Meningoencephalitis of unknown origin in dogs

Background: Meningoencephalitis of unknown origin (MUO) is a critical cause of neurological disorders in dogs, mainly affecting small young individuals. Its symptomatology is varied and depends on the affected neuroanatomic region. The ante mortem diagnosis of this condition is uncertain, being achieved by discarding other conditions and often occurring definitively only by performing a necropsy. Thus, this study aims to report 2 cases of meningoencephalitis, one necrotizing and the other granulomatous in dogs. Cases: Case 1. A 3-year-old, Shih Tzu bitch with a body weight of 4 kg, showing proprioceptive ataxia, behavior of walking in circles, and evolving rapidly to non-ambulatory paresis, was treated. The neurological examination showed a posture of decerebrate stiffness and absence of withdrawal reflex and proprioception, suggesting brainstem injury. Laboratory tests showed mild neutrophilia and lymphopenia, while the rapid test for distemper was non-reactive. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis showed lymphocytic pleocytosis, and the PCR tests of the CSF, blood, and urine for the detection of infectious diseases were negative, as well as the culture. With no improvement in clinical condition and exams showing a progressive degenerative condition unresponsive to available treatments, the tutor opted for euthanasia of the patient. The subsequently requested necropsy confirmed the diagnosis of granulomatous meningoencephalitis. Case 2. This case refers to a 1-year-and-5-month-old male Maltese breed weighing 4.8 kg. This animal presented walking in circles behavior and loss of vision for a week, with signs worsening rapidly. In the neurological evaluation, the patient presented sensitivity in the middle ear, difficulty opening the mouth, hearing deficit in the right ear, blindness in the right eye, a proprioceptive deficit in the right anterior limb, and head pressing. Laboratory tests showed nonregenerative anemia and mild lymphopenia. After 1 day of hospitalization, the patient showed worsening clinical condition, with obstruction, absence of facial and auricular sensitivity, and nasal stimulus. In addition, onset of generalized seizures was observed; therefore, CSF was analyzed, which did not present significant alterations except for detecting reactive lymphocytes. The bacteriological culture of CSF resulted in no bacterial growth. In addition, the same neurological PCR panel performed for the previous patient was negative. After 5 days of intensive care, the patient presented a cardiorespiratory arrest and died. The subsequently requested necropsy confirmed the diagnosis of necrotizing meningoencephalitis. Discussion: The 2 reported cases confirm that MUO should be considered during the differential diagnoses of patients with neurological alterations. It is known that small-breed dogs are predisposed to these diseases. Laboratory tests and medical imaging are crucial for clinical guidance, helping to discard other neurological pathologies, especially those due to bacterial, fungal, and/or viral agents. However, definitive diagnosis of MUO can only be performed through necropsy and histopathological analysis. For the reported cases, CSF analysis, neurological PCR panel for detecting possible infectious agents, and bacterial culture were essential to rule out other possible causes of meningoencephalitis. Unfortunately, MUO includes progressive neurological disorders causing the patient's death.

Bacterial communities in artisanal raw bovine milk cheeses from the southern region of Brazil / Comunidades bacterianas em queijos artesanais de leite bovino cru da região sul do Brasil

The production of artisanal cheeses made with raw bovine milk has grown in the southern region of Brazil. It is important to obtain information about the risks of this practice, especially concerning food safety. In this study, next-generation sequencing was used to identify and characterize the bacterial communities of artisanal raw milk cheeses. We analyzed one pool of five raw milk samples (control group M1) from different dairy farms and nine pools (M2-M10) of 45 artisanal raw milk cheeses.The characterization of the bacterial communities included 199 species distributed across 59 different genera dispersed among the samples. Among the genera observed, 11 were classified as beneficial to the aroma, flavour, colour, and texture of the cheese. Thirty-one genera were classified as harmful to these characteristics. Another 17 were classified as potential pathogens for animals and humans, including Aeromonas, Bacillus, Cronobacter, Salmonella, Staphylococcus, and bacteria of the coliform group, including E. coli and Klebsiella. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in the number of bacterial communities identified between the control group (M1) and the two pools of artisanal raw milk cheeses (M2 and M8). This study demonstrated that next-generation sequencing provides in-depth information on the composition of the microbiota in artisanal raw milk cheeses, characterizing bacterial communities, identifying the wide microbial diversity, and identifying microbial benefits and risks.

Devido ao aumento da produção de queijos artesanais com leite bovino cru na região sul do Brasil, é importante obter informações sobre os riscos desta prática, principalmente no que se refere à segurança do alimento. Neste estudo foi utilizada a técnica de Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) para identificar e caracterizar comunidades bacterianas de queijos artesanais de leite cru. Foram analisados um pool de cinco amostras de leite cru como grupo controle (M1) de diferentes propriedades leiteiras localizadas na região norte do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, e nove pools (M2-M10) de 45 queijos artesanais de leite cru. A caracterização das comunidades bacterianas incluiu 199 espécies distribuídas em 59 gêneros diferentes dispersos entre as amostras. Dentre os gêneros observados, 11 foram classificados como benéficos ao aroma, sabor, cor e textura do queijo, enquanto 31 gêneros foram classificados como prejudiciais a essas características. Outros 17 foram classificados como potenciais patogênicos para animais e humanos, incluindo Aeromonas, Bacillus, Cronobacter, Salmonella, Staphylococcus, bactérias do grupo coliforme como Escherichia coli e Klebsiella. Houve diferença significativa (P < 0,05) entre o número de comunidades bacterianas identificadas no grupo controle (M1) e dois pools de queijos artesanais de leite cru (M2 e M8). Este estudo demonstra que o NGS fornece informações detalhadas sobre a composição da microbiota em queijos artesanais de leite cru, caracterizando comunidades bacterianas, identificando a ampla diversidade microbiana, os benefícios e riscos microbianos.

