Thecoma in an elderly crioulo mare

Background: Ovarian enlargement in mares can either be a physiological or pathological condition associated with neoplastic or non-neoplastic causes. Neoplasia is more prominent in elderly than young horses. Granulosa cell tumors are the most common neoplastic cause of ovarian enlargement, and thecoma is the rarest. Thecoma is a benign ovarian stromal neoplasia originating from the sexual cords of the embryonic gonad and can affect the production of steroid hormones, leading to changes in behavior and the estrous cycle. If only one ovary is affected, after unilateral ovariectomy, usually the mare can still be used for reproductive purposes. Herein, we report a case of ovarian thecoma in an elderly Crioulo mare. Case: A 15-year-old Crioulo mare was evaluated due to progressive weight loss. The mare presented a low body score, and on physical examination, all parameters were within reference limits. Hematological examination revealed anemia, hyperfibrinogenemia, and neutrophilia. Serum biochemistry examination were within the physiological limits. Rectal palpation revealed an increase in volume in the left ovary (4.3 × 2.9 × 3 cm), smooth consistency and no associated pain in either of the ovaries. Rectal ultrasonography revealed a heterogeneous pattern, suggesting a neoplasm. As a treatment modality and for definitive diagnosis, the mare underwent a unilateral flank ovariectomy laparoscopically in the quadrupedal position. On histopathological evaluation of the left ovary, the sample showed cysts associated with proliferating spindle cells arranged in a solid arrangement, occasionally forming eddies, in addition to hemosiderosis, with clear cytoplasm and lipid vacuoles. Macroscopically, the ovary presented with a regular surface, smooth to firm consistency, a homogeneous brownish appearance with blackened foci, and brownish fluid-filled cysts. These findings confirmed thecoma of the left ovary in the mare. Discussion: Ovarian enlargement in mares can be associated to the presence of neoplasia. Clinical signs of ovarian neoplasms can be nonspecific; therefore, to achieve a definitive diagnosis, it is imperative to evaluate and compare the patient's history, physical examination, and results of complementary examinations. Excessive production of hormones lead to behavioral changes in mares with ovarian tumors, such as masculinized or aggressive behavior, and anestrus persistence. Thecomas may or may not interfere with steroid production and levels. On ultrasound examination, ovarian neoplasms may present similar echogenicity patterns. Histopathological evaluation is the best diagnostic approach after an ovariectomy. The prognosis of ovariectomy is considerably successful with the mare regaining reproductive health, although some mares may become infertile, with a small, inactive contralateral ovary. Thecoma is a rare neoplasm in horses; however, owing to its potential to cause altered reproductive functions, it should be considered as a differential diagnosis in mares with increased ovarian volume.

Gestational follow-up in ewes - placentome size and fecal progesterone metabolite levels

Background: Transabdominal ultrasonography in sheep allows real-time diagnosis and monitoring of pregnancy as well as measurement of the size of placentomes, which are structures that connect the fetal and maternal portions, that increase as pregnancy progresses. Progesterone is involved in the maintenance of gestation, with high levels noted during pregnancy. In this context, it is hypothesized that measurements of placentome and progesterone could help in monitoring pregnancy in sheep. Therefore, the main objectives of this study included evaluating whether placentome size and fecal progesterone levels are associated with gestational age in ewes and whether measurement of the placentome and progesterone could be used as an estimate of gestational age. Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 63 pregnant adult (between 2 and 5 years of age) Santa Inês ewes were monitored in the city of Boa Vista, Roraima. All ewes were kept in the paddock with Panicum maximun cv. tanzania, mineral salt, and water ad libitum, supplemented with 200 g/animal/day of soybean residue. Ewes were subjected to ultrasonography every 21 days from day 42 of pregancy until term to monitor pregnancy. Ultrasonography was performed using a linear probe to measure the placentome, including length × width in centimeters. Also every 21 days, fecal samples were collected for measurement of progesterone level. Feces were collected directly from the rectal ampulla, stored individually in plastic bags, and frozen at -20ºC until processing. In the laboratory, these feces samples were freeze-dried and subjected to hormonal extraction with 80% methanol. Then, the levels of fecal progesterone metabolites were measured by enzyme immunoassay. Data was tabulated and submitted to statistical analyses, including descriptive stastistic, correlation, KruskalWallis test and Tukey's test. The levels of fecal progesterone metabolites increased significantly between the 3rd and 4th months of pregnancy, with a decrease close to delivery. Placentome size increased significantly between the 2nd and 3rd months of pregnancy. Placentome measurements did not correlate with progesterone levels and showed a weak correlation with gestational age. Therefore, we concluded that the measurements of placentome size and a single evaluation of fecal progesterone metabolites were not considered efficient methods for estimating gestational age. Discussion: Measurement of progesterone level in fecal samples is a non-invasive hormone monitoring method that provides values like that of blood levels and is less stressful for the animals at the time of sample collection. The wide physiological variation makes it difficult or even useless to use fecal progesterone, when is measured only once per animal, as an indicator of the presence of pregnancy. Despite this limitation, serial sampling is useful for monitoring of hormones during the pregnancy period and is an important tool for research purposes. Placentome size measurements correlated weakly with gestational age and did not correlate with progesterone level. Thus, the presence of placentomes is indicative of the presence of pregnancy but was considered inefficient for determining gestational age in sheep.

