideal period of solid and liquid fasting. Determination of the appropriate amount of food abstinence in surgical patients is important, because of the metabolic disorders that interfere in response to anesthetic protocol or surgical intervention. Thereby, this research aimed to evaluate the appropriate period of fasting for elective anesthesia and surgical procedures in cats, by analysis of gastric emptying time based on the daily energy requirement. Materials, Methods & Results: Seven cats of mixed breed, health and with an average weight of 2.857 ± 0.3780 were evaluated by gastroscopy for the presence of food and obtaining tissue samples. To evaluate the gastric emptying time, dry and moist food were offered at two different times, 8 h and 4 h before each evaluation, with an interval of seven days between each food treatment (dry and moist). There was no significant difference in all biochemical parameters evaluated (cholesterol, glucose, and lactate) in both fasting times and food types (P > 0.05). All animals underwent gastric biopsy for histological evaluation and urease test, to discard morphological changes. After 4 h it was observed dry food [...]

Thoracic and abdominal wall reconstruction with polypropylene mesh after high grade infiltrative fibrosarcoma resection in a dog

Background: Soft tissue sarcomas are a group of invasive malignant tumors formed by neoplastic mesenchymal cells. In most cases, the treatment require surgical resection. When sarcoma characteristics disqualify conventional tumor excision, polypropylene mesh can be used for abdominal or chest wall reconstruction. This paper aims to describe the clinical, computed tomography features, histopathlogical and immunohistochemical aspects of a chest wall fibrosarcoma, as well as to describe the tumor excision technique combined with resection of multiple ribs, diaphragm advancement and reconstruction of thoracic and abdominal wall with a synthetic polypropylene mesh. Case: An 11-year-old male Boxer was presented with a progressive growth tumor in the left paralumbar area. The invasive tumor measuring 15 cm in diameter, was firm epidermodermal coverage and was adherent to the subcutaneous tissue, having a smooth and non-ulcerative skin surface. Ultrasound of the mass consisted of a heterogeneous structure comprising paralumbar region, invading abdomen and left thoracic wall. Thoracic radiography showed no signs of nodular interstitial pulmonary pattern compatible with metastasis. The dog was submitted to a CT examination of thoracolumbar region, which demonstrated the presence of the circumscribed mass, measuring approximately 17 cm in diameter in the left paralumbar region with...(AU)

Thoracic and abdominal wall reconstruction with polypropylene mesh after high grade infiltrative fibrosarcoma resection in a dog

Background: Soft tissue sarcomas are a group of invasive malignant tumors formed by neoplastic mesenchymal cells. In most cases, the treatment require surgical resection. When sarcoma characteristics disqualify conventional tumor excision, polypropylene mesh can be used for abdominal or chest wall reconstruction. This paper aims to describe the clinical, computed tomography features, histopathlogical and immunohistochemical aspects of a chest wall fibrosarcoma, as well as to describe the tumor excision technique combined with resection of multiple ribs, diaphragm advancement and reconstruction of thoracic and abdominal wall with a synthetic polypropylene mesh. Case: An 11-year-old male Boxer was presented with a progressive growth tumor in the left paralumbar area. The invasive tumor measuring 15 cm in diameter, was firm epidermodermal coverage and was adherent to the subcutaneous tissue, having a smooth and non-ulcerative skin surface. Ultrasound of the mass consisted of a heterogeneous structure comprising paralumbar region, invading abdomen and left thoracic wall. Thoracic radiography showed no signs of nodular interstitial pulmonary pattern compatible with metastasis. The dog was submitted to a CT examination of thoracolumbar region, which demonstrated the presence of the circumscribed mass, measuring approximately 17 cm in diameter in the left paralumbar region with...

