Broncopneumopatia eosinofílica em cães / Eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy in dog

Background: The eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy (EBP) is characterized by pulmonary infiltration with eosinophils. The etiology of canine EBP remains unclear, although hypersensitivity to aeroallergens is suspected. Dogs affected are usually young. The persistent cough is the most common clinical sign, often associated with respiratory difficulty and exercise intolerance. The diagnosis is based on signalment, radiographic and bronchoscopic findings, and the tissue eosiphilic infiltration demonstrated by cytology of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). No reports were found in Brazil. The aim of this paper is report four cases of canine BPE, with emphasis on clinical aspects, diagnosis and therapy.Cases: Case 1. A 18-month-old female dog with 12 kg of body weight was presented for consultation with a 60-day history of cough, inappetence and weariness. It presented cough and tachypnea. The complementary exams demonstrated peripheral eosinophilia, bronchointersticial pulmonary pattern on radiography, moderate amount of mucus on bronchoscopy and tissue eosinophilis infiltration on the BAL. The treatment was based on steroids, with improvement of clinical signs. Case 2. A 24-month-old female dog with 16 kg of body weight was presented for consultation with one-year history of cough, inappetence and lethargy. It presented only cough, and in complementary exams showed transitory peripheral eosinophilia, bronchointersticial pattern on radiography and predominantly eosinophilic inflammation on citology of BAL. The therapy was based on steroids, with improvement followed by worsening of signs, with need of readjustment of doses. Case 3. A 8-year-old male dog with 6.2 kg of body weight was presented for consultation with 3-weeks history of productive cough, vomiting and weight loss. The complementary exams showed peripheral eosinophilia, bronchointersticial pulmonary pattern on radiography and eosinophils infiltration on cytology of BAL.[...]

Broncopneumopatia eosinofílica em cães / Eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy in dog

Background: The eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy (EBP) is characterized by pulmonary infiltration with eosinophils. The etiology of canine EBP remains unclear, although hypersensitivity to aeroallergens is suspected. Dogs affected are usually young. The persistent cough is the most common clinical sign, often associated with respiratory difficulty and exercise intolerance. The diagnosis is based on signalment, radiographic and bronchoscopic findings, and the tissue eosiphilic infiltration demonstrated by cytology of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). No reports were found in Brazil. The aim of this paper is report four cases of canine BPE, with emphasis on clinical aspects, diagnosis and therapy.Cases: Case 1. A 18-month-old female dog with 12 kg of body weight was presented for consultation with a 60-day history of cough, inappetence and weariness. It presented cough and tachypnea. The complementary exams demonstrated peripheral eosinophilia, bronchointersticial pulmonary pattern on radiography, moderate amount of mucus on bronchoscopy and tissue eosinophilis infiltration on the BAL. The treatment was based on steroids, with improvement of clinical signs. Case 2. A 24-month-old female dog with 16 kg of body weight was presented for consultation with one-year history of cough, inappetence and lethargy. It presented only cough, and in complementary exams showed transitory peripheral eosinophilia, bronchointersticial pattern on radiography and predominantly eosinophilic inflammation on citology of BAL. The therapy was based on steroids, with improvement followed by worsening of signs, with need of readjustment of doses. Case 3. A 8-year-old male dog with 6.2 kg of body weight was presented for consultation with 3-weeks history of productive cough, vomiting and weight loss. The complementary exams showed peripheral eosinophilia, bronchointersticial pulmonary pattern on radiography and eosinophils infiltration on cytology of BAL.[...](AU)

Physiotherapy after cranial cruciate ligament replacement in dogs by using a homologous bone tendon segment preserved in 98% glycerin / Fisioterapia após substituição do ligamento cruzado cranial por segmento teno-ósseo homólogo conservado em glicerina a 98% em cães

