Characterization of quinolone resistance in Salmonella spp. isolates from food products and human samples in Brazil

Non-typhoidal salmonellosis is an important zoonotic disease caused by Salmonella enterica. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in Salmonella spp. and its association with fluoroquinolone susceptibility in Brazil. A total of 129 NTS isolates (samples from human origin, food from animal origin, environmental, and animal) grouped as from animal (n = 62) and human (n = 67) food were evaluated between 2009 and 2013. These isolates were investigated through serotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and the presence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes (qnr, aac(6')-Ib) and associated integron genes (integrase, and conserved integron region). Resistance to quinolones and/or fluoroquinolones, from first to third generations, was observed. Fifteen isolates were positive for the presence of qnr genes (8 qnrS, 6 qnrB, and 1 qnrD) and twenty three of aac(6')-Ib. The conserved integron region was detected in 67 isolates as variable regions, from ±600 to >1000 pb. The spread of NTS involving PMQR carriers is of serious concern and should be carefully monitored. (AU)

Frequency of zoonotic bacteria among illegally traded wild birds in Rio de Janeiro

The illegal wildlife trade may increase the risk of infectious disease transmission, and it may not only cause disease outbreaks in humans but also threaten livestock, native wild populations, and ecosystems' health. Bird species may act as carriers in the transmission of enteric pathogens. However, epidemiological studies on zoonotic bacteria in wild birds are rare in Brazil. From March 2011 to March 2012, we investigated the frequency of Enterobacteriaceae in cloacal swab samples from 109 birds of the passerine and Psittacidae families. These birds were recovered from illegal trade in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and sent to a rehabilitation center. Gram-negative bacteria were isolated from 86 wild birds (78.9%). A mean (±SD) of 1.68 (±1.30) different bacterial species were isolated per bird, with a maximum of five bacterial species from three bird species. The most frequently isolated bacteria were Escherichia coli, followed by Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae and other enteric bacteria. Salmonella ser. Typhimurium was isolated from a Temminck's seedeater (Sporophila falcirostris), and two Salmonella ser. Panama were isolated from two specimens of chestnut-capped blackbird (Chrysomus ruficapillus). Of the 70 selected bacterial isolates, 60 exhibited antibiotic resistance. The resistance patterns varied from one to nine of the antibiotics tested. Resistance to ceftiofur was the most prevalent, followed by ampicillin and ceftriaxone. The dissemination potential of resistant strains in situations typically seen in the management of captive birds may become a problem for the conservation of natural bird populations and for public health.(AU)

Mapeamento e análise das atividades para melhoria do desempenho no diagnóstico de micro-organismos envolvidos em doenças de transmissão alimentar / Mapping and analysis of activities for performance improvement in the diagnosis of micro-organisms involved in foodborne illnesses

In the elucidation of outbreaks of foodborne disease, one of the steps of great importance is the diagnosis of the etiologic agent and it is extremely important that this diagnosis is effective and in the shortest possible time. To do so, it is necessary to improve the performance of laboratories responsible for this type of activity. This work proposes to discuss, formulate and propose performance indicators in a lab responsible for the diagnosis of microorganisms that cause infectious disease through the mapping and analysis of processes. The case study was conducted in one of the subprocesses of the process "Laboratory diagnosis of microorganisms involved in Foodborne Diseases", being proposed three performance indicators.(AU)

Na elucidação de surtos de doenças transmitidas por alimentos, uma das etapas de grande relevância é o diagnóstico do agente etiológico, sendo extremamente importante que seja eficaz e ofertado em curto intervalo de tempo. Para tal, faz-se necessária a melhoria do desempenho dos laboratórios responsáveis por este tipo de atividade. Este trabalho se propôs a discutir, formular e propor indicadores de desempenho em um laboratório responsável pelo diagnóstico de micro-organismos causadores de doenças infecciosas, por meio do mapeamento e análise de seus processos. O estudo de caso apresentado foi realizado em um dos subprocessos do processo "Diagnóstico laboratorial de micro- -organismos envolvidos em Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos", tendo sido propostos três indicadores de desempenho. (AU)

Vibrios patogênicos isolados em mexilhões (Perna perna) cultivados em sistema longline na Baía de Ilha Grande, RJ / Pathogenic vibrios isolated from mussels (Perna perna) cultivated in longline system in the Baía de Ilha Grande, RJ

Avaliaram-se 200 unidades de mexilhões (Perna perna) cultivados em sistemas longline na Baía de Ilha Grande, a fim de avaliar a presença de Vibrio spp. As amostras foram analisadas e submetidas a enriquecimento em água peptonada alcalina adicionada de 1% de NaCl, incubadas a 37ºC por 24 horas. Em seguida, os cultivos foram semeados em Agar tiossulfato citrato bile sacarose e as colônias suspeitas foram submetidas à caracterização bioquímica. Vibrio alginolyticus, V. harveyi e V. cincinnatiensis representaram as principais espécies (>70%) isoladas dos mexilhões in natura.(AU)

Two hundred mussels (Perna perna) samples cultivated in longline system at Ilha Grande Bay, were evaluated in order to investigate the presence of Vibrio spp. The samples were analyzed and subjected to enrichment in alkaline peptone water with the addition of 1% NaCI and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. Following this, the cultures were seeded onto thiosulfate citrate bile sucrose agar (TCBS) and the suspected colonies were subjected to biochemical characterization. Vibrio alginolyticus, V. harveyi and V. cincinnaiiensis were the main species (>70%) isolated from raw mussels. (AU)