Metastatic intranasal mastocytoma in a dog

Background: Mast cell tumors (MCTs) are neoplasms originating from mast cells, which can be well or poorly differentiated. They are considered the most commonly diagnosed malignant cutaneous neoplasm in dogs; however, intranasal forms are still little reported. Thus, this study seeks to report a case of unilateral intranasal MCT exhibiting submandibular lymph node metastasis. Case: A 11-year-old-and-4-month-old dog of undefined breed (UB), weighing 41 kg, was referred to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of the University of Passo Fundo (UPF), in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Presenting a clinical history of bilateral purulent nasal secretion, accompanied by sneezing in the two months prior to admission, in addition to vomiting and diarrhea. Auxiliary tests were requested, including skull X-ray, cytology of the nasal cavity with a swab, and collection of material from the submandibular lymph node directly through cytology with a needle. Cytological findings from the right nasal cavity were consistent with mast cell tumors (MCTs). Cytological analysis of the left nasal cavity was compatible with dysplasia/cellular reactivity. A heterogeneous population of cells was detected on cytology of the right submandibular lymph node. These findings were consistent with MCT lymph node metastasis. Skull radiography showed an increase in both opacity and soft tissue extension, surpassing the palate, from the canine tooth through the caudal region of the maxillary sinuses to the last molar, without bone destruction. The dog was then admitted for an abdominal ultrasound, which showed no changes in the spleen or liver. The leukocyte count showed mild lymphopenia and the presence of reactive lymphocytes. Through the buffy coat, the presence of rare round cells, compatible with circulating mast cells, was detected. Due to the biological behavior of the neoplasm and its anatomical location, the established therapy was based on the use of vinblastine and prednisolone. The patient did not show any clinical improvements. In a joint decision with the patient's guardian, the dog was euthanized. Discussion: Intranasal MCTs commonly present progressive and intermittent unilateral epitaxis, mucopurulent nasal discharge, dyspnea, and ocular discharge. Several anatomical sites were associated with more aggressive neoplastic phenotypes; those with an unfavorable prognosis were mainly those present in the oral and intranasal mucosa. Cytopathological examination is considered a highly sensitive method for the diagnosis of MCTs. Metastases are present in more than 90% of mucosal MCTs, usually affecting regional lymph nodes and associated with a poor prognosis. Radiography is considered a useful test in determining the size and location of tumors in the nasal cavity. Chemotherapy plays an important role in the treatment, especially in cases like the one described in this report, in which surgical excision is not possible due to the anatomical location of the neoplasm. Intranasal MCTs are uncommon in dogs. In this case, he presented aggressive, metastatic behavior and a poor response to antineoplastic therapy. Furthermore, due to the location of these tumors, they may be clinically similar to a number of other upper respiratory tract diseases, posing a diagnostic challenge. Therefore, it is essential that the search for differential diagnoses be carried out through auxiliary tests, such as cytology and imaging.

Metastatic vulvar squamous cell carcinoma in a mare

Background: Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a common cutaneous neoplasm in horses, which mainly affects the external genitalia, oral cavity, and periocular region. The development of SCC metastases is rare in these animals, and the most common occurrence is a marked local infiltration. Exposure to ultraviolet rays and skin depigmentation are the main etiological factors of SCC. Definitive diagnosis of the neoplasm is performed through histological examination of lesions. The present report describes the clinical, anatomopathological, and immunohistochemical (IHC) aspects of a case of metastatic SCC, with the vulva as the primary site in a mare. Case: A 17-year-old mare, mixed breed, was referred to the Veterinary Hospital of the Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), with history of areas of depigmented skin (pinto coat), and clinical history of anorexia, frequent episodes of colic, and recumbency. During clinical evaluation, heart rate (68 bpm), rectal temperature (38.4ºC), and respiratory rate (48 mpm) were elevated, and the oral mucosa was pale. The mare also had an ulcerated tumor mass involving the vulva, which extended to the inguinal region and involved the mammary gland. A cytological aspirate of the vulvar tumor was performed, in which no neoplastic cells were found. Next, a biopsy of 2 distinct areas of the vulva was performed. The material was sent for anatomopathological examination, which showed markedly pleomorphic malignant squamous cells, with individual keratinization and high mitotic index, organized in trabeculae with rare keratin pearl-like formations. The exam allowed the diagnosis of SCC Grade II. Due to the poor prognosis and high cost of treatment, the owner consented to euthanasia and necropsy examination. During necropsy, the vulvar tumor mass was grayish, firm to hard, infiltrative, and had friable areas. Tumor foci suggestive of metastasis were also observed in inguinal, mesenteric, mediastinal and renal lymph nodes, adrenal glands, lung, pericardium, medullary canal, intercostal muscles, right 15th rib, and tissue surrounding the azygos vein. Samples from all organs were collected for anatomopathological examination. Diagnosis of metastatic vulvar SCC was confirmed through histological and IHC studies, which evaluated the expression of cytokeratins (AE1/ AE3), as well as the proliferative activity of neoplastic cells through the PCNA marker. Discussion: The diagnosis of metastatic SCC was obtained through the observed clinical, necroscopic, histological, and IHC characteristics. This neoplasm usually appears in depigmented regions exposed to ultraviolet light, and older animals are more likely to be affected. The mare in the present case had areas of depigmented skin (pinto coat). The animal was kept in a paddock outdoor and exposed to constant solar radiation. Although rare in horses, manifestation of anorexia, progressive weight loss, and frequent colic episodes and recumbency may be closely related to the multiple sites of metastasis in the present case. The main histological findings of the neoplasm were the dense proliferation of malignant squamous cells with individual keratinization, arranged in a trabecular pattern and with rare formations of keratin pearls, in line with previous studies. During IHC evaluation, the neoplastic cells showed expression of cytokeratins (AE1/AE3), as well as high proliferative activity evidenced by the PCNA marker. Given this background, the present report describes the clinical, anatomopathological, and IHC aspects of a case of metastatic SCC with a primary site in the vulva of a mare.