Congenital cataract in a Blackbelly lamb

Background: A cataract is an opacity of the crystalline structure that results in impaired vision. The congenital form manifests itself at birth or shortly thereafter and might also be inherited and therefore capable of passing on to descendants. Cataracts can be caused by systemic diseases, medications, toxic substances, radiation, metabolic alterations, dietary deficiencies, inflammation, traumatic injuries, age, or genetic factors. The few Blackbelly sheep herds are located in the northeast and north regions of Brazil and are considered rare, which could result in high levels of consanguinity. In this context, we report a case of congenital cataract in a Blackbelly lamb and its possible etiology. Case: A 3-month-old lamb presented with ophthalmic alterations since birth, with white and cloudy spots in both eyes and impaired vision. In the same herd, 3 elderly sheep showed similar ophthalmic alterations. The lamb was able to follow its dam, but when walking, bumped into small objects or very close to his vision field. The lamb managed to follow the herd and dodge large objects, suggesting partial vision loss. During a physical examination, both lens showed opacity and reduced corneal reflex, pupillary reflex to direct light, pupillary reflex to consensual light, and threat reflex. Ultrasonographic examination revealed that both lens presented hyperechogenicity. Hematological values were within the reference limits. In the same herd, three elderly sheep presented bilateral cataracts (2 rams and 1 ewe) in previous years, which at that time was attributed to natural aging. One ram was the lamb's grandfather. The other ram was the father of the female, both with cataracts. Based on history, physical examination, and complementary examinations, the lamb was diagnosed with bilateral congenital cataracts with a probable hereditary condition. Discussion: Multiple factors can be related to the etiology of cataracts, and it can be difficult to establish the correct etiology. Regarding the age of onset, cataracts can be classified mainly as congenital and senile. Senile cataract is a bilateral opacification process that involves the entire lens, with slow progression and gradual loss of vision with increasing age. In adult sheep, the high proportion of eyes affected by spontaneously arising cataracts could be related to age, increased exposure to sunlight, increased genetic susceptibility, or a combination of these factors. In this case, the herd had three adult elderly sheep with cataracts previously characterized as senile. However, after reviewing the genealogy, it was found that all animals had some degree of parentage, suggesting a hereditary factor. Congenital cataracts are expressed soon after birth, resulting from the malformation of fibers in the lens, and are generally nonprogressive. The congenital form may or may not be associated with hereditary factors. Inheritance cataracts have been reported in several breeds of dogs and usually occur as an autosomal recessive trait. Blackbelly sheep are rare in Brazil, favoring consanguinity, so we believe that cataracts are inherited in this herd. To control this ophthalmic alteration, all animals with crystalline opacities were excluded from reproduction, and the herd should be monitored in future cases.