Biomarcadores inflamatórios e indicadores de estresse oxidativo em cadelas submetidas à ovariossalpingohisterectomia convencional, por NOTES híbrida e NOTES total / Inflammatory biomarkers and oxidative stress indicators in bitches subjected to conventional ovarysalpingohysterectomy, by hybrid NOTES and by total NOTE

Objetivou-se comparar a resposta inflamatória e o perfil oxidativo da técnica de ovariossalpingohisterectomia (OSH) convencional com duas técnicas de Cirurgia Endoscópica por Orifícios Naturais (NOTES). Foram utilizados 15 fêmeas, alocadas em três grupos de cinco animais. No primeiro grupo, a OSH foi realizada por celiotomia convencional, no segundo, por NOTES total e, no terceiro, por NOTES híbrida. Foram realizadas as coletas sanguíneas antes do procedimento cirúrgico (basal), 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 e 72h pós-operatórias. A atividade da catalase manteve-se alta nos três grupos estudados, entretanto a peroxidação lipídica, medida pelos níveis dos produtos de reação com o ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS), ocorreu mais acentuadamente no grupo convencional e foi quase que imperceptível no grupo de NOTES total. Nos três grupos estudados, ocorreu elevação na atividade da butirilcolinesterase e acetilcolinesterases, bem como aumento leucocitário neutrofílico nas primeiras horas pós-cirúrgicas. Conclui-se que a inflamação sistêmica acontece de forma similar nas três técnicas operatórias, com ressalva para as realizadas por NOTES total que mantiveram as mais baixas taxas oxidativas.(AU)

This study aimed at comparing the inflammatory response and the oxydative profile of the conventional ovarysalpingohysterectomy (OSH) technique to Totally Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES) and Hybrid NOTES. Group of fifteen female dogs was used for each technique. Blood samples were taken before the surgical procedure (basal) and 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72h postoperative. The catalase activity was increased in the three studied groups. Nevertheless, lipid peroxidation, measured by TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) levels, was higher in the conventional group and almost indistinguishable in the total NOTES group. In the three analyzed groups, both butyrylcholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase activities were increased as well as the neutrophil counts during the first post-surgical hours. It is possible to conclude that systemic inflammation occurs in a similar way in the three operative techniques; however, total NOTES technique presents lower levels of cellular oxidative damage, particularly if compared to the conventional approach.(AU)

Mandibular osteosynthesis in a Boa constrictor snake / Osteossíntese mandibular em jiboia (Boa constrictor)

Tem-se observado um aumento do achado de determinados animais selvagens em áreas urbanas,em função das alterações ambientais provocadas pelo desmatamento e uso econômico de áreasnaturais. Isso causa o desaparecimento das presas usuais e força esses animais, inclusive serpentes, amigrar para áreas urbanizadas, tornando-os vulneráveis aos traumatismos provocados por agressões,atropelamentos e acidentes de captura. As fraturas de mandíbula e maxila são comuns em diversasespécies animais, representando cerca de 3 a 6% de todas as fraturas ósseas em cães e gatos. Otrauma mandibular ocorre geralmente em consequência de lutas, acidentes veiculares e manejoe/ou contenção inadequados. A mandíbula é um osso chato com diferenças em relação aos ossoslongos que devem ser levadas em consideração para o sucesso do tratamento, e a necessidade demanutenção da oclusão e a cobertura muscular mínima são fatores que influenciam a definiçãodo melhor método de redução. Entre os métodos de estabilização se destacam a utilização de fiometálico, pino intramedular, fixador esquelético externo, placa de compressão dinâmica e resinaacrílica. A utilização de placas ósseas convencionais é eficiente, mas está relacionada a diversascomplicações, tais como a necessidade de elevação da musculatura para sua aplicação e alto riscode lesão às estruturas mandibulares. Este artigo descreve os resultados satisfatórios da aplicação deplaca de compressão dinâmica e parafusos na redução de fratura mandibular em uma serpente jiboia(Boa constrictor) do sexo feminino, com peso de 8,0 kg e comprimento de 1,80 m, atendida naFundação RIOZOO (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil).(AU)

