The interference of ozone gas in kinects and mitochondrial potential of equine sperm submitted on cryopreservation

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the addition of different concentrations of ozone to quarter horse semen submitted to cryopreservation. Six ejaculates from four stallions were collected and were divided in four experimental groups: a control group (BotuCRIO® extender) and three other groups with BotuCRIO® ozonized at concentrations of 6, 8 and 12 μg of O3/mL. The semen samples were diluted (200 x 106 spermatozoa/mL), filled in straws and frozen. After thawing (37 ºC, 30s), the samples were evaluated at 0, 30 and 60 minutes of incubation regarding sperm kinetics by a computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA), and plasma membrane integrity (PMI), acrosome integrity (ACi) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) by fluorescent probes. There was a reduction in the kinetic parameters total motility (TM), progressive motility (PM), curvilinear velocity (VCL), straight line velocity (VSL) and average path velocity (VAP) in all groups during the thermoresistance test (TT), a pattern also found in PMI and MMP analyses (p<0.05). There was no difference (p>0.05) between the control and treatment (6, 8, and 12 μg of O3/mL) groups, in any of the evaluated times for the kinetic parameters TM, linearity (LIN), straightness (STR), wobble index (WOB), amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH) and beat cross frequency (BCF). Regarding the VCL, VSL and VAP parameters, the group treated with 6 μg did not differ from the control or from 8 μg, but was higher than 12 μg at 30 and 60 minutes. ACi and PMI did not differ between groups (p>0.05), but PMI was lower in groups 8 μg and 12 μg compared to the control and 6 μg (p<0.05). It was concluded that the addition of ozone does not present beneficial effects for cryopreservation of equine semen at the concentrations used and decreases important parameters of fertility.(AU)

The interference of ozone gas in kinects and mitochondrial potential of equine sperm submitted on cryopreservation

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the addition of different concentrations of ozone to quarter horse semen submitted to cryopreservation. Six ejaculates from four stallions were collected and were divided in four experimental groups: a control group (BotuCRIO® extender) and three other groups with BotuCRIO® ozonized at concentrations of 6, 8 and 12 μg of O3/mL. The semen samples were diluted (200 x 106 spermatozoa/mL), filled in straws and frozen. After thawing (37 ºC, 30s), the samples were evaluated at 0, 30 and 60 minutes of incubation regarding sperm kinetics by a computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA), and plasma membrane integrity (PMI), acrosome integrity (ACi) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) by fluorescent probes. There was a reduction in the kinetic parameters total motility (TM), progressive motility (PM), curvilinear velocity (VCL), straight line velocity (VSL) and average path velocity (VAP) in all groups during the thermoresistance test (TT), a pattern also found in PMI and MMP analyses (p0.05) between the control and treatment (6, 8, and 12 μg of O3/mL) groups, in any of the evaluated times for the kinetic parameters TM, linearity (LIN), straightness (STR), wobble index (WOB), amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH) and beat cross frequency (BCF). Regarding the VCL, VSL and VAP parameters, the group treated with 6 μg did not differ from the control or from 8 μg, but was higher than 12 μg at 30 and 60 minutes. ACi and PMI did not differ between groups (p>0.05), but PMI was lower in groups 8 μg and 12 μg compared to the control and 6 μg (p<0.05). It was concluded that the addition of ozone does not present beneficial effects for cryopreservation of equine semen at the concentrations used and decreases important parameters of fertility.

Evaluation of the efficacy of cypermethrin and amitraz against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil / Avaliação da eficácia de cipermetrina e amitraz contra Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus no estado de Pernambuco, Brasil

The Rhipicephalus (Boophilus ) microplus is an important tick species which affect bovines in tropical areas. Its control is based on the use of chemical acaricides, but the frequent use of these substances has been conducted to the development of tick resistance. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of cypermethrin and amitraz against R. (B. ) microplus collected of bovines from different municipalities of the state of Pernambuco. From August 2009 to July 2011, engorged females were collected and subjected to the "Adult Immersion Test" in order to evaluate the efficacy of cypermethrin and amitraz. The results indicate that populations of R. (B. ) microplus from Pernambuco present resistance to acaricides (i.e., cypermethrin and amitraz). In this study, a single population (Brejo da Madre de Deus) was susceptible to cypermethrin, whereas two (Timbaúba and Limoeiro) were susceptible to amitraz. Data herein reported follow a pattern observed in other regions of Brazil and alert to the fact that alternative measures of control should be implemented in this area studied.(AU)