Body and testicular biometry of Crioulo stallions / Biometria corporal e testicular de garanhões da raça Crioula

Brazilian Association of Crioulo Horse Breeders (ABCCC) establishes minimal and maximal body biometrics evaluation; although, nothing is mentioned about testicular measurements. Body and testicular growth are associated and related to age. We described data regarding body and testicular biometry of Crioulo stallions, with a comparative study between young and adult categories. Evaluation was performed in 56 stallions, Crioulo breed, split in: youngsters (3 and 4 years-old, n=16) and adults (above 5 years-old, n=40). Body biometry included weight, height, cannon bone and chest circumference, body score condition and neck fat accumulation. Testicular biometry included height, length, width, volume, combined volume and daily sperm output (DSO). Statistical analyses included descriptive statistic, Pearson correlation, comparison between means by Kruskal Wallis, being P < 0.05 considered significant. There was no significant difference between the parameters of body and testicular biometrics between categories young and adult. In relation to height, the average was very close to the lower limit established, while chest and cannon bone circumference were above the minimum recommended by ABCCC. Cannon bone circumference presented a positive correlation with height. Most of stallions presented excessive body fat, with a body score condition above 8 (scale 1-9). Neck fat accumulation presented a positive correlation with body score condition. Testicular height, length, width and volume presented a positive correlation between the ipsi and contralateral testicle, total testicular volume and DSO. In conclusion, no difference in the body and testicular biometric evaluation was observed between young and adult Crioulo stallions. Testicular and body growth are associated and also related to age, so our finding suggested that after 3-4 years-old most of Crioulo stallions have already reached maximum growth.

A Associação Brasileira de Criadores de Cavalos Crioulos (ABCCC) define parâmetros mínimos e máximos para algumas aferições biométricas no corpo do animal, embora nada seja mencionado sobre medidas testiculares. O crescimento corporal e testicular estão associados e relacionados a idade do animal. Objetivamos descrever parâmetros relacionados a biometria corporal e testicular de garanhões Crioulos, comparando o grupo de jovens e adultos. Foi realizada avaliação em 56 garanhões Crioulos, divididos em: jovens (três e quatro anos, n=16) e adultos (acima de cinco anos, n=40). A biometria corporal incluiu peso, altura, circunferência de canela, perímetro torácico, escore corporal e acúmulo de gordura no pescoço. A biometria testicular incluiu altura, comprimento, largura, volume de cada testículo, volume combinado dos testículos e estimativa de produção diária de espermatozoides (DSO). Com os dados, foi realizada estatística descritiva, correlação de Pearson, comparação entre médias com Kruskal Wallis, sendo considerado significativo quando P < 0,05. Não foi observada diferença significativa entre as avaliações biométricas e testiculares de garanhões das categorias jovens e adultos. Em relação à altura, a média foi muito próxima ao limite inferior estabelecido, enquanto a circunferência torácica e de canela estavam acima do limite mínimo recomendado pela ABCCC. A circunferência de canela apresentou correlação positiva com altura. A maioria dos garanhões apresentou alta deposição de gordura, com condição corporal acima de 8 (escala 1-9). O acúmulo de gordura no pescoço apresentou correlação positiva com escore corporal. A altura, largura, comprimento e volume testicular apresentaram correlação positiva com testículo ipsi e contralateral, volume testicular total e DSO. Em conclusão, não houve diferença entre dados de biometria corporal e testicular de garanhões Crioulos adultos e jovens. O crescimento corporal e testicular estão associados e relacionados a idade, sendo assim, nossos resultados sugerem que após 3-4 anos de idade, a maioria dos garanhões Crioulos já atingiu seu pico de desenvolvimento.

Conduta diagnóstica em equino da raça Crioula com síndrome de Cushing / Diagnostic process in a crioulo horse with Cushing’s syndrome