Nowadays are observed an increase in the finding of certain wild animals in urban areas, dueto environmental changes caused by deforestation and economic use of natural areas. It causesdisappearance of usual prey and forces these animals, including snakes, to migrate to urban areas,becoming vulnerable to injuries caused by aggressions, car accidents and capture. Mandibular andmaxillar fractures are common in many animal species, representing about 3-6% of all bone fracturesin dogs and cats. Mandibular trauma usually occurs as a result of fights, car accidents and improperhandling and/or restraint, and fractures can be closed or open, clean or contaminated. The jaw is aflat bone with differences from the long bones that should be taken into consideration for successfultreatment, being minimal muscle coverage and need to maintain occlusion factors that influence thedefinition of the best ostheosynthesis method. The methods of stabilization include using intramedullarypins, wires, external skeletal fixation, bone plate, and acrylic resin. Conventional bone plates are efficientbut related to some complications, such as the necessity of muscular elevation and high risk of injuriesto mandibular structures. This article describes the successful results of the application of plate andscrews in the ostheosynthesis of a mandibular fracture in a female Boa constrictor snake with weight of8.0 kg and length of 1.80 m, at the RIOZOO Foundation (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil).(AU)

Liposarcoma with perineal hernia in dog / Lipossarcoma associado à hérnia perineal em um cão

Liposarcoma is an uncommon malignant tumor originated in the lipoblasts that usually does not produce metastases, but is locally invasive. The final diagnosis is made by histopathology and wide surgical excision is the treatment. A four years old male Pinscher, weighing 2.8 kg, which was previously submitted to seven therapeutic procedures for hepatoid adenoma, was brought to us. On clinical examination a large, soft consistency and painless tumor on lumbodorsal area, besides perineal hernia, was observed. The CT scan revealed an image of an extensive paravertebral intramuscular tumor, embracing retroperitoneal, pelvic canal and ad-anal region. After surgical resection, the material was sent for histopathological examination which confirmed it was a liposarcoma. Thus, chemotherapy protocol with doxorubicin was established. 12 months after the last application of chemotherapy, the patient shows no signs of tumor recurrence nor metastases.(AU)

O lipossarcoma é um tumor maligno incomum, originário dos lipoblastos que geralmente não produz metástases; entretanto, élocalmente invasivo. O diagnóstico definitivo é obtido por exame histopatológico e o tratamento consiste na excisão cirúrgica ampla.Foi atendido um cão, da raça Pinscher, macho, com quatro anos de idade, pesando 2,8kg, que fora submetido anteriormentea sete procedimentos terapêuticos para adenoma hepatoide. Ao exame clínico o paciente apresentava uma grande tumoraçãona região dorsolombar, de consistência amolecida e indolor, além de hérnia perineal. O exame de tomografia computadorizadarevelou imagem de uma massa intramuscular paravertebral extensa, invadindo retroperitônio, canal pélvico e região ad-anal. Apósressecção cirúrgica, o material foi encaminhado para análise histopatológica, que confirmou tratar-se de um lipossarcoma; dessaforma, foi instituído protocolo quimioterápico com doxorrubicina. Decorridos 12 meses da última aplicação do quimioterápico, opaciente não apresenta sinais de recidiva da neoplasia maligna, nem tampouco metástases.(AU)

Liposarcoma with perineal hernia in dog / Lipossarcoma associado à hérnia perineal em um cão

Liposarcoma is an uncommon malignant tumor originated in the lipoblasts that usually does not produce metastases, but is locally invasive. The final diagnosis is made by histopathology and wide surgical excision is the treatment. A four years old male Pinscher, weighing 2.8 kg, which was previously submitted to seven therapeutic procedures for hepatoid adenoma, was brought to us. On clinical examination a large, soft consistency and painless tumor on lumbodorsal area, besides perineal hernia, was observed. The CT scan revealed an image of an extensive paravertebral intramuscular tumor, embracing retroperitoneal, pelvic canal and ad-anal region. After surgical resection, the material was sent for histopathological examination which confirmed it was a liposarcoma. Thus, chemotherapy protocol with doxorubicin was established. 12 months after the last application of chemotherapy, the patient shows no signs of tumor recurrence nor metastases.