Investigação metagenômica em queijos tipo coloniais, produzidos com leite pasteurizado e comercializados no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil / Metagenomic investigation in colonial cheese produced with pasteurized milk and sold in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil / Investigación metagenómica en quesos de tipo colonial, producidos con leche pasteurizada y comercialziados en el estado de Río Grande do Sul, Brasil

Leite e derivados são alimentos muito susceptíveis a ataques de micro-organismos. Sua fiscalização no Brasil está a cargo das Inspeções Municipais, Estaduais ou Federais, sendo a verificação da qualidade higiênico-sanitária dos alimentos uma atividade de extrema importância. Este estudo utilizou a análise metagenômica para investigar sequencias genéticas microbianas em 12 marcas de queijo tipo colonial produzidos sob diferentes regimes de fiscalização pública, e comercializados no estado do Rio Grande do Sul em dois municípios distintos. Foi identificado DNA de micro-organismos pertencentes a quatro filos microbianos: Acinetobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes e Proteobacteria. Dentre os resultados mais relevantes, sequências genéticas de micro-organismos patogênicos ou prejudiciais à tecnologia do leite foram evidenciados, com os gêneros Acinetobacter, Bacillus e Pseudomonas ocorrrendo em 100% das amostras avaliadas. Outras bactérias de importância em saúde pública, como as pertencentes à Família Enterobacteriaceae e o gênero Staphylococcus foram detectados e são discutidos. À comparação das medianas de detecção nos 3 níveis de fiscalização, quando da avaliação por pares, evidenciou-se diferença estatística entre as esferas municipal e federal (PT= 0,03), com maior mediana registrada em nível municipal. À avaliação entre os municípios, não foi evidenciada diferença significativa (PMW= 0,81). Sugere-se melhor qualidade microbiológica do queijo, e/ou leite utilizado como matéria-prima, pertencentes à produção submetida à Inspeção Federal em relação à Municipal.

Milk and dairy products are very susceptible foods to microorganism attacks. Its control in Brazil is submitted to Municipal, State or Federal Inspections, and verification of the hygienic-sanitary quality of food is an extremely important activity. This study used metagenomic analysis to investigate microbial genetic sequences in 12 brands of colonial cheese produced under different Public Inspection regimes and selled in two different municipalities in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. DNA from microorganisms belonging to four microbial Phyla have been identified: Acinetobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. Among the most relevant results, genetic sequences of pathogenic microorganisms or harmful to milk technology were evidenced, with Acinetobacter, Bacillus and Pseudomona sbacterias occurring in 100% of the evaluated samples. Other public health important bacterias, such as those belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcus spp. were detected and discussed. Comparing the detection medians in the 3 levels of inspection by peer evaluation, a statistical difference was highlighted between the Municipal and Federal levels (PT= 0,03), with the highest median recorded at Municipal level. It is suggested better microbiological quality of cheese, and / or milk used as raw material, when they belong to the production submitted to the Federal Inspection in relation to Municipal one.

La leche y los derivados son alimentos muy susceptibles a los ataques de microorganismos. Su fiscalización en Brasil es responsabilidad de las inspecciones municipales, estatales o federales, y la verificación de la calidad higiénico-sanitaria de los alimentos es una actividad extremadamente importante. Este estudio utilizó el análisis metagenómico para investigar secuencias genéticas microbianas en 12 marcas de queso colonial com produción sometida a diferentes regímenes de inspección pública, y comercializadas en el estado de Rio Grande do Sul en dos municipios diferentes. Se han identificado ADN de microorganismos pertenecientes a cuatro filamentos microbianos: Acinetobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes y Proteobacteria. Entre los resultados más relevantes, se evidenciaron secuencias genéticas de microorganismos patógenos o nocivos para la tecnología de la leche,com detección de los géneros Acinetobacter, Bacillus y Pseudomonas en el 100% de las muestras evaluadas. Se detectaron y discutieron otras bacterias de importancia para la salud pública, como las que pertenecen a la familia Enterobacteriaceae y el género Staphylococcus. La comparación de las medianas de detección en los 3 niveles de inspección, cuando la evaluación por pares, mostró una diferencia estadística entre los niveles municipales y federales (PT= 0,03), con la mediana más alta registrada a nivel municipal. En la evaluación entre los municipios, no se evidenciaron diferencias significativas (PMW= 0.81). Se sugiere una mejor calidad microbiológica del queso, y / o leche utilizada como materia prima, perteneciente a la producción sometida a la Inspección Federal en relación con el Municipal.

Investigação metagenômica em queijos tipo coloniais, produzidos com leite pasteurizado e comercializados no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil / Metagenomic investigation in colonial cheese produced with pasteurized milk and sold in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil / Investigación metagenómica en quesos de tipo colonial, producidos con leche pasteurizada y comercialziados en el estado de Río Grande do Sul, Brasil