Background: Equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction, also known as equine Cushing’s syndrome, is a neurodegenerative disease. An important risk factor for Cushing’s is advanced aging and it is the most common endocrine disorder inolder horses. The prevalence in horses aged over 10 and 15 years is reported as 9.3% and 21%, respectively. Due to the slowprogressive nature of the disease, seasonal variation in hormone output and overlapping endocrine response to other events,accurate diagnosis is challenging. The diagnosis requires the combination of anamnesis, clinical signs, in addition to laboratory tests results. This study aimed to report Cushing’s syndrome in a Crioulo breed horse focusing on diagnostic methods.Case: A 13-year-old male Crioulo breed, orchiectomized, was attended at the Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), in PassoFundo, RS, Brazil. The owner reported that the animal had progressive weight loss and coat abnormal growth, with curlyappearance. From visual inspection, body condition score was 4 (1-9) bulging abdomen was noticed, hirsutism, depressionand lethargy. Also, there was a large neoplastic mass on the left side of gluteal region. Later, this mass was classified inhistopathological examination as a fibroblastic sarcoid and was treated. The animal presented physical parameters withinthe physiological limits of the specie. Normochromic normocytic anemia and neutrophilic leukocytosis were reported in thehematologic evaluation. In coproparasitological examination, there were 300 eggs per gram of feaces. Hyperadrenocorticismwas suspected in the clinical examination and dexamethasone suppression test was performed to confirm the fact. Basal serumwas collected at 17 h (M0) and subsequently 40 µg/kg of dexamethasone was administered intramuscular...

Conduta diagnóstica em equino da raça Crioula com síndrome de Cushing / Diagnostic process in a crioulo horse with Cushings syndrome

Background: Equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction, also known as equine Cushings syndrome, is a neurodegenerative disease. An important risk factor for Cushings is advanced aging and it is the most common endocrine disorder inolder horses. The prevalence in horses aged over 10 and 15 years is reported as 9.3% and 21%, respectively. Due to the slowprogressive nature of the disease, seasonal variation in hormone output and overlapping endocrine response to other events,accurate diagnosis is challenging. The diagnosis requires the combination of anamnesis, clinical signs, in addition to laboratory tests results. This study aimed to report Cushings syndrome in a Crioulo breed horse focusing on diagnostic methods.Case: A 13-year-old male Crioulo breed, orchiectomized, was attended at the Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), in PassoFundo, RS, Brazil. The owner reported that the animal had progressive weight loss and coat abnormal growth, with curlyappearance. From visual inspection, body condition score was 4 (1-9) bulging abdomen was noticed, hirsutism, depressionand lethargy. Also, there was a large neoplastic mass on the left side of gluteal region. Later, this mass was classified inhistopathological examination as a fibroblastic sarcoid and was treated. The animal presented physical parameters withinthe physiological limits of the specie. Normochromic normocytic anemia and neutrophilic leukocytosis were reported in thehematologic evaluation. In coproparasitological examination, there were 300 eggs per gram of feaces. Hyperadrenocorticismwas suspected in the clinical examination and dexamethasone suppression test was performed to confirm the fact. Basal serumwas collected at 17 h (M0) and subsequently 40 µg/kg of dexamethasone was administered intramuscular...(AU)

Testicular teratoma in a unilateral right-sided abdominal cryptorchid horse

Background: Cryptorchidism is characterized by the incomplete descent of one or both testicles to the scrotum, beinga hereditary alteration and frequently an unilateral condition. Besides the sexual and aggressive behaviour, the retainedtesticle is commonly located in abdominal cavity, being considered a risk factor for neoplasm development. The mostcommon testicular neoplasm reported in mammalian species are Sertoli cell tumors, Leydig cell tumors, seminomas andteratomas. A presumptive diagnosis of testicular tumor can be achieved by ultrasonography, although the definitive diagnosis is obtained only by histopathology. In this report, we are presenting a case of testicular teratoma in an unilateralabdominal cryptorchid horse.Case: A 3 year-old stallion, American Quarter Horse, was attended and presented a right testicle retained inside the abdomen and a left testicle in the scrotum. Transrectal palpation was used to identify a round and firm structure, presumablythe right testicle, lateral to the urinary bladder and located inside abdomen. Further, a transrectal ultrasound examinationshowed a complex, round mass with irregular edges containing both cystic and solid structures, hypoechoic fluid-filledcavities separated by linear hyperechoic septa. After a clinical examination, the animal was diagnosed with cryptorchidismand was submitted to orchiectomy and cryptorchidectomy by inguinal approach. Surgery was performed under generalanesthesia and postoperative care included cold shower, anti-inflammatory and antibiotic therapy. Testicles were surgicallyremoved and further sent for histopathological examination. The visual appearance...

