Experimental infection of Salmonella Enteritidis in quails submitted to forced molting by feed fasting

This study aimed at evaluating bacterial shedding, as detected in swabs, feces, and eggs of quails submitted to forced molting by feed fasting and experimentally infected with a Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) strain. In the experiment, 84 40-week-old Italian female quails were distributed in the following groups: FI (quails induced to molt by fasting and inoculated with Salmonella Enteritidis - SE); CI (quails fed with a laying diet and inoculated with SE); FNI (quails induced to molt by fasting and not inoculated with SE); and CNI (quails fed with a laying feed and not inoculated with SE). Feces, cloacal swabs, and eggs were collected on day 1, 3, 7 and 14 post-inoculation (dpi) and submitted to bacteriological analyses. All samples obtained from cloacal swabs were negative for SE. None of the quails of the non-inoculated groups (FNI and CNI) were positive for SE in the fecal samples. Among the inoculated quails, the FI group presented significantly higher (p 0.05) SE shedding in the feces on 1 dpi than the CI group. On 4 dpi, no significant difference was observed (p 0.05) in SE shedding between the inoculated quail groups. On 7 dpi, only the FI group shed SE in the feces, whereas on 14 dpi, none of the groups shed SE. According to the results, we concluded that quails submitted to molting by fasting have higher possibility of shedding SE in the feces.(AU)

Experimental infection of Salmonella Enteritidis in quails submitted to forced molting by feed fasting

This study aimed at evaluating bacterial shedding, as detected in swabs, feces, and eggs of quails submitted to forced molting by feed fasting and experimentally infected with a Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) strain. In the experiment, 84 40-week-old Italian female quails were distributed in the following groups: FI (quails induced to molt by fasting and inoculated with Salmonella Enteritidis - SE); CI (quails fed with a laying diet and inoculated with SE); FNI (quails induced to molt by fasting and not inoculated with SE); and CNI (quails fed with a laying feed and not inoculated with SE). Feces, cloacal swabs, and eggs were collected on day 1, 3, 7 and 14 post-inoculation (dpi) and submitted to bacteriological analyses. All samples obtained from cloacal swabs were negative for SE. None of the quails of the non-inoculated groups (FNI and CNI) were positive for SE in the fecal samples. Among the inoculated quails, the FI group presented significantly higher (p 0.05) SE shedding in the feces on 1 dpi than the CI group. On 4 dpi, no significant difference was observed (p 0.05) in SE shedding between the inoculated quail groups. On 7 dpi, only the FI group shed SE in the feces, whereas on 14 dpi, none of the groups shed SE. According to the results, we concluded that quails submitted to molting by fasting have higher possibility of shedding SE in the feces.

Isolation of Salmonella spp. in captive Psittaciformes from zoos and a commercial establishment of Fortaleza, Brazil / Isolamento de Salmonella spp. em Psittaciformes de zoológicos e estabelecimento comercial de Fortaleza, Brasil

This study showed a low prevalence of Salmonella spp. in captive psittacines from zoos and a commercial establishment of Fortaleza. None of the isolated serotypes (S. Lexington, S. Saintpaul and S. Newport) have yet been reported in Amazona aestiva, Ara chloroptera or Melopsittacus undulatus. However, the fact that most birds presented negative for Salmonella spp. may not imply the absence of this pathogen in these birds, since the intermittent excretion is a well-known characteristic of this microorganism.(AU)

A manutenção de aves em cativeiro reúne condições que favorecem a disseminação de doenças infecciosas, sendo a Salmonella uma dessas doenças infecciosas que acomete os psitacídeos. Portanto o objetivo do presente estudo foi isolar e identificar Salmonella spp. em Psittaciformes mantidos em criatórios comerciais e conservacionistas da Região Metropolitana de Fortaleza. Para o estudo, foram coletados swabs cloacais de 182 psitacídeos clinicamente sadios. Os resultados mostraram que três psitacídeos avaliados (1,65%) foram positivos: Amazona aestiva (Salmonella Lexington), Ara chloroptera (Salmonella Saintpaul) e Melopsittacus undulatus (Salmonella Newport). De acordo com a literatura científica, não há registro desses sorotipos em psitacídeos. Esta pesquisa evidenciou uma baixa prevalência de Salmonella spp. em Psittaciformes mantidos em criatórios comerciais e conservacionistas da Região Metropolitana de Fortaleza.(AU)