Leite e derivados são alimentos muito susceptíveis a ataques de micro-organismos. Sua fiscalização no Brasil está a cargo das Inspeções Municipais, Estaduais ou Federais, sendo a verificação da qualidade higiênico-sanitária dos alimentos uma atividade de extrema importância. Este estudo utilizou a análise metagenômica para investigar sequencias genéticas microbianas em 12 marcas de queijo tipo colonial produzidos sob diferentes regimes de fiscalização pública, e comercializados no estado do Rio Grande do Sul em dois municípios distintos. Foi identificado DNA de micro-organismos pertencentes a quatro filos microbianos: Acinetobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes e Proteobacteria. Dentre os resultados mais relevantes, sequências genéticas de micro-organismos patogênicos ou prejudiciais à tecnologia do leite foram evidenciados, com os gêneros Acinetobacter, Bacillus e Pseudomonas ocorrrendo em 100% das amostras avaliadas. Outras bactérias de importância em saúde pública, como as pertencentes à Família Enterobacteriaceae e o gênero Staphylococcus foram detectados e são discutidos. À comparação das medianas de detecção nos 3 níveis de fiscalização, quando da avaliação por pares, evidenciou-se diferença estatística entre as esferas municipal e federal (PT= 0,03), com maior mediana registrada em nível municipal. À avaliação entre os municípios, não foi evidenciada diferença significativa (PMW= 0,81). Sugere-se melhor qualidade microbiológica do queijo, e/ou leite utilizado como matéria-prima, pertencentes à produção submetida à Inspeção Federal em relação à Municipal.(AU)

Milk and dairy products are very susceptible foods to microorganism attacks. Its control in Brazil is submitted to Municipal, State or Federal Inspections, and verification of the hygienic-sanitary quality of food is an extremely important activity. This study used metagenomic analysis to investigate microbial genetic sequences in 12 brands of colonial cheese produced under different Public Inspection regimes and selled in two different municipalities in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. DNA from microorganisms belonging to four microbial Phyla have been identified: Acinetobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. Among the most relevant results, genetic sequences of pathogenic microorganisms or harmful to milk technology were evidenced, with Acinetobacter, Bacillus and Pseudomona sbacterias occurring in 100% of the evaluated samples. Other public health important bacterias, such as those belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcus spp. were detected and discussed. Comparing the detection medians in the 3 levels of inspection by peer evaluation, a statistical difference was highlighted between the Municipal and Federal levels (PT= 0,03), with the highest median recorded at Municipal level. It is suggested better microbiological quality of cheese, and / or milk used as raw material, when they belong to the production submitted to the Federal Inspection in relation to Municipal one.(AU)

La leche y los derivados son alimentos muy susceptibles a los ataques de microorganismos. Su fiscalización en Brasil es responsabilidad de las inspecciones municipales, estatales o federales, y la verificación de la calidad higiénico-sanitaria de los alimentos es una actividad extremadamente importante. Este estudio utilizó el análisis metagenómico para investigar secuencias genéticas microbianas en 12 marcas de queso colonial com produción sometida a diferentes regímenes de inspección pública, y comercializadas en el estado de Rio Grande do Sul en dos municipios diferentes. Se han identificado ADN de microorganismos pertenecientes a cuatro filamentos microbianos: Acinetobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes y Proteobacteria. Entre los resultados más relevantes, se evidenciaron secuencias genéticas de microorganismos patógenos o nocivos para la tecnología de la leche,com detección de los géneros Acinetobacter, Bacillus y Pseudomonas en el 100% de las muestras evaluadas. Se detectaron y discutieron otras bacterias de importancia para la salud pública, como las que pertenecen a la familia Enterobacteriaceae y el género Staphylococcus. La comparación de las medianas de detección en los 3 niveles de inspección, cuando la evaluación por pares, mostró una diferencia estadística entre los niveles municipales y federales (PT= 0,03), con la mediana más alta registrada a nivel municipal. En la evaluación entre los municipios, no se evidenciaron diferencias significativas (PMW= 0.81). Se sugiere una mejor calidad microbiológica del queso, y / o leche utilizada como materia prima, perteneciente a la producción sometida a la Inspección Federal en relación con el Municipal.(AU)

Bovine tuberculosis: diagnosis in dairy cattle through the association of analyzes / Tuberculose bovina: diagnóstico em bovinos leiteiros através da associação de análises

Tuberculosis is a chronic anthropozoonosis of worldwide occurrence, caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its variants. In Brazil, the National Program for the Control and Eradication of Brucellosis and Tuberculosis in cattle, is responsible for diagnosing and the correctly allocate positive animals, but there is still a lack of definitive diagnosis of the disease. This study described the use of five diagnostic tools that can be used, preferably together, for the confirmation of suspected cases. These tools included the clinical examination comparative cervical tuberculin test, macroscopic findings during the slaughtering and histopathology of the damaged tissues followed by histochemistry. We evaluated a total of 211 dairy cattle, where 15.1% (32/211) had classic clinical signs of bovine tuberculosis, 74 (35%) showed reactivity in the comparative cervical tuberculin test. Of the total number of animals, 141 (66.8%) were referred for sanitary slaughter due to legal and control issues in the outbreaks of the disease. In the follow-up of slaughtering and inspection of viscera and carcasses, 74 (52.5%) had macroscopic lesions compatible with bovine tuberculosis, while 67 (47.5%) showed no visible changes. During the inspection, fragments of lymph nodes and liver and lung parenchyma were collected from five cattle with macroscopic lesions and five with no lesions. The histopathological analysis showed numerous areas of caseous necrosis with or without central calcification and granulomatous inflammatory infiltrate. In the special staining of Ziehl-Neelsen, numerous acid-fast bacilli were evidenced in all cases.(AU)