Testicular teratoma in a unilateral right-sided abdominal cryptorchid horse

Background: Cryptorchidism is characterized by the incomplete descent of one or both testicles to the scrotum, beinga hereditary alteration and frequently an unilateral condition. Besides the sexual and aggressive behaviour, the retainedtesticle is commonly located in abdominal cavity, being considered a risk factor for neoplasm development. The mostcommon testicular neoplasm reported in mammalian species are Sertoli cell tumors, Leydig cell tumors, seminomas andteratomas. A presumptive diagnosis of testicular tumor can be achieved by ultrasonography, although the definitive diagnosis is obtained only by histopathology. In this report, we are presenting a case of testicular teratoma in an unilateralabdominal cryptorchid horse.Case: A 3 year-old stallion, American Quarter Horse, was attended and presented a right testicle retained inside the abdomen and a left testicle in the scrotum. Transrectal palpation was used to identify a round and firm structure, presumablythe right testicle, lateral to the urinary bladder and located inside abdomen. Further, a transrectal ultrasound examinationshowed a complex, round mass with irregular edges containing both cystic and solid structures, hypoechoic fluid-filledcavities separated by linear hyperechoic septa. After a clinical examination, the animal was diagnosed with cryptorchidismand was submitted to orchiectomy and cryptorchidectomy by inguinal approach. Surgery was performed under generalanesthesia and postoperative care included cold shower, anti-inflammatory and antibiotic therapy. Testicles were surgicallyremoved and further sent for histopathological examination. The visual appearance...(AU)

Linfoma cutâneo em equino Quarto de Milha / Cutaneous lymphoma in a Quarter Mile horse

Background: Lymphoma, although rare, is the most common hematopoietic neoplasia in horses. The overall incidence of lymphoma is between 1.3-2.8% of all equine neoplasia and it has a prevalence of 0.002-0.5% in the equine population. Lymphoma can be classified as multicentric, alimentary, mediastinal, cutaneous and solitary. The cutaneous is the rarest form and it usually presents with multifocal skin lesions, with no other clinical signs. The diagnoses is accomplished by histopathological examination of a biopsy or cytological examination of a fine needle aspirate. The aim of the current study is to report a case of the rarest form of equine lymphoma, the cutaneous. Case: An 8-year-old equine female, Quarter Mile, was evaluated due to volumes increase and subcutaneous nodules disseminated along the body. These lesions developed gradually during 2 years. The mare was used for ridding, it was kept in the field with 10 other equines and was the only one affected. The mare was vaccinated for influenza and was negative for glanders and equine infectious anemia. During clinical exam, all vital parameters were within limits and body condition score was classified as 6 (Henneke Chart). It was observed bilateral nasal secretion and depigmentation in ocular and vulvar mucous. It was observed multiple delimited areas with size ranging from few cm up to 7 cm, hard, mobile, painless, located in the subcutaneous and disseminated in the body (including head, neck, thorax, limbs and perineum). Red blood cell, leucocytes, fibrinogen, total plasmatic protein were within normal limits. Due to clinical signs and the potential risk of a zoonosis, the glanders test was repeated (complement fixation test) and the result was negative. Differential diagnoses also included insect hypersensitive, which was discarded since the female did not presented pruritus nor alopecia, lesions gradually increased in size and no […](AU)

Linfoma cutâneo em equino Quarto de Milha / Cutaneous lymphoma in a Quarter Mile horse

Background: Lymphoma, although rare, is the most common hematopoietic neoplasia in horses. The overall incidence of lymphoma is between 1.3-2.8% of all equine neoplasia and it has a prevalence of 0.002-0.5% in the equine population. Lymphoma can be classified as multicentric, alimentary, mediastinal, cutaneous and solitary. The cutaneous is the rarest form and it usually presents with multifocal skin lesions, with no other clinical signs. The diagnoses is accomplished by histopathological examination of a biopsy or cytological examination of a fine needle aspirate. The aim of the current study is to report a case of the rarest form of equine lymphoma, the cutaneous. Case: An 8-year-old equine female, Quarter Mile, was evaluated due to volume’s increase and subcutaneous nodules disseminated along the body. These lesions developed gradually during 2 years. The mare was used for ridding, it was kept in the field with 10 other equines and was the only one affected. The mare was vaccinated for influenza and was negative for glanders and equine infectious anemia. During clinical exam, all vital parameters were within limits and body condition score was classified as 6 (Henneke Chart). It was observed bilateral nasal secretion and depigmentation in ocular and vulvar mucous. It was observed multiple delimited areas with size ranging from few cm up to 7 cm, hard, mobile, painless, located in the subcutaneous and disseminated in the body (including head, neck, thorax, limbs and perineum). Red blood cell, leucocytes, fibrinogen, total plasmatic protein were within normal limits. Due to clinical signs and the potential risk of a zoonosis, the glanders test was repeated (complement fixation test) and the result was negative. Differential diagnoses also included insect hypersensitive, which was discarded since the female did not presented pruritus nor alopecia, lesions gradually increased in size and no […]