O lipossarcoma é um tumor maligno incomum, originário dos lipoblastos que geralmente não produz metástases; entretanto, élocalmente invasivo. O diagnóstico definitivo é obtido por exame histopatológico e o tratamento consiste na excisão cirúrgica ampla.Foi atendido um cão, da raça Pinscher, macho, com quatro anos de idade, pesando 2,8kg, que fora submetido anteriormentea sete procedimentos terapêuticos para adenoma hepatoide. Ao exame clínico o paciente apresentava uma grande tumoraçãona região dorsolombar, de consistência amolecida e indolor, além de hérnia perineal. O exame de tomografia computadorizadarevelou imagem de uma massa intramuscular paravertebral extensa, invadindo retroperitônio, canal pélvico e região ad-anal. Apósressecção cirúrgica, o material foi encaminhado para análise histopatológica, que confirmou tratar-se de um lipossarcoma; dessaforma, foi instituído protocolo quimioterápico com doxorrubicina. Decorridos 12 meses da última aplicação do quimioterápico, opaciente não apresenta sinais de recidiva da neoplasia maligna, nem tampouco metástases.

Bilateral perinephric pseudocyst in a cat

Background: Perinephric pseudocyst is a rare disease that affects animals and humans. It is characterized by an accumulation of serous fluid around of one or both kidneys, and in cats the manifestation as sub-capsular, containing liquid with transudate characteristics are most frequently observed. The etiology is not well understood yet, but it is known that it is associated with chronic renal injury. While it has no direct relation to race and gender, it shows a higher occurrence in elderly patients above 10 years. According to the scientific literature, surgery is the treatment of choice for this condition. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to report the first case of bilateral perinephric pseudocyst in a young cat in Brazil, treated with palliative maneuver associated with a therapeutic feeding balanced. Case: A 1-year-old Siamese cat, 3 kg, female non-castrated was referred for clinical investigation in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It presented a 30 days history of progressive increase of abdominal volume, followed also by weight loss, hyporexia, and apathy. The patient underwent to an abdominal ultrasound, showing a large cyst in both kidneys, suggestive of perinephric pseudocyst. It was found that the surgical therapy would the choice for such alterations; however, the animal owners we do not accepted surgical treatment, were oriented about the risks of recurrence a treatment palliative. Nevertheless, recognizing the risks, they preferred by choose for a minimally invasive treatment. With this clinical challenge, we established a supportive treatment, with fluid therapy and commercial therapeutic feeding. At day of diagnosis of perinephric pseudocyst, which we consider as day 0, blood sample was collected for evaluation hemogram and biochemical serum, tests revealed normochromic normocytic anemia and azotemia. Elapsed 10 days of supportive therapy, the liquid was aseptically drained, being classified as a transudate. It was performed only two collection of perirenal liquid within a interval of 10 days between them. After the second perinephric pseudocyst draining the animal did not return to the veterinary clinic, since the owners had reported, by phone call, the improvement of the animal. The reports were maintained during three months and two years after the diagnostic, with no longer observation of abdominal enlargement. Discussion: The abdominal ultrasound proved to be an effective diagnostic method for the differentiation and confirmation of PNP e the liquid analysis revealed pure transudate. These results are similar to those described by other authors. Laboratory tests showed normocytic normochromic anemia and azotemia. The azotemia may be prerenal, by dehydration, as observed in this report; however, as shown in other studies of conical renal injury, obstruction by calculus can lead to this azotemic condition. Thus, it was possible to observe in this study, corroborating the literature, that the prognosis is related to the degree of renal dysfunction. Since this animal was a young cat, when the dehydration was, corrected along with the percutaneous puncture of liquid, the animal's response was immediate and satisfactory. The levels of urea and creatinine declined, with consequent decrease in accumulation of liquid in cysts. Another fundamental process in the therapeutic care, was the combination of mechanical therapy with therapeutic feeding, providing lower renal overload of minerals and a greater supply of proteins with high digestibility to the animal. It is important to emphasize that it is not recommended to replace the surgery by this protocol, but it is expected with this report demonstrate the importance of this rare disease in our country, highlighting that a palliative maneuver in association with changes in diet are therapies that can be employed with favorable prognosis.