A tuberculose é uma antropozoonose crônica de ocorrência mundial, causada pela bactéria Mycobacterium tuberculosis e suas variantes. No Brasil existe o Programa Nacional de Controle e Erradicação da Brucelose e Tuberculose em bovinos que viabiliza o diagnóstico e a destinação correta dos animais positivos, porém ainda há carência quanto ao diagnóstico da doença. Assim, este trabalho descreve a utilização de cinco ferramentas diagnósticas para a confirmação de casos suspeitos de tuberculose. As ferramentas utilizadas compreenderam o exame clínico, teste tuberculínico cervical comparativo, os achados macroscópicos durante o abate sanitário e a histopatologia dos tecidos lesados seguido de histoquímica. O estudo avaliou um total de 211 bovinos leiteiros, dos quais 15,1% (32/211) apresentaram sinais clínicos clássicos de tuberculose bovina, 35,1% (74/211) apresentaram reatividade no teste tuberculínico cervical comparativo, e 143 animais (67,8%) foram encaminhados para abate sanitário devido a questões legais e de controle nos focos da doença. No acompanhamento do abate e inspeção sanitária de vísceras e carcaças verificou-se que 51,8% (74/143) dos bovinos abatidos apresentavam lesões macroscópicas compatíveis com tuberculose bovina, enquanto 48,2% (69/143) não apresentavam alterações visíveis. Durante a inspeção foram coletados fragmentos de linfonodos e parênquima de fígado e pulmão de cinco bovinos com lesões macroscópicas e de cinco sem lesões, que na análise histopatológica apresentaram numerosas áreas de necrose caseosa com ou sem calcificação central e infiltrado inflamatório granulomatoso. Na coloração de Ziehl-Neelsen foram evidenciados numerosos bacilos álcool-ácido resistentes em todos os casos. Assim, diante dos resultados obtidos verifica-se que as análises empregadas no presente estudo foram de extrema importância para o diagnóstico acurado de tuberculose em bovinos.(AU)

Bovine tuberculosis: diagnosis in dairy cattle through the association of analyzes / Tuberculose bovina: diagnóstico em bovinos leiteiros através da associação de análises

Tuberculosis is a chronic anthropozoonosis of worldwide occurrence, caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its variants. In Brazil, the National Program for the Control and Eradication of Brucellosis and Tuberculosis in cattle, is responsible for diagnosing and the correctly allocate positive animals, but there is still a lack of definitive diagnosis of the disease. This study described the use of five diagnostic tools that can be used, preferably together, for the confirmation of suspected cases. These tools included the clinical examination comparative cervical tuberculin test, macroscopic findings during the slaughtering and histopathology of the damaged tissues followed by histochemistry. We evaluated a total of 211 dairy cattle, where 15.1% (32/211) had classic clinical signs of bovine tuberculosis, 74 (35%) showed reactivity in the comparative cervical tuberculin test. Of the total number of animals, 141 (66.8%) were referred for sanitary slaughter due to legal and control issues in the outbreaks of the disease. In the follow-up of slaughtering and inspection of viscera and carcasses, 74 (52.5%) had macroscopic lesions compatible with bovine tuberculosis, while 67 (47.5%) showed no visible changes. During the inspection, fragments of lymph nodes and liver and lung parenchyma were collected from five cattle with macroscopic lesions and five with no lesions. The histopathological analysis showed numerous areas of caseous necrosis with or without central calcification and granulomatous inflammatory infiltrate. In the special staining of Ziehl-Neelsen, numerous acid-fast bacilli were evidenced in all cases.(AU)

A tuberculose é uma antropozoonose crônica de ocorrência mundial, causada pela bactéria Mycobacterium tuberculosis e suas variantes. No Brasil existe o Programa Nacional de Controle e Erradicação da Brucelose e Tuberculose em bovinos que viabiliza o diagnóstico e a destinação correta dos animais positivos, porém ainda há carência quanto ao diagnóstico da doença. Assim, este trabalho descreve a utilização de cinco ferramentas diagnósticas para a confirmação de casos suspeitos de tuberculose. As ferramentas utilizadas compreenderam o exame clínico, teste tuberculínico cervical comparativo, os achados macroscópicos durante o abate sanitário e a histopatologia dos tecidos lesados seguido de histoquímica. O estudo avaliou um total de 211 bovinos leiteiros, dos quais 15,1% (32/211) apresentaram sinais clínicos clássicos de tuberculose bovina, 35,1% (74/211) apresentaram reatividade no teste tuberculínico cervical comparativo, e 143 animais (67,8%) foram encaminhados para abate sanitário devido a questões legais e de controle nos focos da doença. No acompanhamento do abate e inspeção sanitária de vísceras e carcaças verificou-se que 51,8% (74/143) dos bovinos abatidos apresentavam lesões macroscópicas compatíveis com tuberculose bovina, enquanto 48,2% (69/143) não apresentavam alterações visíveis. Durante a inspeção foram coletados fragmentos de linfonodos e parênquima de fígado e pulmão de cinco bovinos com lesões macroscópicas e de cinco sem lesões, que na análise histopatológica apresentaram numerosas áreas de necrose caseosa com ou sem calcificação central e infiltrado inflamatório granulomatoso. Na coloração de Ziehl-Neelsen foram evidenciados numerosos bacilos álcool-ácido resistentes em todos os casos. Assim, diante dos resultados obtidos verifica-se que as análises empregadas no presente estudo foram de extrema importância para o diagnóstico acurado de tuberculose em bovinos.(AU)

Bovine tuberculosis: diagnosis in dairy cattle through the association of analyzes

ABSTRACT: Tuberculosis is a chronic anthropozoonosis of worldwide occurrence, caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its variants. In Brazil, the National Program for the Control and Eradication of Brucellosis and Tuberculosis in cattle, is responsible for diagnosing and the correctly allocate positive animals, but there is still a lack of definitive diagnosis of the disease. This study described the use of five diagnostic tools that can be used, preferably together, for the confirmation of suspected cases. These tools included the clinical examination comparative cervical tuberculin test, macroscopic findings during the slaughtering and histopathology of the damaged tissues followed by histochemistry. We evaluated a total of 211 dairy cattle, where 15.1% (32/211) had classic clinical signs of bovine tuberculosis, 74 (35%) showed reactivity in the comparative cervical tuberculin test. Of the total number of animals, 141 (66.8%) were referred for sanitary slaughter due to legal and control issues in the outbreaks of the disease. In the follow-up of slaughtering and inspection of viscera and carcasses, 74 (52.5%) had macroscopic lesions compatible with bovine tuberculosis, while 67 (47.5%) showed no visible changes. During the inspection, fragments of lymph nodes and liver and lung parenchyma were collected from five cattle with macroscopic lesions and five with no lesions. The histopathological analysis showed numerous areas of caseous necrosis with or without central calcification and granulomatous inflammatory infiltrate. In the special staining of Ziehl-Neelsen, numerous acid-fast bacilli were evidenced in all cases.