Rhipicephalus (Boophilus ) microplus é uma importante espécie que acomete bovinos em áreas tropicais. O controle desse carrapato se baseia no uso de acaricidas químicos, mas a utilização frequente dessas substâncias tem conduzido ao desenvolvimento de resistência. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia da cipermetrina e do amitraz contra R. (B. ) microplus coletadas de bovinos de diferentes municípios do estado de Pernambuco. De agosto de 2009 a julho de 2011, as fêmeas ingurgitadas foram coletadas e submetidas ao Adult Immersion Test , a fim de avaliar a eficácia de cipermetrina e amitraz. Os resultados indicam que as populações de R. (B. ) microplus de Pernambuco apresentaram resistência aos acaricidas (cipermetrina e amitraz). Neste estudo, uma única população (Brejo da Madre de Deus) foi suscetível à cipermetrina, enquanto duas (Timbaúba e Limoeiro) foram sensíveis ao amitraz. Os dados aqui relatados seguem um padrão observado em outras regiões do Brasil e alertam para o fato de que as medidas alternativas de controle devem ser implementadas na área estudada.(AU)

Evaluation of the efficacy of cypermethrin and amitraz against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil / Avaliação da eficácia de cipermetrina e amitraz contra Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus no estado de Pernambuco, Brasil

The Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is an important tick species which affect bovines in tropical areas. Its control is based on the use of chemical acaricides, but the frequent use of these substances has been conducted to the development of tick resistance. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of cypermethrin and amitraz against R. (B.) microplus collected of bovines from different municipalities of the state of Pernambuco. From August 2009 to July 2011, engorged females were collected and subjected to the Adult Immersion Test in order to evaluate the efficacy of cypermethrin and amitraz. The results indicate that populations of R. (B.) microplus from Pernambuco present resistance to acaricides (i.e., cypermethrin and amitraz). In this study, a single population (Brejo da Madre de Deus) was susceptible to cypermethrin, whereas two (Timbaúba and Limoeiro) were susceptible to amitraz. Data herein reported follow a pattern observed in other regions of Brazil and alert to the fact that alternative measures of control should be implemented in this area studied.

Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus é uma importante espécie que acomete bovinos em áreas tropicais. O controle desse carrapato se baseia no uso de acaricidas químicos, mas a utilização frequente dessas substâncias tem conduzido ao desenvolvimento de resistência. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia da cipermetrina e do amitraz contra R. (B.) microplus coletadas de bovinos de diferentes municípios do estado de Pernambuco. De agosto de 2009 a julho de 2011, as fêmeas ingurgitadas foram coletadas e submetidas ao Adult Immersion Test, a fim de avaliar a eficácia de cipermetrina e amitraz. Os resultados indicam que as populações de R. (B.) microplus de Pernambuco apresentaram resistência aos acaricidas (cipermetrina e amitraz). Neste estudo, uma única população (Brejo da Madre de Deus) foi suscetível à cipermetrina, enquanto duas (Timbaúba e Limoeiro) foram sensíveis ao amitraz. Os dados aqui relatados seguem um padrão observado em outras regiões do Brasil e alertam para o fato de que as medidas alternativas de controle devem ser implementadas na área estudada.

Evaluation of the efficacy of cypermethrin and amitraz against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil

ABSTRACT: The Rhipicephalus (Boophilus )microplus is an important tick species which affect bovines in tropical areas. Its control is based on the use of chemical acaricides, but the frequent use of these substances has been conducted to the development of tick resistance. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of cypermethrin and amitraz against R. (B. )microplus collected of bovines from different municipalities of the state of Pernambuco. From August 2009 to July 2011, engorged females were collected and subjected to the "Adult Immersion Test" in order to evaluate the efficacy of cypermethrin and amitraz. The results indicate that populations of R. (B. )microplus from Pernambuco present resistance to acaricides (i.e., cypermethrin and amitraz). In this study, a single population (Brejo da Madre de Deus) was susceptible to cypermethrin, whereas two (Timbaúba and Limoeiro) were susceptible to amitraz. Data herein reported follow a pattern observed in other regions of Brazil and alert to the fact that alternative measures of control should be implemented in this area studied.