Hematoma in the spermatic cord in association with orchitis in a Crioulo stallion / Hematoma no plexo pampiniforme associado à orquite em garanhão Crioulo

Background: The equine industry is growing in Brazil, specially the Crioulo breed, thus resulting in more investments and more diagnoses in clinical and reproductive diseases. Orchitis is related to subfertility, as a result of infectious agents, autoimmune diseases and traumatic injuries. After a traumatic injury, metabolic and vascular changes may occur, including testicular pathologies associated with blood flow changes. Reproductive tract injuries in stallions may result in impotentia coeundi and generandi, therefore requiring periodic monitoring and evaluation. This study aimed to report a case of hematoma in pampiniform plexus and orchitis in a Crioulo stallion, with differential diagnoses.Case: An equine, male, Crioulo horse, 6 years-old, was attended during reproductive season due to an increase in scrotal volume. During clinical evaluation all parameters were within reference values. During reproductive clinical evaluation it was observed enlarged, edema, heat and pain in the scrotum and testicules bilaterally. The testicle and spermatic cord presented discrete rotation, approximately 45º. In the dorsal board of right testicle, in the spermatic cord, it was noticed a structure firm to palpation, anecoic and avascularized at ultrasound exam. Blood samples were collected in EDTA tubes for hematologic evaluation. Seminal samples were collected with an artificial vagina...(AU)

A crescente valorização econômica da raça Crioula resulta em aumento de investimentos na raça e profissionalização da criação de equinos [4], com consequente maior detecção de alterações clínico-reprodutivas.A orquite, uma reação inflamatória testicular, apresenta na fase aguda aumento de tamanho, calor, dor, flacidez, hemorragia e necrose em parênquima testicular. A inflamação do parênquima está relacionada à subfertilidade temporária a permanente, sendo resultado de agentes infecciosos, enfermidades autoimunes e lesões traumáticas [10].Após um episódio de trauma testicular, as prostaglandinas aumentam o fluxo sanguíneo e permeabilidade vascular e associada às citocinas alteram o centro hipotalâmico termorregulador, resultando em aumento da temperatura corporal [2]. O extravasamento de fluidos e proteínas do espaço vascular para o interstício resulta em edema local [2]. Um único episódio de trauma resulta em alteração de fluxo sanguíneo e permeabilidade vascular por 24-48 h [2]. Dentre as patologias testiculares, a varicocele, necrose testicular e torção de cordão espermático estão associadas a alterações no fluxo sanguíneo [12].A ocorrência de alterações no trato reprodutivo de garanhões é uma situação alarmante durante a estação reprodutiva, podendo resultar em alteração na potência coeundi e generandi, necessitando monitora- ção e avaliação periódica do garanhão...(AU)

Alterações do sistema oftálmico em equinos com ênfase em medidas terapêuticas / Disorders of the ophthalmic system in horses emphasising the therapeutic approach