Fasciíte nodular em um cão / Nodular fasciitis in a dog

A fasciíte nodular é um processo reacional benigno que ocorre em decorrência da proliferação miofibroblástica,de etiologia desconhecida. É um tumor solitário, indolor e de crescimento rápido. O diagnóstico,geralmente, é um desafio, pois pode ser confundido com tumores malignos, devido o seu comportamentoclínico agressivo associado aos achados histológicos. É uma doença autolimitada e o diagnóstico adequadoé essencial para evitar tratamentos agressivos desnecessários. A maioria dos casos origina-se nostecidos moles, como fáscia, músculos e tecido subcutâneo. O tratamento de escolha é a exérese cirúrgica.O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar um caso de fasciíte nodular em um cão da raça labrador, com cinco anos de idade.AU

Nodular fasciitis is a benign reactive process that occurs myofibroblastic proliferation of unknownetiology. It is a solitary, painless and fast-growing tumor. The diagnosis is often a challenge becauseit can be confused with malignant tumors due to its aggressive clinical behavior and histologicalfindings. It is a self-limited disease and proper diagnosis is essential to avoid unnecessary aggressivetreatments. Most cases arise in the soft tissues, such as fascia, muscles and connective tissue. The treatmentof choice is surgical excision. The objective of this study is to report a case of nodular fasciitisin a dog of Labrador breed, with five years of age.AU

Fasciíte nodular em um cão / Nodular fasciitis in a dog

A fasciíte nodular é um processo reacional benigno que ocorre em decorrência da proliferação miofibroblástica,de etiologia desconhecida. É um tumor solitário, indolor e de crescimento rápido. O diagnóstico,geralmente, é um desafio, pois pode ser confundido com tumores malignos, devido o seu comportamentoclínico agressivo associado aos achados histológicos. É uma doença autolimitada e o diagnóstico adequadoé essencial para evitar tratamentos agressivos desnecessários. A maioria dos casos origina-se nostecidos moles, como fáscia, músculos e tecido subcutâneo. O tratamento de escolha é a exérese cirúrgica.O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar um caso de fasciíte nodular em um cão da raça labrador, com cinco anos de idade.

Nodular fasciitis is a benign reactive process that occurs myofibroblastic proliferation of unknownetiology. It is a solitary, painless and fast-growing tumor. The diagnosis is often a challenge becauseit can be confused with malignant tumors due to its aggressive clinical behavior and histologicalfindings. It is a self-limited disease and proper diagnosis is essential to avoid unnecessary aggressivetreatments. Most cases arise in the soft tissues, such as fascia, muscles and connective tissue. The treatmentof choice is surgical excision. The objective of this study is to report a case of nodular fasciitisin a dog of Labrador breed, with five years of age.

Transplante autólogo de células mononucleares da medula óssea em úlcera de córnea experimental em cães / Bone marrow mononuclear cells autotransplant in experimental corneal ulcer in dogs

As células mononucleares (CM) da medula óssea (MO) despertam grande interesse nas pesquisas sobre regeneração tecidual. O limbo é a fonte de células-tronco (CT) para repor ceratócitos lesados e uma disfunção destas é denominada deficiência límbica. Essa condição é desenvolvida por diversas afecções, sendo que a queimadura por base é a mais comum. A fim de confirmar a presença das CM da MO transplantadas, a ocorrência de quimiotaxia destas e comparar histopatologicamente os grupos tratado e controle, utilizou-se um modelo experimental de úlcera de córnea associado ao autotransplante de CM. Para tanto, 16 cães machos ou fêmeas, sem raça definida, foram submetidos à úlcera experimental de córnea com papel filtro embebido em hidróxido de sódio (NaOH). Após as lesões, os animais foram submetidos a transplante subconjuntival de CM da MO, previamente marcadas com nanocristais. A avaliação pós-operatória foi realizada por imunofluorescência no sexto dia após o transplante e por histopatologia passados 15 dias do procedimento, quando foi possível notar que as CM fixaram-se na região lesionada, não sofreram quimiotaxia e, apesar de diminuírem a inflamação, não auxiliaram o processo de cicatrização corneana a curto prazo. Assim, sugerem-se estudos adicionais no transplante de CM da MO na cicatrização da córnea.(AU)