RESUMO: Rhipicephalus (Boophilus )microplus é uma importante espécie que acomete bovinos em áreas tropicais. O controle desse carrapato se baseia no uso de acaricidas químicos, mas a utilização frequente dessas substâncias tem conduzido ao desenvolvimento de resistência. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia da cipermetrina e do amitraz contra R. (B. )microplus coletadas de bovinos de diferentes municípios do estado de Pernambuco. De agosto de 2009 a julho de 2011, as fêmeas ingurgitadas foram coletadas e submetidas ao Adult Immersion Test , a fim de avaliar a eficácia de cipermetrina e amitraz. Os resultados indicam que as populações de R. (B. )microplus de Pernambuco apresentaram resistência aos acaricidas (cipermetrina e amitraz). Neste estudo, uma única população (Brejo da Madre de Deus) foi suscetível à cipermetrina, enquanto duas (Timbaúba e Limoeiro) foram sensíveis ao amitraz. Os dados aqui relatados seguem um padrão observado em outras regiões do Brasil e alertam para o fato de que as medidas alternativas de controle devem ser implementadas na área estudada.

Evaluation of the efficacy of cypermethrin and amitraz against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil / Avaliação da eficácia de cipermetrina e amitraz contra Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus no estado de Pernambuco, Brasil

The Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is an important tick species which affect bovines in tropical areas. Its control is based on the use of chemical acaricides, but the frequent use of these substances has been conducted to the development of tick resistance. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of cypermethrin and amitraz against R. (B.) microplus collected of bovines from different municipalities of the state of Pernambuco. From August 2009 to July 2011, engorged females were collected and subjected to the Adult Immersion Test in order to evaluate the efficacy of cypermethrin and amitraz. The results indicate that populations of R. (B.) microplus from Pernambuco present resistance to acaricides (i.e., cypermethrin and amitraz). In this study, a single population (Brejo da Madre de Deus) was susceptible to cypermethrin, whereas two (Timbaúba and Limoeiro) were susceptible to amitraz. Data herein reported follow a pattern observed in other regions of Brazil and alert to the fact that alternative measures of control should be implemented in this area studied.(AU)

Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus é uma importante espécie que acomete bovinos em áreas tropicais. O controle desse carrapato se baseia no uso de acaricidas químicos, mas a utilização frequente dessas substâncias tem conduzido ao desenvolvimento de resistência. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia da cipermetrina e do amitraz contra R. (B.) microplus coletadas de bovinos de diferentes municípios do estado de Pernambuco. De agosto de 2009 a julho de 2011, as fêmeas ingurgitadas foram coletadas e submetidas ao Adult Immersion Test, a fim de avaliar a eficácia de cipermetrina e amitraz. Os resultados indicam que as populações de R. (B.) microplus de Pernambuco apresentaram resistência aos acaricidas (cipermetrina e amitraz). Neste estudo, uma única população (Brejo da Madre de Deus) foi suscetível à cipermetrina, enquanto duas (Timbaúba e Limoeiro) foram sensíveis ao amitraz. Os dados aqui relatados seguem um padrão observado em outras regiões do Brasil e alertam para o fato de que as medidas alternativas de controle devem ser implementadas na área estudada.(AU)

Evaluation of the efficacy of cypermethrin and amitraz against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil

ABSTRACT: The Rhipicephalus (Boophilus )microplus is an important tick species which affect bovines in tropical areas. Its control is based on the use of chemical acaricides, but the frequent use of these substances has been conducted to the development of tick resistance. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of cypermethrin and amitraz against R. (B. )microplus collected of bovines from different municipalities of the state of Pernambuco. From August 2009 to July 2011, engorged females were collected and subjected to the "Adult Immersion Test" in order to evaluate the efficacy of cypermethrin and amitraz. The results indicate that populations of R. (B. )microplus from Pernambuco present resistance to acaricides (i.e., cypermethrin and amitraz). In this study, a single population (Brejo da Madre de Deus) was susceptible to cypermethrin, whereas two (Timbaúba and Limoeiro) were susceptible to amitraz. Data herein reported follow a pattern observed in other regions of Brazil and alert to the fact that alternative measures of control should be implemented in this area studied.