Background: Cranial cruciate ligament rupture occurs frequently in dogs and causes hind limb lameness because of joint instability. Affected patients require surgical joint reconstruction, which may be extracapsular or intracapsular. To prevent complications caused by limb disuse such as muscular atrophy and ankylosis, physiotherapy is performed postoperatively to improve the quality of life. Accordingly, the present study evaluated the influence of physiotherapy on functional stifle recovery and joint stability in dogs undergoing intracapsular surgical stabilization to repair cruciate ligament rupture.Materials, Methods & Results: Eight dogs were randomly allocated into control (GI, n = 4) and physiotherapy (GII, n = 4) groups. Physiotherapy was initiated immediately postoperatively in the GII group and including the following interventions: cryotherapy, passive joint movement, massage, passive elongation, electrical neuromuscular stimulation, hot hydrotherapy, and underwater treadmill at the major trochanter and tibial malleolus levels. Therapeutic exercises were also performed including: walks on grass and hard-floor, ball, ramp, cones, obstacles, platform, and mattress. Gait evaluation, thigh circumference, stifle goniometry, hind limb and stifle radiography, and joint stability (drawer test) were assessed preoperatively, and at 45 and 90 days postoperatively...(AU)

Physiotherapy after cranial cruciate ligament replacement in dogs by using a homologous bone tendon segment preserved in 98% glycerin / Fisioterapia após substituição do ligamento cruzado cranial por segmento teno-ósseo homólogo conservado em glicerina a 98% em cães

Background: Cranial cruciate ligament rupture occurs frequently in dogs and causes hind limb lameness because of joint instability. Affected patients require surgical joint reconstruction, which may be extracapsular or intracapsular. To prevent complications caused by limb disuse such as muscular atrophy and ankylosis, physiotherapy is performed postoperatively to improve the quality of life. Accordingly, the present study evaluated the influence of physiotherapy on functional stifle recovery and joint stability in dogs undergoing intracapsular surgical stabilization to repair cruciate ligament rupture.Materials, Methods & Results: Eight dogs were randomly allocated into control (GI, n = 4) and physiotherapy (GII, n = 4) groups. Physiotherapy was initiated immediately postoperatively in the GII group and including the following interventions: cryotherapy, passive joint movement, massage, passive elongation, electrical neuromuscular stimulation, hot hydrotherapy, and underwater treadmill at the major trochanter and tibial malleolus levels. Therapeutic exercises were also performed including: walks on grass and hard-floor, ball, ramp, cones, obstacles, platform, and mattress. Gait evaluation, thigh circumference, stifle goniometry, hind limb and stifle radiography, and joint stability (drawer test) were assessed preoperatively, and at 45 and 90 days postoperatively...

Transplante autólogo de células mononucleares da medula óssea em úlcera de córnea experimental em cães / Bone marrow mononuclear cells autotransplant in experimental corneal ulcer in dogs

As células mononucleares (CM) da medula óssea (MO) despertam grande interesse nas pesquisas sobre regeneração tecidual. O limbo é a fonte de células-tronco (CT) para repor ceratócitos lesados e uma disfunção destas é denominada deficiência límbica. Essa condição é desenvolvida por diversas afecções, sendo que a queimadura por base é a mais comum. A fim de confirmar a presença das CM da MO transplantadas, a ocorrência de quimiotaxia destas e comparar histopatologicamente os grupos tratado e controle, utilizou-se um modelo experimental de úlcera de córnea associado ao autotransplante de CM. Para tanto, 16 cães machos ou fêmeas, sem raça definida, foram submetidos à úlcera experimental de córnea com papel filtro embebido em hidróxido de sódio (NaOH). Após as lesões, os animais foram submetidos a transplante subconjuntival de CM da MO, previamente marcadas com nanocristais. A avaliação pós-operatória foi realizada por imunofluorescência no sexto dia após o transplante e por histopatologia passados 15 dias do procedimento, quando foi possível notar que as CM fixaram-se na região lesionada, não sofreram quimiotaxia e, apesar de diminuírem a inflamação, não auxiliaram o processo de cicatrização corneana a curto prazo. Assim, sugerem-se estudos adicionais no transplante de CM da MO na cicatrização da córnea.(AU)