Bone marrow (BM) mononuclear cells (MC) are a great subject in tissual regeneration. The main stem cell source to the eye is the limbus. Theses cells replace injured corneal cells, however, if the limbal stem cells are not functional, a limbal deficiency with concomitant conjunctivalization takes place. This pathological condition can be caused for several reasons, in which alkali burns are the most common. To conduct a research about transplanted BM MC presence, the cells homing and to histopathologically compare the treated and sham group, an experimental corneal ulcer model associated with MC autotransplant was used. Sixteen, male or female, stray dogs suffered experimental corneal ulceration with sodium hydroxide soaked filter discs. After the lesions, animals were submitted to subconjunctival autotransplant of previously marked BM MC. The evaluation was made by immunofluorescence on the sixth day after lesions creation and histopathology was conducted 15 days after the same procedure, when it was possible to observe that the MC grafted in the injured area, the cells did not execute the homing process and, despite the inflammatory decrease, they did not help the corneal epithelial healing process in a short term evaluation. Thus, future studies about MC transplantations in corneal ulcers are indicated.(AU)

Apoptose na sepse e síndrome da resposta inflamatória sistêmica: revisão / Apoptosis in sepsis and systemic inflammatory response syndrome: review

Embora o conceito prevalente de que a mortalidade na sepse resulta da crescente resposta inflamatória mediada por citocinas, as falhas na maioria dos experimentos terapêuticos utilizan¬do antagonistas de citocinas, exigem reflexão sobre os mecanismos moleculares envolvidos na fisiopatologia dessa síndrome. Estudos atuais indicam que a maioria das mortes de sepse resulta de diminuição substancial na resposta imune que ocorre devido à excessiva apoptose de linfócitos e células dendríticas, acompanhada por diminuição na apoptose de neutrófilos. Terapias efetoras visando bloquear os mecanismos apoptóticos envolvidos na Síndrome da Resposta Inflamató¬ria Sistêmica, como o uso de modeladores de caspases e outros componentes da via de morte celular, foram efetivos na melhora da sobrevida de animais com sepse induzida, tornando-se alvo terapêutico potencial. Entretanto ainda existem questionamentos sobre o uso de inibidores de apoptose no tratamento de pacientes sépticos, em virtude da possibilidade de crescimento celular descontrolado

Although the prevalent concept that mortality in sepsis is the result of an increasing inflammatory response mediated by cytokines, the failure in the majority of the therapeutic experiments using the antagonistic of cytokines demands a reflection on the molecular mechanisms involved, in the pathophysiology of such syndrome. Current studies indicate that the majority of the deaths by sepsis are resultants of a substantial reduction in the immune response that occurs due increased lymphocytes and dendritic cells apoptosis, followed by a decreased neutrophil apoptosis. Effector therapies, such as the use of modulators of caspases and other components of the cell-death pathway, aim to blockade the involved apoptosis mechanisms in the systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Such therapies had been effective in the improvement of survival of septic experimental animals, becoming therapeutic potential targets. However there are still some questions conceming the use of apoptosis inhibitors in the treatment of septic patients due to the possibility of uncontrolled cellular growth

Confecção de um modelo experimental in vitro do espaço subaracnóide eqüino para teste de opióides hiperbáricos / Making of an in vitro experimental model of equine subarachnoid space to test hyperbaric opioids