RESUMO: A tuberculose é uma antropozoonose crônica de ocorrência mundial, causada pela bactéria Mycobacterium tuberculosis e suas variantes. No Brasil existe o Programa Nacional de Controle e Erradicação da Brucelose e Tuberculose em bovinos que viabiliza o diagnóstico e a destinação correta dos animais positivos, porém ainda há carência quanto ao diagnóstico da doença. Assim, este trabalho descreve a utilização de cinco ferramentas diagnósticas para a confirmação de casos suspeitos de tuberculose. As ferramentas utilizadas compreenderam o exame clínico, teste tuberculínico cervical comparativo, os achados macroscópicos durante o abate sanitário e a histopatologia dos tecidos lesados seguido de histoquímica. O estudo avaliou um total de 211 bovinos leiteiros, dos quais 15,1% (32/211) apresentaram sinais clínicos clássicos de tuberculose bovina, 35,1% (74/211) apresentaram reatividade no teste tuberculínico cervical comparativo, e 143 animais (67,8%) foram encaminhados para abate sanitário devido a questões legais e de controle nos focos da doença. No acompanhamento do abate e inspeção sanitária de vísceras e carcaças verificou-se que 51,8% (74/143) dos bovinos abatidos apresentavam lesões macroscópicas compatíveis com tuberculose bovina, enquanto 48,2% (69/143) não apresentavam alterações visíveis. Durante a inspeção foram coletados fragmentos de linfonodos e parênquima de fígado e pulmão de cinco bovinos com lesões macroscópicas e de cinco sem lesões, que na análise histopatológica apresentaram numerosas áreas de necrose caseosa com ou sem calcificação central e infiltrado inflamatório granulomatoso. Na coloração de Ziehl-Neelsen foram evidenciados numerosos bacilos álcool-ácido resistentes em todos os casos. Assim, diante dos resultados obtidos verifica-se que as análises empregadas no presente estudo foram de extrema importância para o diagnóstico acurado de tuberculose em bovinos.

Análise molecular para Toxoplasma gondii em linguiças suínas defumadas / Molecular analysis for Toxoplasma gondii in smoked swine sausages

A toxoplasmose é causada pelo protozoário Toxoplasma gondii, o qual acomete os humanos através da ingestão de carne mal passada ou crua. O presente trabalho descreve o emprego de PCR em linguiças suínas defumadas (salames) para detecção de T. gondii, aliado a utilização do teste de imunofluorescência indireta na avaliação sorológica de suínos encaminhados para abate. No estudo, avaliaram-se 18 amostras de salames e 50 amostras de soro sanguíneo de suínos. Na PCR todas as amostras de salames se apresentaram negativas e no teste de imunofluorescência indireta 8% dos animais foram positivos para T. gondii. Embora PCR-negativas, as linguiças produzidas originaram-se de matéria-prima suína proveniente de estabelecimento de abate, cujo presente estudo identificou soroprevalência de 8% para o protozoário. Dessa forma, o consumo de carne mal passada ou crua e de produtos a base de carne crua, como os salames, devem ser evitados, principalmente, em grupos de risco como crianças e idosos.(AU)

Tuberculose bovina: diagnóstico ante mortem e post mortem em bovinos leiteiros através da associação de análises / Bovine tuberculosis: diagnosis ante mortem and post mortem in dairy cattle through analysis association

Este estudo descreve o emprego de quatro métodos diagnósticos para a confirmação de casos de tuberculose em bovinos. Para tanto foram avaliados 211 bovinos leiteiros, dos quais 35,1% apresentaram reatividade no teste tuberculínico cervical comparativo, e 143 animais foram encaminhados para abate sanitário. No acompanhamento do abate e inspeção sanitária verificou-se que 51,8% dos bovinos apresentavam lesões visíveis compatíveis com tuberculose. Também foram coletados fragmentos teciduais de bovinos com e sem lesões macroscópicas, os quais na análise histológica apresentaram numerosas áreas de necrose caseosa e áreas de calcificação, e na coloração de Ziehl-Neelsen apresentaram bacilos álcool-ácido resistentes. Assim, as análises empregadas no estudo se mostraram importantes para o diagnóstico acurado de tuberculose bovina, além de alertar para o risco de saúde pública que pessoas que trabalham nos abatedouros e/ou em contato direto com bovinos doentes estão submetidas.(AU)

Análise molecular para Toxoplasma gondii em linguiças suínas defumadas / Molecular analysis for Toxoplasma gondii in smoked swine sausages

A toxoplasmose é causada pelo protozoário Toxoplasma gondii, o qual acomete os humanos através da ingestão de carne mal passada ou crua. O presente trabalho descreve o emprego de PCR em linguiças suínas defumadas (salames) para detecção de T. gondii, aliado a utilização do teste de imunofluorescência indireta na avaliação sorológica de suínos encaminhados para abate. No estudo, avaliaram-se 18 amostras de salames e 50 amostras de soro sanguíneo de suínos. Na PCR todas as amostras de salames se apresentaram negativas e no teste de imunofluorescência indireta 8% dos animais foram positivos para T. gondii. Embora PCR-negativas, as linguiças produzidas originaram-se de matéria-prima suína proveniente de estabelecimento de abate, cujo presente estudo identificou soroprevalência de 8% para o protozoário. Dessa forma, o consumo de carne mal passada ou crua e de produtos a base de carne crua, como os salames, devem ser evitados, principalmente, em grupos de risco como crianças e idosos.