Bone marrow (BM) mononuclear cells (MC) are a great subject in tissual regeneration. The main stem cell source to the eye is the limbus. Theses cells replace injured corneal cells, however, if the limbal stem cells are not functional, a limbal deficiency with concomitant conjunctivalization takes place. This pathological condition can be caused for several reasons, in which alkali burns are the most common. To conduct a research about transplanted BM MC presence, the cells homing and to histopathologically compare the treated and sham group, an experimental corneal ulcer model associated with MC autotransplant was used. Sixteen, male or female, stray dogs suffered experimental corneal ulceration with sodium hydroxide soaked filter discs. After the lesions, animals were submitted to subconjunctival autotransplant of previously marked BM MC. The evaluation was made by immunofluorescence on the sixth day after lesions creation and histopathology was conducted 15 days after the same procedure, when it was possible to observe that the MC grafted in the injured area, the cells did not execute the homing process and, despite the inflammatory decrease, they did not help the corneal epithelial healing process in a short term evaluation. Thus, future studies about MC transplantations in corneal ulcers are indicated.(AU)

Isolamento do ambiente de lesão óssea em diáfise femoral de cão por membrana biológica heterógena conservada em glicerina 98% / Isolation of the osseous lesion environment in dog femoral diaphysis by means of heterogeneous biological membrane conserved in 98% glycerin

Foram utilizados 12 cães separados em dois grupos de seis animais cada. Três animais de cada grupo foram submetidos a avaliação radiográfica e histopatológica aos 30 e 60 dias. Após acesso lateral adiáfise do fêmur esquerdo, foi confeccionado com auxílio de uma serra oscilatória, um defeito ósseo de 1,5 cm x 3 mm. O defeito ósseo foi envolvido por um segmento de pericárdio suíno conservado em glicerina 98%, que foi fixado ao redor do osso por sutura contínua com fio sintético inabsorvível. O fêmur contralateral foi utilizado como controle, sendo submetido ao mesmo procedimento, porém sem receber a membrana. A análise radiográfica e histológica demonstrou que a membrana atua promovendo o isolamento do coágulo circunjacente ao defeito, permitindo assim a formação de um calo ósseo menos exuberante. O emprego desta membrana não produziu alterações clinicas ou histológicas de rejeição(AU

Twelve dogs separated in two groups of six animals were used. From each group, three animals were submitted to radiographic and histopathologic assessment at 30 and 60 days. Subsequent to lateral access to the left femur diaphysis, a 1,5 cm x 3 mm bone defect was produced, with the aid of an oscillatory saw. The bone defect was wrapped with a segment of swine pericardium conserved in 98% glycerin, which was fixed around the bone by means of a continuous suture pattern with synthetic nonabsorbable suture material. The counterlateral femur was utilized as control, undergoing the same procedure but without receiving the membrane. The radiographic and histopathologic analysis evinced that the membrane acts promoting the isolation of the coagulum circumjacent to the defect, allowing a less exuberant callus formation. The use of this membrane did not generate clinical or histologic changes of rejection(AU)

Isolamento do ambiente de lesão óssea em diáfise femoral de cão por membrana biológica heterógena conservada em glicerina 98% / Isolation of the osseous lesion environment in dog femoral diaphysis by means of heterogeneous biological membrane conserved in 98% glycerin

Foram utilizados 12 cães separados em dois grupos de seis animais cada. Três animais de cada grupo foram submetidos a avaliação radiográfica e histopatológica aos 30 e 60 dias. Após acesso lateral adiáfise do fêmur esquerdo, foi confeccionado com auxílio de uma serra oscilatória, um defeito ósseo de 1,5 cm x 3 mm. O defeito ósseo foi envolvido por um segmento de pericárdio suíno conservado em glicerina 98%, que foi fixado ao redor do osso por sutura contínua com fio sintético inabsorvível. O fêmur contralateral foi utilizado como controle, sendo submetido ao mesmo procedimento, porém sem receber a membrana. A análise radiográfica e histológica demonstrou que a membrana atua promovendo o isolamento do coágulo circunjacente ao defeito, permitindo assim a formação de um calo ósseo menos exuberante. O emprego desta membrana não produziu alterações clinicas ou histológicas de rejeição

