Recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax in a Maltese dog with endogenous lipoid pneumonia

Background: Pneumothorax is a clinical condition which can cause respiratory distress. It can have as its origin traumatic causes or even classified as spontaneous, mainly related to diseases of the lung parenchyma. Lipoid pneumonia is rarely described in dogs, and it is characterized by globules of lipid in the alveolar spaces. Endogenous lipoid pneumonia (EnLP) occurs when lesions on pulmonary cells release cholesterol and other lipids in the alveoli. There is no clinical approach established for EnLP in veterinary patients. The aim of this report is to describe a case of a young Maltese dog, with recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax in which EnLP was diagnosed post mortem. Case: A 2-year-old sexually intact male Maltese dog was evaluated for restrictive dyspnea. Clinicopathologic findings included cyanotic, muffled chest auscultation with hypersonic thoracic percussion. Chest x-ray demonstrated an increase in pleuropulmonary radio transparency and a floating-looking heart, indicating pneumothorax. Complete blood counts and biochemical panel results were normal. Dirofilaria immitis antigen test results were negative. Computed tomography demonstrated slightly hyper-expanded pulmonary fields, with slightly enlarged reticular marking with areas of mild multicentric panlobular emphysema and a fracture on the sixth left rib. The treatment was focused on improving the breathing pattern through sedation, supplementation with oxygen, and thoracentesis. Owing to the reserved prognosis of the case, the unknown etiology of the recurrent pneumothorax, and the clinical worsening of the patient, the owner opted for euthanasia. Necropsy displayed multiple, circular whitish areas in the lungs, distributed over the surface of all lobes. Histopathological examination revealed pulmonary tissue with the subpleural micronodular foci, multifocal to coalescent, with a moderate accumulation of foamy intra-alveolar macrophages, occasionally multinucleate, associated with cholesterol crystals compatible with endogenous lipid pneumonia. Discussion: The patient presented with clinical signs and physical examination characteristics of pneumothorax at the first visit. After the pneumothorax diagnosis, and clinical stabilization of the patient. No predisposing factor for the formation of the pneumothorax was identified as the radiography revealed only bronchitis and blood tests were normal, the patient was thus discharged after 24 h, with the recommendations for observing the breathing pattern. Initially, spontaneous pneumothorax was suspected. The antibiotics were administered since bacterial pneumonia, although not confirmed on chest x-ray, is the main cause of pneumothorax in dogs is lung parenchyma disease. With the worsening of the clinical condition of the patient, CT was performed and did not demonstrate any findings that would justify the presence of pneumothorax. Despite the placement of the chest tube for facilitating the management of thoracentesis, there was no stabilization of the condition, enhancing the frequency of centesis procedures, which led to the decision to euthanize. The microscopic examination of the pulmonary alterations was decisive for the diagnostic conclusion. The visualization of the accumulation of foamy intra-alveolar macrophages, occasionally multinucleate, associated with cholesterol crystals, was responsible for the diagnosis of EnLP. This condition is rarely described in dogs and as in the present report, it is a noninfectious inflammatory condition, characterized by intra- or extracellular globules of lipid in the alveolar spaces. In the present report, although it was not possible to determine the etiology of EnLP, we can conclude that although rare, it can affect dogs and can generate severe clinical repercussions.

Efeitos da atividade física nos níveis de glicose sanguínea em ratos Wistar / Effects of physical activity on blood glucose levels in Wistar rats

O objetivo desse estudo foi verificar os efeitos crônicos da atividade física em ambiente enriquecido nos níveis de glicose sanguínea em ratos Wistar. Foram utilizados ratos machos, pareados por peso e idade. Eles foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em 2 grupos, de acordo com o tratamento recebido: sedentários controles (n=8) e atividade física experimental (n=8). Foi realizada mensuração da glicose sanguínea 24 horas (T1) antes e após (T2) 45 sessões de atividade física (uma sessão diária) em ambiente enriquecido. O grupo experimental que realizou atividade física espontânea por 30 minutos durante 45 sessões. Verificando os dados descritivos e a análise inferencial dos níveis de glicose sanguínea, no grupo experimental ocorreu diminuição dessa variável, já no grupo controle incidiu no aumento, porém, nas duas situações não ocorreu diferença significativa. O resultado dos valores delta da glicose sanguínea chamaram atenção, pois ocorreu diferença significativa (p=0,039) na comparação dos grupos, tal achado mostra que a atividade física em ambiente enriquecido pode promover resultados relevantes na perspectiva da saúde. Cronicamente, a atividade física em ambiente enriquecido parece alterar a sensibilidade à glicose em resposta ao exercício. Esses efeitos registrados podem favorecer a utilização desse modelo de atividade física em alojamento com ambiente enriquecido em estudos experimentais com ratos da linhagem Wistar, pois existe um extenso obstáculo metodológico de similaridade de modelo de atividade física em roedores, semelhantes às praticadas com seres humanos, assim, pode ter ocorrido uma aproximação de alinhamento de estudos pré-clínicos com estudos clínicos que envolvem a atividade física como proposta experimental.