Tuberculose bovina: diagnóstico ante mortem e post mortem em bovinos leiteiros através da associação de análises / Bovine tuberculosis: diagnosis ante mortem and post mortem in dairy cattle through analysis association

Este estudo descreve o emprego de quatro métodos diagnósticos para a confirmação de casos de tuberculose em bovinos. Para tanto foram avaliados 211 bovinos leiteiros, dos quais 35,1% apresentaram reatividade no teste tuberculínico cervical comparativo, e 143 animais foram encaminhados para abate sanitário. No acompanhamento do abate e inspeção sanitária verificou-se que 51,8% dos bovinos apresentavam lesões visíveis compatíveis com tuberculose. Também foram coletados fragmentos teciduais de bovinos com e sem lesões macroscópicas, os quais na análise histológica apresentaram numerosas áreas de necrose caseosa e áreas de calcificação, e na coloração de Ziehl-Neelsen apresentaram bacilos álcool-ácido resistentes. Assim, as análises empregadas no estudo se mostraram importantes para o diagnóstico acurado de tuberculose bovina, além de alertar para o risco de saúde pública que pessoas que trabalham nos abatedouros e/ou em contato direto com bovinos doentes estão submetidas.

Poisoning by Senecio brasiliensis in horses in northern Rio Grande do Sul

Background: In various regions of Brazil, horses and cattle are considered the most susceptible animals to plant poisoning. The plants of the genus Senecio are the most important in Rio Grande do Sul because they have the active principleknown as the pyrrolizidine alkaloid. Its diagnosis is made through epidemiology, clinical signs and histopathologicalanalysis, either of the tissues obtained by biopsy or necropsy. The objective of this study was to report and characterizethe epidemiological, clinical and anatomopathological findings of three cases of natural poisoning by Senecio brasiliensisin horses assisted at the Hospital Veterinário (HV) of the Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF).Cases: Three traction horses, two males and one female, were admitted at the HV-UPF for clinical care. The animals werepresenting anorexia, weight loss, dysmetria, proprioceptive deficit and signs suggestive of colic. The epidemiological studyrevealed that the sites where these animals were located were infested by Senecio brasiliensis. The support therapy usedfor equine colic in all three cases was unsuccessful. One of the animals died and the other two were euthanized, all threeof them being reffered for necropsy. The post-mortem findings were mainly found in the liver, which showed accentuationof the lobular pattern and the appearance of nutmeg. During necropsy, fragments of organs from thoracic and abdominalcavities and central nervous system were collected and fixed in 10% buffered formalin. Subsequently, the samples wereprocessed chemically, submitted to cuts of five micrometers of thickness and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for microscopic analysis. Microscopically, the liver of all three horses presented megalocytosis, fibrosis and bile ducts hyperplasia.In the central nervous system, spongiosis and the presence of Alzheimer type II astrocytes were observed. Thus, throughthe association of information, the diagnosis of...

Poisoning by Senecio brasiliensis in horses in northern Rio Grande do Sul

Background: In various regions of Brazil, horses and cattle are considered the most susceptible animals to plant poisoning. The plants of the genus Senecio are the most important in Rio Grande do Sul because they have the active principleknown as the pyrrolizidine alkaloid. Its diagnosis is made through epidemiology, clinical signs and histopathologicalanalysis, either of the tissues obtained by biopsy or necropsy. The objective of this study was to report and characterizethe epidemiological, clinical and anatomopathological findings of three cases of natural poisoning by Senecio brasiliensisin horses assisted at the Hospital Veterinário (HV) of the Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF).Cases: Three traction horses, two males and one female, were admitted at the HV-UPF for clinical care. The animals werepresenting anorexia, weight loss, dysmetria, proprioceptive deficit and signs suggestive of colic. The epidemiological studyrevealed that the sites where these animals were located were infested by Senecio brasiliensis. The support therapy usedfor equine colic in all three cases was unsuccessful. One of the animals died and the other two were euthanized, all threeof them being reffered for necropsy. The post-mortem findings were mainly found in the liver, which showed accentuationof the lobular pattern and the appearance of nutmeg. During necropsy, fragments of organs from thoracic and abdominalcavities and central nervous system were collected and fixed in 10% buffered formalin. Subsequently, the samples wereprocessed chemically, submitted to cuts of five micrometers of thickness and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for microscopic analysis. Microscopically, the liver of all three horses presented megalocytosis, fibrosis and bile ducts hyperplasia.In the central nervous system, spongiosis and the presence of Alzheimer type II astrocytes were observed. Thus, throughthe association of information, the diagnosis of...(AU)

Aspectos Clínicos, ultrassonográficos e anatomopatológicos da displasia renal em Lhasa Apso com nefropatia juvenil progressiva / Aspects clinical, ultrasonographic and pathologic features of renal dysplasia in Lhasa Apso with progressive juvenile nephropathy

A displasia renal é caracterizada como uma desordem do parênquima renal. Ocorre no período embrionário durante a diferenciação dos tecidos renais e sua etiologia ainda permanece indefinida. Esta patologia, de origem congênita e hereditária, acomete principalmente animais jovens. A afecção pode levar ao desenvolvimento de doença renal crônica, com manifestação clínica de poliúria, polidipsia, perda de peso e apatia. Exames de imagem auxiliam na avaliação da arquitetura renal, evidenciando áreas de perda da definição córtico-medular. O diagnóstico definitivo é obtido por histopatologia. Destaca-se a importância de evitar o cruzamento de animais portadores de displasia renal, pois a doença é de caráter transmissível. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo relatar um caso de displasia renal, em um canino da raça Lhasa-apso, caracterizando seus aspectos clínicos, ultrassonográficos e anatomopatológicos.AU