Isolamento de Vibrio spp. em mexilhões (Perna perna) coletados na região de Ponta de Itaipu, Niterói, RJ / Isolation of Vibrio spp. in bivalvia (Perna perna) collected in the region of Ponta de Itaipu, Niterói, RJ

O ecossistema marinho representa o habitat natural de diversas bactérias do gênero Vibrio, dentre as quais algumas com relevante potencial patogênico para o homem e animais. Devido ao crescente consumo de moluscos bivalves nas cidades litorâneas, foram avaliadas 15 amostras de mexilhões (Perna perna) coletados na região de Itaipu, Niterói, RJ, a fim de investigar a presença de Vibrio spp. As amostras de mexilhões foram submetidas a enriquecimento em Água Peptonada Alcalina (APA) adicionada de 1 por cento de NaCl (Cloreto de Sódio) e APA adicionada de 3 por cento NaCl, incubadas a 37°C por 24 horas. Em seguida, estes foram semeados em Agar Tiossulfato Citrato Bile Sacarose (TCBS) e as colônias suspeitas submetidas à caracterização bioquímica. Os resultados obtidos na presente investigação apontaram a presença das espécies V. harveyi, V. alginolyticus, V. carchariae e V. parahaemolyticus, cuja importância associa-se ao risco de infecções após o consumo de mexilhões sem cozimento ou parcialmente cozidos, o que aumenta sua relevância para a Saúde Pública, particularmente em indivíduos portadores de doenças crônico-degenerativas.(AU)

The marine ecosystem is the natural habitat of genus Vibrio bacteria which as potential relevance pathogenicity to humans and animals. Due the consuming rise of bivalve mollusks at coastal cities, 15 mussels samples (Perna perna) collected at Ponta de Itaipu, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro were analyzed in order to evaluated Vibrio sp. The mussels' samples were submitted to enrichment in Alkaline Peptone Water (APA) added with 1% of sodium chloride and APA plus 3% NaCl incubated at 37ºC for 24 hours. After the samples were streaked onto Thiossulfate Citrate Bile Sucrose Agar (TCBS) and the suspected colonies were submitted to biochemical characterization. In the present investigation, the results showed V harveyi, V alginolyticus, V carchariae and V parahaemolyticus as the main species isolated from mussels. The relevance of these pathogens is associated with cases of human infections after consuming mussels without cooking or partially cooked increasing the importance to Public Health especially to people with some types of degenerative and chronic diseases. (AU)

Salmonella spp. em fígado e cortes de frangos comercializados em áreas do município do Rio de Janeiro, RJ / Salmonella spp. in liver of chickens traded in city Rio de Janeiro

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo investigar a ocorrência e distribuição de sorovares de Salmolla em fígado e cortes de carcaça de frangos (Carne Mecanicamente Separada - CMS), comercializados em diferentes estabelecimentos (supermercados e feiras-livres) no município do Rio de Janeiro, levando-se em consideração as condições de conservação (refrigerados e congelados). Uma investigação paralela foi efetuada para determinar a presença de Salmonella no fluido acumulado no interior da embalagem de acondicionamento dos fígados e naquele obtido no balcão das feiras. Em um total de 25 colheitas realizadas em feiras-livres (8) e supermercado (17), foram efetuadas 70 análises sendo 24 de espécimes obtidos de fígado, 22 de coxa e 24 do fluido. A metodologia empregada incluiu o enriquecimento em Caldo Tetrationato e Caldo Rappaport-Vassiliadis. Simultaneamente, foi feito pré-enriquecimento em água peptonada a 1 por cento, seguido de enriquecimento seletivo. O crescimento de cada caldo de enriquecimento foi semeado em Agar Eosina-Azul de Metileno, Agar entérico Hektoen e Agar Rambach. Foram obtidos isolamentos em 11 (44,0 por cento) das 25 coletadas, correspondendo a um total de 16 (22,8 por cento) das 70 análises. Dos sorovares identificados (Enteritidis, Saintpaul, Albany, Typhimurium, Derby, Ohio, Tennessee, Paaraná, Salmonella O: 21 e Salmonella 3, 10:-: 1, 6). Destacou-se a S. Enteritidis nas amostras de supermercados. Entre as combinações de meios, o binômio Kauffmann - Ramback apresentou o mais alto nível de positividade (50 por cento dos isolados), seguido de Kauffmann- Hektoen (6 amostras - 30,0 por cento).(AU)

The objective of this study was to watch the presence and distribution of Salmonella s serovar in liver and poultry carcass traded in differents establishment (supermarkets and free markets)in the Rio de Janeiro city, from March of 2002 to May of 2003 considering condition of conservation (cold or freeze). Other research was made to to watch the presence of Salmonella in the liver fluids inside the package and in the free market balcony. In a total of 25 harvest, made in free markets (8) and supermarkets (17),70 analysis were made , being 24 of liver, 22 of carcass and 24 of fluido The methodology includes the enrichment media withTetrionate medium and Rappaport- Vassiladis medium. 5imultaneously was made the pre- enrichment with peptoned water 1%followed by the enrichment media. The enrichment media growing was spread in Eosine Metilene - Blue Agar, Hektoen Enteric Agar and Ramback Agar. The 5almonella presence were showed in 16 (22,8%)of the 70 analysis. These serovars found were Enteritidis, 5aintfXluAl, lbany, Typhimurium, Derby, Ohio, Tenesse, Panama and two Salmonella spp (SalmonellaO: 21 and Salmonella 3, 10:- :1,6). The best combination media was Kauffmann- Ramback (50,0%of the total isolated)followed by Kauffmann-Hektoen (6- 30,0%). (AU)