The aim of this study was to verify the chronic effects of physical activity in an enriched environment on blood glucose levels in Wistar rats. Male rats were used, paired by weight and age. They were randomly assigned to 2 groups, according to the treatment received: sedentary controls (n=8) and experimental physical activity (n=8). Blood glucose was measured 24 hours before (T1) and after (T2) 45 sessions of physical activity (one daily session) in an enriched environment. The experimental group that performed spontaneous physical activity for 30 minutes during 45 sessions. Checking the descriptive data and the inferential analysis of blood glucose levels, in the experimental group there was a decrease in this variable, whereas in the control group there was an increase, however, in the two situations there was no significant difference. The outlying result of the delta blood glucose values called attention, as there was a significant difference (p=0.039) in the comparison of the groups, this finding shows that physical activity in an enriched environment can promote relevant results from the perspective of health. Chronically, physical activity in an enriched environment appears to alter glucose sensitivity in response to exercise. These recorded effects may favor the use of this model of physical activity in housing with an enriched environment in experimental studies with rats of the Wistar lineage, as there is an extensive methodological obstacle of similarity in the model of physical activity in rodents similar to those practiced with humans, thus, there may have been an alignment of pre-clinical studies with clinical studies involving physical activity as an experimental proposal.

Efeitos da atividade física nos níveis de glicose sanguínea em ratos Wistar / Effects of physical activity on blood glucose levels in Wistar rats

O objetivo desse estudo foi verificar os efeitos crônicos da atividade física em ambiente enriquecido nos níveis de glicose sanguínea em ratos Wistar. Foram utilizados ratos machos, pareados por peso e idade. Eles foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em 2 grupos, de acordo com o tratamento recebido: sedentários controles (n=8) e atividade física experimental (n=8). Foi realizada mensuração da glicose sanguínea 24 horas (T1) antes e após (T2) 45 sessões de atividade física (uma sessão diária) em ambiente enriquecido. O grupo experimental que realizou atividade física espontânea por 30 minutos durante 45 sessões. Verificando os dados descritivos e a análise inferencial dos níveis de glicose sanguínea, no grupo experimental ocorreu diminuição dessa variável, já no grupo controle incidiu no aumento, porém, nas duas situações não ocorreu diferença significativa. O resultado dos valores delta da glicose sanguínea chamaram atenção, pois ocorreu diferença significativa (p=0,039) na comparação dos grupos, tal achado mostra que a atividade física em ambiente enriquecido pode promover resultados relevantes na perspectiva da saúde. Cronicamente, a atividade física em ambiente enriquecido parece alterar a sensibilidade à glicose em resposta ao exercício. Esses efeitos registrados podem favorecer a utilização desse modelo de atividade física em alojamento com ambiente enriquecido em estudos experimentais com ratos da linhagem Wistar, pois existe um extenso obstáculo metodológico de similaridade de modelo de atividade física em roedores, semelhantes às praticadas com seres humanos, assim, pode ter ocorrido uma aproximação de alinhamento de estudos pré-clínicos com estudos clínicos que envolvem a atividade física como proposta experimental.(AU)

The aim of this study was to verify the chronic effects of physical activity in an enriched environment on blood glucose levels in Wistar rats. Male rats were used, paired by weight and age. They were randomly assigned to 2 groups, according to the treatment received: sedentary controls (n=8) and experimental physical activity (n=8). Blood glucose was measured 24 hours before (T1) and after (T2) 45 sessions of physical activity (one daily session) in an enriched environment. The experimental group that performed spontaneous physical activity for 30 minutes during 45 sessions. Checking the descriptive data and the inferential analysis of blood glucose levels, in the experimental group there was a decrease in this variable, whereas in the control group there was an increase, however, in the two situations there was no significant difference. The outlying result of the delta blood glucose values called attention, as there was a significant difference (p=0.039) in the comparison of the groups, this finding shows that physical activity in an enriched environment can promote relevant results from the perspective of health. Chronically, physical activity in an enriched environment appears to alter glucose sensitivity in response to exercise. These recorded effects may favor the use of this model of physical activity in housing with an enriched environment in experimental studies with rats of the Wistar lineage, as there is an extensive methodological obstacle of similarity in the model of physical activity in rodents similar to those practiced with humans, thus, there may have been an alignment of pre-clinical studies with clinical studies involving physical activity as an experimental proposal.(AU)

Effect of dietary supplementation with omega-3 and -6 on fresh and frozen/thawed sperm quality of dogs / Efeito da suplementação na dieta com ômega-3 e -6 sobre a qualidade do sêmen fresco e congelado de cães