Twelve dogs separated in two groups of six animals were used. From each group, three animals were submitted to radiographic and histopathologic assessment at 30 and 60 days. Subsequent to lateral access to the left femur diaphysis, a 1,5 cm x 3 mm bone defect was produced, with the aid of an oscillatory saw. The bone defect was wrapped with a segment of swine pericardium conserved in 98% glycerin, which was fixed around the bone by means of a continuous suture pattern with synthetic nonabsorbable suture material. The counterlateral femur was utilized as control, undergoing the same procedure but without receiving the membrane. The radiographic and histopathologic analysis evinced that the membrane acts promoting the isolation of the coagulum circumjacent to the defect, allowing a less exuberant callus formation. The use of this membrane did not generate clinical or histologic changes of rejection

Estimulação elétrica neuromuscular de baixa frequência na reabilitação de cães / Neuromuscular electrical stimulation of low frequency in dogs' rehabilitation

A estimulação elétrica é uma modalidade comumente utilizada na fisioterapia veterinária. Existem muitas variedades de aparelhos e métodos disponíveis para uso clínico, bem como de suas aplicações terapêuticas. A seleção do aparelho adequado pode ser difícil no que diz respeito ao entendimento e aplicação correta dos princípios da estimulação elétrica. Programas de reabilitação que utilizam a estimulação elétrica neuromuscular podem ser ineficazes se não houver conhecimento da técnica, indicações, efeitos, benefícios e contra-indicações para cada paciente. O objetivo desta revisão é descrever as indicações, funções e forma de utilização da eletroterapia como importante modalidade terapêutica na reabilitação de pequenos animais(AU)

Electrical stimulation is a commonly used modality in Veterinary physical therapy. Numerous types of electrical stimulation devices and methods are available for clinical use, as well as a variety of therapeutic applications. Selection of the proper device can be challenging with regard to a thorough understanding and correct application of electrical stimulation principles. Rehabilitation program incorporating the use of neuromuscular electrical stimulation can be ineffective unless one has a working knowledge of the purposes, effects and benefits, and contraindications for each case. The aim of this review is to describe the applications, functions and ways of using the electrotherapy as an important therapeutic modality in small animal rehabilitation(AU)

Estimulação elétrica neuromuscular de baixa frequência na reabilitação de cães / Neuromuscular electrical stimulation of low frequency in dogs' rehabilitation

A estimulação elétrica é uma modalidade comumente utilizada na fisioterapia veterinária. Existem muitas variedades de aparelhos e métodos disponíveis para uso clínico, bem como de suas aplicações terapêuticas. A seleção do aparelho adequado pode ser difícil no que diz respeito ao entendimento e aplicação correta dos princípios da estimulação elétrica. Programas de reabilitação que utilizam a estimulação elétrica neuromuscular podem ser ineficazes se não houver conhecimento da técnica, indicações, efeitos, benefícios e contra-indicações para cada paciente. O objetivo desta revisão é descrever as indicações, funções e forma de utilização da eletroterapia como importante modalidade terapêutica na reabilitação de pequenos animais

Electrical stimulation is a commonly used modality in Veterinary physical therapy. Numerous types of electrical stimulation devices and methods are available for clinical use, as well as a variety of therapeutic applications. Selection of the proper device can be challenging with regard to a thorough understanding and correct application of electrical stimulation principles. Rehabilitation program incorporating the use of neuromuscular electrical stimulation can be ineffective unless one has a working knowledge of the purposes, effects and benefits, and contraindications for each case. The aim of this review is to describe the applications, functions and ways of using the electrotherapy as an important therapeutic modality in small animal rehabilitation

Susbtituição do ligamento cruzado cranial em cães por segmento teno-ósseo homólogo conservado em glicerina a 98% e submetido a diferentes protocolos de reabilitação / Substitution of cranialcruciate ligament in dogs with homolog bone tendon segment conserved in 98% glycerin and submitted to different rehabilitation procedures

