Challenges on the follow-up experimental leptospiral infection in sheep

Background: Leptospirosis is currently a source of significant economic losses in the agribusiness; as such, experimentalstudies on this infection are required to develop a better understanding of the pathogenesis, treatment, and immunoprophylaxisof the disease. Sheep may represent a good model for ruminants in such models. Despite the extent of the studies that hasbeen conducted thus far, researchers have yet to reach a consensus on the experimental practices to apply for leptospirosisin this animal species, and several gaps in understanding remain. To bridge these gaps, the present study aimed to assessthe usage of several tools for the monitoring of experimental leptospirosis in sheep.Materials, Methods & Results: Twelve Santa Ines sheep of different ages were each allocated to one of four groups (A, B,C, and D). The subjects in groups A, B, and C received different doses of Leptospira interrogans serogroup Icterohemorrhagiae by intraperitoneal route, 1x102, 1x105, and 1x108 respectively. Group D was the control. Hematological, biochemicaland clinical parameters were evaluated daily. Serology by microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and PCR were performedto evaluate the infection status. The most remarkable clinical signs were fever (41ºC) and dehydration, and acute pain(cub). Two animals from Group C presented leukocytosis. Only those in Group C exhibited positive results according toserology, while positivity in PCR was observed in animals in groups A and C. The results of the experiment indicated thatsheep may be experimentally infected and can, therefore, be used as a model for leptospirosis in ruminants. Clinical signscannot be considered to represent a reliable parameter for evaluating the development of leptospirosis in experimentallyinfected sheep. We recommend the use of urine PCR and serology to confirm the infection in...

Challenges on the follow-up experimental leptospiral infection in sheep

Background: Leptospirosis is currently a source of significant economic losses in the agribusiness; as such, experimentalstudies on this infection are required to develop a better understanding of the pathogenesis, treatment, and immunoprophylaxisof the disease. Sheep may represent a good model for ruminants in such models. Despite the extent of the studies that hasbeen conducted thus far, researchers have yet to reach a consensus on the experimental practices to apply for leptospirosisin this animal species, and several gaps in understanding remain. To bridge these gaps, the present study aimed to assessthe usage of several tools for the monitoring of experimental leptospirosis in sheep.Materials, Methods & Results: Twelve Santa Ines sheep of different ages were each allocated to one of four groups (A, B,C, and D). The subjects in groups A, B, and C received different doses of Leptospira interrogans serogroup Icterohemorrhagiae by intraperitoneal route, 1x102, 1x105, and 1x108 respectively. Group D was the control. Hematological, biochemicaland clinical parameters were evaluated daily. Serology by microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and PCR were performedto evaluate the infection status. The most remarkable clinical signs were fever (41ºC) and dehydration, and acute pain(cub). Two animals from Group C presented leukocytosis. Only those in Group C exhibited positive results according toserology, while positivity in PCR was observed in animals in groups A and C. The results of the experiment indicated thatsheep may be experimentally infected and can, therefore, be used as a model for leptospirosis in ruminants. Clinical signscannot be considered to represent a reliable parameter for evaluating the development of leptospirosis in experimentallyinfected sheep. We recommend the use of urine PCR and serology to confirm the infection in... (AU)

Molecular demonstration of intermittent shedding of Leptospira in cattle and sheep and its implications on control / Demonstração molecular da intermitência eliminando Leptospira em vacas e ovelhas e suas implicações no controle

ABSTRACT: For a long time, it has been stated that urine leptospiral shedding is intermittent, which was observed primarily by culturing. However, culturing presents serious limitations, mainly low sensitivity, and failure on detection of leptospires cannot be neglected. PCR presents several advantages, mainly higher sensitivity. The present study aimed to analyze the occurrence of intermittency on leptospiral shedding by PCR in naturally and experimentally infected animals. In this study two experiments were conducted, the first with 60 cows naturally infected from an endemic herd. The second one was conducted in three sheep experimentally infected, each one with a different strain of Leptospira (strains Copenhageni L1-130, Canicola LO-4 and Pomona Fromm). Considering cattle, 43.3% presented negative in all tests, the remaining (56.7%) were positive at least once. From these, only one (1.6%) was positive in all samples, and seven (11.8%) were positive only in the last sampling, making it impossible to evaluate the intermittency. Noteworthy, 26 cows (43.3%) presented the typical intermittent pattern of leptospiral shedding in urine. In sheep, all experimentally infected animals presented the typical intermittent shedding patterns, independently of the inoculated leptospiral strain. We considered that a careful serial analysis of urine samples for a more definitive and reliable individual diagnosis would be required for a successful antimicrobial therapy and control of leptospirosis on a herd.