For years, fatty acids have been recommended as a dietary supplement to improve canine hair. For animal reproduction, supplementation with omegas has been used to increase the reproductive efficiency and conception rate, but few studies have been conducted in dogs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of daily dietary supplementation with omega-3 and -6 on the quality of fresh and frozen/thawed semen in canines. Semen was collected from seven dogs and evaluated for sperm motility, vigor, concentration, and morphology. The 17-week study included 119 ejaculates and was divided according to oral supplementation with omega-3 and -6: M1 (1st-5th week) or pre-supplementation; M2 (6th-9th week) and M3 (10th-13th week) or during supplementation; and M4 (14th-17th week) or post-supplementation. After analysis, the semen was frozen and then revaluated both immediately and 30 minutes (at 37 C) after thawing. Supplementation with omegas increased sperm motility, vigor, and concentration; however, supplementation had no influence on semen freezability. In addition, there was no improvement in sperm motility after supplementation when the thawed cells were maintained at 37 C for 30 minutes. We concluded that dietary supplementation with omega-3 and -6 for 4 to 8 weeks can improve the quality of fresh semen, although it has no effect on the freezability of canine semen.(AU)

Os ácidos graxos têm sido recomendados há anos como suplemento dietético para a melhora do pelo canino. Na área de reprodução animal, a suplementação com ômega tem sido usada para aumentar a eficiência reprodutiva e a taxa de concepção em muitas espécies, mas poucos estudos foram conduzidos em cães. Então, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da suplementação dietética diária com ômega-3 e -6 sobre a qualidade do sêmen fresco e congelado de cães. Os ejaculados foram colhidos de 7 cães e avaliados quanto a motilidade espermática, vigor, concentração e morfologia. O estudo foi dividido de acordo com os períodos de suplementação oral com omegas-3 e -6, no qual M1 (1ª-5ª semana) foi considerado o período pré-suplementação, M2 (6ª-9ª semana) e M3 (10ª-13ª semana) período de suplementação e M4 (14ª-17ª semana) pós-suplementação, totalizando 17 semanas de estudo (119 ejaculados). Após a análise, o sêmen foi congelado e reavaliado imediatamente e 30 minutos após a descongelação (mantidas a 37º C). A suplementação resultou em aumento da motilidade espermática, vigor e concentração do sêmen fresco; no entanto, não houve influência na congelabilidade do sêmen. Além disso, não houve aumento da motilidade dos espermatozoides após a suplementação, quando as células descongeladas foram mantidas a 37 C, durante 30 minutos. Concluiu-se que a suplementação dietética com omegas-3 e -6, durante 4 a 8 semanas melhora os parâmetros do sêmen fresco de cães, embora não há nenhum efeito sobre a qualidade espermática após a congelação.(AU)

Effect of dietary supplementation with omega-3 and -6 on fresh and frozen/thawed sperm quality of dogs / Efeito da suplementação na dieta com ômega-3 e -6 sobre a qualidade do sêmen fresco e congelado de cães

For years, fatty acids have been recommended as a dietary supplement to improve canine hair. For animal reproduction, supplementation with omegas has been used to increase the reproductive efficiency and conception rate, but few studies have been conducted in dogs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of daily dietary supplementation with omega-3 and -6 on the quality of fresh and frozen/thawed semen in canines. Semen was collected from seven dogs and evaluated for sperm motility, vigor, concentration, and morphology. The 17-week study included 119 ejaculates and was divided according to oral supplementation with omega-3 and -6: M1 (1st-5th week) or pre-supplementation; M2 (6th-9th week) and M3 (10th-13th week) or during supplementation; and M4 (14th-17th week) or post-supplementation. After analysis, the semen was frozen and then revaluated both immediately and 30 minutes (at 37 C) after thawing. Supplementation with omegas increased sperm motility, vigor, and concentration; however, supplementation had no influence on semen freezability. In addition, there was no improvement in sperm motility after supplementation when the thawed cells were maintained at 37 C for 30 minutes. We concluded that dietary supplementation with omega-3 and -6 for 4 to 8 weeks can improve the quality of fresh semen, although it has no effect on the freezability of canine semen.

Os ácidos graxos têm sido recomendados há anos como suplemento dietético para a melhora do pelo canino. Na área de reprodução animal, a suplementação com ômega tem sido usada para aumentar a eficiência reprodutiva e a taxa de concepção em muitas espécies, mas poucos estudos foram conduzidos em cães. Então, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da suplementação dietética diária com ômega-3 e -6 sobre a qualidade do sêmen fresco e congelado de cães. Os ejaculados foram colhidos de 7 cães e avaliados quanto a motilidade espermática, vigor, concentração e morfologia. O estudo foi dividido de acordo com os períodos de suplementação oral com omegas-3 e -6, no qual M1 (1ª-5ª semana) foi considerado o período pré-suplementação, M2 (6ª-9ª semana) e M3 (10ª-13ª semana) período de suplementação e M4 (14ª-17ª semana) pós-suplementação, totalizando 17 semanas de estudo (119 ejaculados). Após a análise, o sêmen foi congelado e reavaliado imediatamente e 30 minutos após a descongelação (mantidas a 37º C). A suplementação resultou em aumento da motilidade espermática, vigor e concentração do sêmen fresco; no entanto, não houve influência na congelabilidade do sêmen. Além disso, não houve aumento da motilidade dos espermatozoides após a suplementação, quando as células descongeladas foram mantidas a 37 C, durante 30 minutos. Concluiu-se que a suplementação dietética com omegas-3 e -6, durante 4 a 8 semanas melhora os parâmetros do sêmen fresco de cães, embora não há nenhum efeito sobre a qualidade espermática após a congelação.