Conforme os indexadores de pesquisa em base de dados, existem na atualidade mais de 5.000 artigos científicos publicados em todo o mundo abordando questões em torno do ligamento cruzado de humanos e animais. As técnicas cirúrgicas de reconstrução do ligamento cruzado cranial (LCCr), classificadas como intra-articulares, empregam materiais homógenos, autógenos ou sintéticos com a função de substituir anatomicamente o ligamento original e com isso prover estabilização da articulação do joelho. A maioria dos enxertos autólogos possui alguns inconvenientes quanto à fragilização da área doadora e a baixa resistência dos tecidos empregados. Já os materiais sintéticos possuem características biomecânicas mais adequadas quando comparadas aos enxertos biológicos, porém suas maiores restrições estão associadas à disponibilidade e alto custo. Baseado neste fato, o presente trabalho utilizou implantes homólogos conservados em glicerina a 98% visando a confecção de uma técnica operatória exeqüível na clínica cirúrgica de pequenos animais, com seu emprego em pacientes acima 15kg e com baixo custo de implantação. Os animais operados foram submetidos a diferentes protocolos de reabilitação onde foram avaliadas a recuperação clínica funcional do membro operado e a perda de massa muscular, no intuito de se determinar um protocolo fisioterápico apropriado para emprego na reabilitação de animais submetidos a substituição do LCCr. Foram utilizados 24 cães, machos e fêmeas, entre 2 e 8 anos de idade e pesando entre 15 e 30kg. Os animais foram distribuídos em dois grupos, (A e B) para a avaliação da técnica operatória, sendo um dos grupos submetido à biópsia aos 60 dias (B) e o outro aos 90 dias (A). Vinte e um do total de 24 cães operados (Grupos A e B) foram subdivididos aleatoriamente em três grupos a serem avaliados quanto ao processo de reabilitação, ficando os três animais restantes submetidos a necropsia para exame histopatológico dos tecidos ósseos. Os grupos de reabilitação foram distribuídos em Controle (grupo I), Mecanoterapia (Grupo II) e estimulação elétrica neuromuscular (Grupo III). Estes grupos foram novamente subdivididos segundo os protocolos fisioterápicos empregados e conforme o período de aplicação. A avaliação histológica do implante teno-ósseo aos 60 e 90 dias de pósoperatório demonstra bastante semelhança entre si, porém aos 90 dias caracteriza-se pela presença de um tecido mais maduro e de organização mais uniforme em sentido longitudinal. Dentre os grupos submetidos à reabilitação, embora sem resultados estatísticos significativos (p>0,005), o grupo submetido à estimulação elétrica neuromuscular durante e após a imobilização esquelética externa demonstrou a melhor resposta clínica na recuperação funcional do membro operado

According to research data, today there are more than 5,000 articles published around the world dealing with the question of human and animal cruciate ligament. The surgical techniques for the reconstruction of the cranial cruciate ligament (CCL), classified as intra-articular, used homogenous, autogenous or synthetic materials with the function of anatomically substituting the original ligament and providing stabilization for the knee articulation. Most autografts possess some inconveniences as to the fragility of the donating area and the low resistance of the tissues used. On the other hand, synthetics possess biomechanical characteristics that are more adequate when compared to the biological grafts however their greatest restriction is associated with availability and high cost. Based on this fact, the present work utilized homolog implants conserved in 98% glycerin, in an attempt to produce an attainable operative technique for surgery in small animals, with a weight over 15 kg, and with a low implantation cost. The animals underwent different rehabilitation procedures, where functional clinical recuperation of the operated member and loss of muscular mass were evaluated in order to determine an appropriate physiotherapeutic procedure to be used in the rehabilitation of animals undergoing the CCL substitution. Twenty four dogs, male and female, between 2 and 8 years of age, and weighing between 15 and 30 kg were used. The animals were placed in two groups (A and B), for the evaluation of the operative technique, being that group A underwent a biopsy at 90 days and group B at 60 days. Twenty one of the dogs operated were randomly subdivided into three groups to be evaluated as to the rehabilitation process, and the remaining three dogs underwent necropsy for the histopathological exam of the bone tissues. The rehabilitation groups were divided into a control group (I), a mechanical therapy group (II), and a neuromuscular electric stimulation group (III). These groups were again subdivided according to physiotherapeutic procedures used and the period of application. The histological evaluation of the bone tendon implant at 60 and 90 days after the operation demonstrated a high degree of similarity among the groups, however, at 90 days, the presence of more uniformly organized tissues in the longitudinal direction and more mature tissues was observed. Among the rehabilitation groups, though the results were not statistically significant (p<0.005), the group that underwent neuromuscular electrical stimulation during and after the external skeletal immobilization demonstrated a better clinical response in the functional recovery of the operated member