RESUMO: Durante muito tempo, foi afirmado que a eliminação de leptospiras na urina era intermitente, o que havia sido demonstrado principalmente por meio do cultivo microbiano. No entanto, a cultura apresenta graves limitações, principalmente com relação à baixa sensibilidade. Em contraste, a PCR apresenta várias vantagens em relação ao cultivo bacteriológico para leptospiras, sendo esta ferramenta cada vez mais utilizada para o diagnóstico de animais eliminadores da bactéria em diversos sítios. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar a ocorrência de intermitência na eliminação de leptospiras por meio de PCR em animais natural e experimentalmente infectados. Para este estudo foram realizados dois experimentos, sendo o primeiro com 60 vacas naturalmente infectadas de um rebanho sabidamente endêmico e o segundo em três ovelhas experimentalmente infectadas, cada uma com uma estirpe diferente de Leptospira (estirpes Copenhageni L1-130, Canicola LO-4 e Pomona Fromm). Considerando-se os bovinos, 43,3% apresentaram negatividade em todos os testes, sendo os demais 56,7% positivos ao menos uma vez. Destes, apenas um (1,6%) foi positivo em todas as amostras, e sete (11,8%) foram positivos somente na última coleta, o que impossibilitou a avaliação da intermitência. Não obstante, 26 vacas naturalmente infectadas (43,3%) apresentaram o padrão de eliminação tipicamente intermitente de leptospiras na urina. Das três ovelhas experimentalmente infectadas, todas apresentaram eliminação intermitente da bactéria na urina, independentemente da estirpe inoculada. Consideramos que seria necessária uma cuidadosa análise seriada de amostras de urina para um diagnóstico individual mais definitivo e confiável para uma terapia antimicrobiana bem-sucedida e o controle da leptospirose em um rebanho.

Molecular demonstration of intermittent shedding of Leptospira in cattle and sheep and its implications on control / Demonstração molecular da intermitência eliminando Leptospira em vacas e ovelhas e suas implicações no controle

ABSTRACT: For a long time, it has been stated that urine leptospiral shedding is intermittent, which was observed primarily by culturing. However, culturing presents serious limitations, mainly low sensitivity, and failure on detection of leptospires cannot be neglected. PCR presents several advantages, mainly higher sensitivity. The present study aimed to analyze the occurrence of intermittency on leptospiral shedding by PCR in naturally and experimentally infected animals. In this study two experiments were conducted, the first with 60 cows naturally infected from an endemic herd. The second one was conducted in three sheep experimentally infected, each one with a different strain of Leptospira (strains Copenhageni L1-130, Canicola LO-4 and Pomona Fromm). Considering cattle, 43.3% presented negative in all tests, the remaining (56.7%) were positive at least once. From these, only one (1.6%) was positive in all samples, and seven (11.8%) were positive only in the last sampling, making it impossible to evaluate the intermittency. Noteworthy, 26 cows (43.3%) presented the typical intermittent pattern of leptospiral shedding in urine. In sheep, all experimentally infected animals presented the typical intermittent shedding patterns, independently of the inoculated leptospiral strain. We considered that a careful serial analysis of urine samples for a more definitive and reliable individual diagnosis would be required for a successful antimicrobial therapy and control of leptospirosis on a herd.(AU)

RESUMO: Durante muito tempo, foi afirmado que a eliminação de leptospiras na urina era intermitente, o que havia sido demonstrado principalmente por meio do cultivo microbiano. No entanto, a cultura apresenta graves limitações, principalmente com relação à baixa sensibilidade. Em contraste, a PCR apresenta várias vantagens em relação ao cultivo bacteriológico para leptospiras, sendo esta ferramenta cada vez mais utilizada para o diagnóstico de animais eliminadores da bactéria em diversos sítios. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar a ocorrência de intermitência na eliminação de leptospiras por meio de PCR em animais natural e experimentalmente infectados. Para este estudo foram realizados dois experimentos, sendo o primeiro com 60 vacas naturalmente infectadas de um rebanho sabidamente endêmico e o segundo em três ovelhas experimentalmente infectadas, cada uma com uma estirpe diferente de Leptospira (estirpes Copenhageni L1-130, Canicola LO-4 e Pomona Fromm). Considerando-se os bovinos, 43,3% apresentaram negatividade em todos os testes, sendo os demais 56,7% positivos ao menos uma vez. Destes, apenas um (1,6%) foi positivo em todas as amostras, e sete (11,8%) foram positivos somente na última coleta, o que impossibilitou a avaliação da intermitência. Não obstante, 26 vacas naturalmente infectadas (43,3%) apresentaram o padrão de eliminação tipicamente intermitente de leptospiras na urina. Das três ovelhas experimentalmente infectadas, todas apresentaram eliminação intermitente da bactéria na urina, independentemente da estirpe inoculada. Consideramos que seria necessária uma cuidadosa análise seriada de amostras de urina para um diagnóstico individual mais definitivo e confiável para uma terapia antimicrobiana bem-sucedida e o controle da leptospirose em um rebanho.(AU)