Avaliação de diferentes vias vacinais para vacinação contra o vírus da doença de Newcastle em aves de fundo de quintal / Assessment of different vaccination approaches against Newcastle disease virus in domestic backyard poultry

Foram avaliadas três vias de aplicação vacinal contra o vírus da doença de Newcastle em aves de criatório de fundo de quintal (AFQ) jovens e adultas. Um total de 135 AFQ foram distribuídas em tratamentos distintos de acordo com a via vacinal: via ocular (VO), água de bebida (VAB) e alimentar (VA). Cada tratamento foi representado por 40 aves (20 jovens e 20 adultas) e utilizou-se um grupo-controle de 15 aves não vacinadas. O programa de vacinação estabelecido constou de uma primovacinação e dois reforços vacinais, utilizando-se a cepa La Sota. Para aves jovens, os títulos obtidos pelas VO e VAB não diferiram aos 15, 45 e 140 dias, mas houve diferenças nos títulos das aves vacinadas pela VA. Nas aves adultas, a vacinação pela VO apresentou resultados mais elevados que as vacinações pelas VAB e VA na primeira resposta, aos 15 dias. Aos 45 dias, os títulos obtidos pela VAB foram mais baixos que os obtidos pela VO, e, aos 140 dias, não houve diferença entre as três vias avaliadas. Concluiu-se que as vacinações pelas VO e VAB constituem alternativas eficazes para vacinação de AFQ jovens e adultas.(AU)

Three ways of vaccination against Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) were evaluated in young and adults domestic backyard poultry (DBP). A total of 135 DBP was submitted to three different administration routes of ND vaccine: eye-drop, drinking water, and feed. Each treatment consisted of 40 birds (20 young and 20 adult) and a control group of 15 unvaccinated birds. The treatment consisted of a first vaccination and two boosters, using La Sota strain. For young birds, the eye-drop and drinking water vaccinations presented no differences at 15, 45, and 140 days, differing from the titers obtained by birds treated by feed vaccination method. In the adult birds, the eye-drop administration presented higher titers than by drinking water and feed approaches in the first response to the vaccination at 15 days. At 45 days, the results obtained by the drinking water had lower titers than those from the eye-drop. The three vaccination methods presented no difference at 140 days. In conclusion, the vaccination by eye-drop and drinking water methods constituted an efficient alternative of vaccination for adult and young DBP against Newcastle virus.(AU)

Antibodies specific to infectious bronchitis in broilers in Ceará state, Brazil / Anticorpos específicos para bronquite infecciosa em frangos de corte no Ceará

The experiment was carried out to determine the antibody levels to infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in 1120 broilers of two broiler flocks, both from the same parental flock and free from previous vaccination. Forty chicks of each line were alloted to the control group and the sera were tested by indirect ELISA. The vaccination program consisted on the administration of commercial vaccines against IBV at 10 and 25 days of age. Chicks with low levels of maternal antibodies (Mab) did not show significant titers to the first vaccinal stimulus. They presented a vaccinal response to the second vaccinal stimulus reaching the top around GMT 1100 at 45 days. Chicks with high Mab titers did not show significant titers to the primary and secondary vaccinal stimuli, reaching peak levels of GMT 500 at 45 days. No antibody response was detected after the primary vaccination at day 10. A delayed antibody response was detected after the secondary vaccination on day 25, indicating no previous priming. The maternal antibody titers can interfere on the response to the first and second vaccinal stimulus promoting the neutralization of the first vaccination and a different response to the second one, according to high or low maternal antibodies.(AU)