RESUMO: Rhipicephalus (Boophilus )microplus é uma importante espécie que acomete bovinos em áreas tropicais. O controle desse carrapato se baseia no uso de acaricidas químicos, mas a utilização frequente dessas substâncias tem conduzido ao desenvolvimento de resistência. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia da cipermetrina e do amitraz contra R. (B. )microplus coletadas de bovinos de diferentes municípios do estado de Pernambuco. De agosto de 2009 a julho de 2011, as fêmeas ingurgitadas foram coletadas e submetidas ao Adult Immersion Test , a fim de avaliar a eficácia de cipermetrina e amitraz. Os resultados indicam que as populações de R. (B. )microplus de Pernambuco apresentaram resistência aos acaricidas (cipermetrina e amitraz). Neste estudo, uma única população (Brejo da Madre de Deus) foi suscetível à cipermetrina, enquanto duas (Timbaúba e Limoeiro) foram sensíveis ao amitraz. Os dados aqui relatados seguem um padrão observado em outras regiões do Brasil e alertam para o fato de que as medidas alternativas de controle devem ser implementadas na área estudada.

Susceptibility of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) to pyrethroids and their associations in Pernambuco, Brazil / Susceptibilidade de Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) a piretróides e suas associações em Pernambuco, Brasil

The synthetic pyrethroids and their associations have been widely used for controlling Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. The frequent use of acaricides has been inducing the development of resistance in the tick populations. The aim of this study was to assess the susceptibility of R. (B.) microplus populations to pyrethroids and their associations in the region of Garanhuns, Pernambuco, Brazil. In addition, the level of information among farm owners regarding tick control measures was investigated. Ticks were collected directly from naturally infested dairy cattle in the region and were exposed to pyrethroids and their associations. At the same time, an epidemiological questionnaire was applied with the aim of investigating the level of information among the farmers. The results reported here indicate that R. (B.) microplus populations in the dairy region of Garanhuns show resistance to pyrethroids and their associations, except when the product is associated with piperonyl butoxide. Regarding the results from the epidemiological survey, it was seen that there is a considerable lack of information among the farmers in relation to ixodid control measures. The level of ticks resistance to acaricides varied widely across the region studied. No alternative control programs have been implemented among these farms, thus demonstrating that there is a need for more information relating to the biology and control of R. (B.) microplus.

Os piretróides sintéticos e associações são acaricidas amplamente utilizados para o controle do Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. O uso frequente destes fármacos tem induzido o surgimento de populações de carrapatos resistentes. Objetivou-se neste estudo avaliar a susceptibilidade de populações de R. (B.) microplus aos piretróides e associações. Além disso, investigou-se o nível de informações dos proprietários com relação ás medidas de controle utilizadas. Os carrapatos foram coletados diretamente de bovinos naturalmente infestados na região leiteira de Garanhuns, Pernambuco e expostos a piretróides e suas associações. Contemporaneamente, foi aplicado um questionário epidemiológico com o objetivo de avaliar o nível de informação dos produtores. Os resultados aqui obtidos demonstram que populações de R. (B.) microplus provenientes da região leiteira de Garanhuns apresentam resistência aos piretróides, exceto quando o produto está associado com butóxido de piperonila. Em se tratando dos resultados referentes ao inquérito epidemiológico, verificou-se considerável falta de informação por parte dos produtores com relação ás medidas de controle de ixodídeos. Assim, verifica-se que o nível de resistência aos acaricidas é muito variável na região estudada e que não há, nas propriedades, a adoção de programas alternativos de controle, demonstrando a necessidade de maiores informações relacionadas á biologia e ao controle do R. (B.) microplus.