Renal dysplasia is characterized as a disorder of the renal parenchyma. It occurs in the embryonic period during differentiation of renal tissues and its etiology remains unclear. This congenital and hereditary pathology affects mainly young animals. The condition can lead to the development of chronic kidney disease with clinical signs of polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss and apathy. Imaging tests help the evaluation of renal architecture, highlighting areas of loss of cortical-medular definition. The definitive diagnosis is made by histopathology. Highlights the importance of avoiding crossing animals with renal dysplasia, because the disease is transmitted character. This paper aims to report a case of renal dysplasia in a Lhasa-apso canine, featuring its clinical, ultrasonographic and anatomopathological aspects.AU

Aspectos Clínicos, ultrassonográficos e anatomopatológicos da displasia renal em Lhasa Apso com nefropatia juvenil progressiva / Aspects clinical, ultrasonographic and pathologic features of renal dysplasia in Lhasa Apso with progressive juvenile nephropathy

A displasia renal é caracterizada como uma desordem do parênquima renal. Ocorre no período embrionário durante a diferenciação dos tecidos renais e sua etiologia ainda permanece indefinida. Esta patologia, de origem congênita e hereditária, acomete principalmente animais jovens. A afecção pode levar ao desenvolvimento de doença renal crônica, com manifestação clínica de poliúria, polidipsia, perda de peso e apatia. Exames de imagem auxiliam na avaliação da arquitetura renal, evidenciando áreas de perda da definição córtico-medular. O diagnóstico definitivo é obtido por histopatologia. Destaca-se a importância de evitar o cruzamento de animais portadores de displasia renal, pois a doença é de caráter transmissível. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo relatar um caso de displasia renal, em um canino da raça Lhasa-apso, caracterizando seus aspectos clínicos, ultrassonográficos e anatomopatológicos.

Renal dysplasia is characterized as a disorder of the renal parenchyma. It occurs in the embryonic period during differentiation of renal tissues and its etiology remains unclear. This congenital and hereditary pathology affects mainly young animals. The condition can lead to the development of chronic kidney disease with clinical signs of polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss and apathy. Imaging tests help the evaluation of renal architecture, highlighting areas of loss of cortical-medular definition. The definitive diagnosis is made by histopathology. Highlights the importance of avoiding crossing animals with renal dysplasia, because the disease is transmitted character. This paper aims to report a case of renal dysplasia in a Lhasa-apso canine, featuring its clinical, ultrasonographic and anatomopathological aspects.

Hepatite infecciosa canina: relato de dois casos / Infectious canine hepatitis: report of two cases

A hepatite infecciosa canina (HIC), causada pelo adenovírus canino tipo 1 (CAV-1), aguda ou crônica, é umadas doenças hepáticas mais freqüentes em cães, tendo como principal característica o seu alto potencial decontágio. Relatam-se dois casos de hepatite infecciosa canina, em cães, machos, filhotes de um e três meses deidade, os quais apresentaram a doença de forma aguda, ocasionando posteriormente o óbito dos pacientes.Em razão da inespecificidade dos sinais clínicos caracterizados por vômito, diarréia, apatia, anorexia e depressão,o diagnóstico definitivo foi obtido através de exame histopatológico. Ambos os casos apresentaramnecrose hepatocelular hemorrágica, degeneração hepatocelular severa e presença de corpúsculos de inclusãointranucleares grandes e anfofílicos, os quais confirmaram o diagnóstico da enfermidade.(AU)

The infectious canine hepatitis (ICH) caused by canine adenovirus type 1 (CAV-1), acute or chronic, is one ofthe most frequent liver diseases in dogs, whose main characteristic is a high potential for contagion. Reportedtwo cases of infectious canine hepatitis in dogs, males, and a babies of one e three months years, whichshowed the disease acutely, causing subsequent patient death. Due to the lack of specific clinical signs characterizedby vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, anorexia and depression, the definitive diagnosis was obtained byhistopathology. Both cases had hemorrhagic hepatocellular necrosis, severe hepatocellular degeneration andthe presence of intranuclear inclusion bodies and large anfofílicos, which confirmed the diagnosis of disease.(AU)

Hepatite infecciosa canina: relato de dois casos / Infectious canine hepatitis: report of two cases

A hepatite infecciosa canina (HIC), causada pelo adenovírus canino tipo 1 (CAV-1), aguda ou crônica, é umadas doenças hepáticas mais freqüentes em cães, tendo como principal característica o seu alto potencial decontágio. Relatam-se dois casos de hepatite infecciosa canina, em cães, machos, filhotes de um e três meses deidade, os quais apresentaram a doença de forma aguda, ocasionando posteriormente o óbito dos pacientes.Em razão da inespecificidade dos sinais clínicos caracterizados por vômito, diarréia, apatia, anorexia e depressão,o diagnóstico definitivo foi obtido através de exame histopatológico. Ambos os casos apresentaramnecrose hepatocelular hemorrágica, degeneração hepatocelular severa e presença de corpúsculos de inclusãointranucleares grandes e anfofílicos, os quais confirmaram o diagnóstico da enfermidade.

The infectious canine hepatitis (ICH) caused by canine adenovirus type 1 (CAV-1), acute or chronic, is one ofthe most frequent liver diseases in dogs, whose main characteristic is a high potential for contagion. Reportedtwo cases of infectious canine hepatitis in dogs, males, and a babies of one e three months years, whichshowed the disease acutely, causing subsequent patient death. Due to the lack of specific clinical signs characterizedby vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, anorexia and depression, the definitive diagnosis was obtained byhistopathology. Both cases had hemorrhagic hepatocellular necrosis, severe hepatocellular degeneration andthe presence of intranuclear inclusion bodies and large anfofílicos, which confirmed the diagnosis of disease.