Utilizaram-se 1120 pintos de um dia de idade, de duas linhagens, nao vacinados, para determinar os níveis de anticorpos para o vírus da bronquite infecciosa (VBI) em frangos de corte no estado do Ceará. Quarenta aves de cada linhagem, colocadas em boxes isolados e nao vacinadas, foram usadas como controle. As aves vacinadas contra VBI aos 15 e 25 dias foram submetidas a coletas de sangue periódicas para avaliacao, pelo ELISA indireto, dos títulos de anticorpos para VBI. As aves com baixos títulos de anticorpos maternos (AcM) nao apresentaram títulos significativos ao primeiro estímulo vacinal; para o segundo estímulo, o pico de resposta de GMT 1100 ocorreu aos 45 dias. As com elevado título de AcM nao responderam significativamente à primeira vacinacao e o pico de resposta ao segundo estímulo de GMT 500 ocorreu aos 45 dias. Nao se verificou resposta de anticorpos para o primeiro estímulo vacinal, observando-se resposta tardia somente para o segundo. Os AcM podem ter interferido tanto no primeiro quanto no segundo estímulo, promovendo neutralizacao da primeira vacinacao e resposta diferenciada para a segunda de acordo com o nível, elevado ou baixo, de AcM.(AU)

Enterobacteria isolation in broiler carcasses from commercial establishments in fortaleza, ceará state, brazil

ABSTRACT Processing of poultry products requires a severe microbiological quality control, considering they are one of the main sources of foodborne infections. The objective of this research was to perform the isolation of enterobacteria in broiler carcasses from commercial establishments in the Metropolitan Region of Fortaleza in Ceará State, Brazil. Broiler carcasses were collected and selected as fresh (n = 14), refrigerated (n = 18) and frozen (n = 19). Carcasses were submitted to a rinsing method, followed by pre-enrichment and enrichment with Rappaport-Vassiliadis and Selenite-Cystine, streaked on plates with Brilliant Green, MacConkey and Salmonella-Shigella agars, and to a presumptive biochemical identification. It was verified that all broiler carcasses categories presented enterobacteria contamination, with the following frequency of isolation: Proteus sp., 66.7%; Enterobacter sp., 15.7%; Citrobacter sp., 2%; Escherichia coli, 47.1%; Klebsiella sp., 11.8%; Shigella sp., 5.9%, and Salmonella sp. 11.8%. It was observed that no combination of culture media was able to detect all enterobacteria contamination in the broiler carcasses. Thus, it may be necessary the use of several combinations of culture media to determine the real microbiological quality of broiler carcasses.

RESUMO A carne de frango requer um rígido controle de qualidade microbiológica em seu processamento, uma vez que é uma das principais fontes de infecção alimentar para o homem. Desta forma, a presente pesquisa teve como objetivo realizar o isolamento de enterobactérias em carcaças de frango de corte obtidas em estabelecimentos comerciais na região metropolitana de Fortaleza no Estado do Ceará, Brasil. As carcaças foram coletadas e agrupadas em três categorias: frescas (n = 14), refrigeradas (n = 18) e congeladas (n = 19). As amostras foram submetidas a um método de enxaguadura, seguido por pré-eriquecimento e enriquecimento seletivo com os meios Rappaport-Vassiliadis e Selenito-Cistina, plaqueamento nos meios sólidos Verde Brilhante, MacConkey e Salmonella-Shigella e, posteriormente, a provas bioquímicas de identificação. Foram realizadas diversas combinações entre os meios para o processamento das amostras. Todas as categorias de carcaças apresentaram contaminação por enterobactérias, com as seguintes freqüências de isolamentos Proteus sp., 66,7%; Enterobacter sp., 15,7%; Citrobacter sp., 2%; Escherichia coli, 47,1%; Klebsiella sp., 11,8%; Shigella sp., 5,9% e Salmonella sp., 11,8%. Nenhuma combinação dos meios de cultura empregados foi capaz de isolar todas as contaminações por enterobactérias nas carcaças. Desta forma, é necessário o uso de várias combinações de meios de cultura para determinação real da qualidade microbiológica de carcaças de frango.