Com o objetivo de avaliar as características de distribuição de agentes hiperbáricos no líquido cérebro-espinhal (LCE) eqüino, é apresentado um modelo in vitro do espaço subaracnóide confeccionado em policloreto de vinila (PVC) transparente, no qual se adaptou um cateter para a infusão contínua de glicose a 10 por cento, morfina hiperbárica, buprenorfina hiperbárica e metadona hiperbárica marcadas com azul de metileno para permitir a visualização da distribuição destas substâncias no LCE. Avaliaram-se a distância alcançada pelos diferentes agentes minuto a minuto e a forma de distribuição dos mesmos. Todas as substâncias testadas mostraram comportamento de distribuição vertical a partir da extremidade do cateter, quando se deu o início da migração cranial no LCE, sendo que o avanço máximo registrado foi aos 15 minutos após o término da infusão, com migração de 15cm para glicose a 10 por cento, 13cm para a morfina hiperbárica, 18cm para a buprenorfina hiperbárica e 17cm para a metadona hiperbárica. O modelo proposto mostrou-se eficiente para a avaliação do comportamento físico dos agentes hiperbáricos no interior do espaço subaracnóide, oferecendo a possibilidade de teste de substâncias a serem utilizadas pela via subaracnóide de cavalos.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the distribution characteristics of hyperbaric solutions in equine cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), in an in vitro model of the subarachnoid space. The model was made with transparent PVC in which a catheter was adapted to infuse 10 percent glucose, 10 percent hyperbaric morphine, hyperbaric buprenorphine, and hyperbaric methadone, dyed with methilene blue in order to visualize the solutions distribution in the CSF. The distance in cm reached by the different agents every minute as well as the pattern of distribution were evaluated. All tested solutions distributed itself in a forward and vertically pattern from the tip of the catheter. Maximum distance reached after 15 minutes were 15cm for 10 percent glucose, 13cm for hyperbaric morphine, 18cm for hyperbaric buprenorphine, and 17cm for hyperbaric methadone. The proposed model was efficient to evaluate the distribution pattern of hyperbaric solutions in equine CSF, offering a new possibility to physically test the administration of solutions in the equine subarachnoid space.(AU)

Apoptose na sepse e síndrome da resposta inflamatória sistêmica: revisão / Apoptosis in sepsis and systemic inflammatory response syndrome: review

Embora o conceito prevalente de que a mortalidade na sepse resulta da crescente resposta inflamatória mediada por citocinas, as falhas na maioria dos experimentos terapêuticos utilizan¬do antagonistas de citocinas, exigem reflexão sobre os mecanismos moleculares envolvidos na fisiopatologia dessa síndrome. Estudos atuais indicam que a maioria das mortes de sepse resulta de diminuição substancial na resposta imune que ocorre devido à excessiva apoptose de linfócitos e células dendríticas, acompanhada por diminuição na apoptose de neutrófilos. Terapias efetoras visando bloquear os mecanismos apoptóticos envolvidos na Síndrome da Resposta Inflamató¬ria Sistêmica, como o uso de modeladores de caspases e outros componentes da via de morte celular, foram efetivos na melhora da sobrevida de animais com sepse induzida, tornando-se alvo terapêutico potencial. Entretanto ainda existem questionamentos sobre o uso de inibidores de apoptose no tratamento de pacientes sépticos, em virtude da possibilidade de crescimento celular descontrolado(AU)

Although the prevalent concept that mortality in sepsis is the result of an increasing inflammatory response mediated by cytokines, the failure in the majority of the therapeutic experiments using the antagonistic of cytokines demands a reflection on the molecular mechanisms involved, in the pathophysiology of such syndrome. Current studies indicate that the majority of the deaths by sepsis are resultants of a substantial reduction in the immune response that occurs due increased lymphocytes and dendritic cells apoptosis, followed by a decreased neutrophil apoptosis. Effector therapies, such as the use of modulators of caspases and other components of the cell-death pathway, aim to blockade the involved apoptosis mechanisms in the systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Such therapies had been effective in the improvement of survival of septic experimental animals, becoming therapeutic potential targets. However there are still some questions conceming the use of apoptosis inhibitors in the treatment of septic patients due to the possibility of uncontrolled cellular growth(AU)