Background: Ophthalmic disorders in horses have different etiologies and pathologies, compromising the quality of vision in different degrees. The main importance of ophthalmic disorders is the potential for vision impairment. Due to the severe consequences of vision impairment, the proper approach to the ophthalmic system is a prerequisite for an adequate diagnosis and treatment. The choice of treatment is critical to a successful outcome and for the prognosis of vision quality. This paper presents a case study of horses with disorders of the ophthalmic system emphasising the therapeutic approach. Case: From 2011 to 2014, 35 horses with ophthalmic disorders were attended at the Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias of the Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Among them, 45.7% had corneal ulcer, 14.2% stromal abscess, 8.5% recurrent uveitis, 20% eyeball perforation and 11.4% squamous cell carcinoma. All the horses were evaluated by specific clinical examination of the ophthalmic system. The animals testing positive for fluorescein had corneal ulceration, photophobia, blepharospasm, conjunctival hyperemia, miosis, uveitis severe eye pain and were treated with eye wash cleaning, intravenous flunixin meglumine, topical gentamicin, tobramycin, atropine and autologous serum. Horses irresponsive to treatment within 10 days were referred to surgery...(AU)

Alterações do sistema oftálmico em equinos com ênfase em medidas terapêuticas / Disorders of the ophthalmic system in horses emphasising the therapeutic approach

Background: Ophthalmic disorders in horses have different etiologies and pathologies, compromising the quality of vision in different degrees. The main importance of ophthalmic disorders is the potential for vision impairment. Due to the severe consequences of vision impairment, the proper approach to the ophthalmic system is a prerequisite for an adequate diagnosis and treatment. The choice of treatment is critical to a successful outcome and for the prognosis of vision quality. This paper presents a case study of horses with disorders of the ophthalmic system emphasising the therapeutic approach. Case: From 2011 to 2014, 35 horses with ophthalmic disorders were attended at the Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias of the Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Among them, 45.7% had corneal ulcer, 14.2% stromal abscess, 8.5% recurrent uveitis, 20% eyeball perforation and 11.4% squamous cell carcinoma. All the horses were evaluated by specific clinical examination of the ophthalmic system. The animals testing positive for fluorescein had corneal ulceration, photophobia, blepharospasm, conjunctival hyperemia, miosis, uveitis severe eye pain and were treated with eye wash cleaning, intravenous flunixin meglumine, topical gentamicin, tobramycin, atropine and autologous serum. Horses irresponsive to treatment within 10 days were referred to surgery...

Hematoma in the spermatic cord in association with orchitis in a Crioulo stallion / Hematoma no plexo pampiniforme associado à orquite em garanhão Crioulo

Background: The equine industry is growing in Brazil, specially the Crioulo breed, thus resulting in more investments and more diagnoses in clinical and reproductive diseases. Orchitis is related to subfertility, as a result of infectious agents, autoimmune diseases and traumatic injuries. After a traumatic injury, metabolic and vascular changes may occur, including testicular pathologies associated with blood flow changes. Reproductive tract injuries in stallions may result in impotentia coeundi and generandi, therefore requiring periodic monitoring and evaluation. This study aimed to report a case of hematoma in pampiniform plexus and orchitis in a Crioulo stallion, with differential diagnoses.Case: An equine, male, Crioulo horse, 6 years-old, was attended during reproductive season due to an increase in scrotal volume. During clinical evaluation all parameters were within reference values. During reproductive clinical evaluation it was observed enlarged, edema, heat and pain in the scrotum and testicules bilaterally. The testicle and spermatic cord presented discrete rotation, approximately 45º. In the dorsal board of right testicle, in the spermatic cord, it was noticed a structure firm to palpation, anecoic and avascularized at ultrasound exam. Blood samples were collected in EDTA tubes for hematologic evaluation. Seminal samples were collected with an artificial vagina...

A crescente valorização econômica da raça Crioula resulta em aumento de investimentos na raça e profissionalização da criação de equinos [4], com consequente maior detecção de alterações clínico-reprodutivas.A orquite, uma reação inflamatória testicular, apresenta na fase aguda aumento de tamanho, calor, dor, flacidez, hemorragia e necrose em parênquima testicular. A inflamação do parênquima está relacionada à subfertilidade temporária a permanente, sendo resultado de agentes infecciosos, enfermidades autoimunes e lesões traumáticas [10].Após um episódio de trauma testicular, as prostaglandinas aumentam o fluxo sanguíneo e permeabilidade vascular e associada às citocinas alteram o centro hipotalâmico termorregulador, resultando em aumento da temperatura corporal [2]. O extravasamento de fluidos e proteínas do espaço vascular para o interstício resulta em edema local [2]. Um único episódio de trauma resulta em alteração de fluxo sanguíneo e permeabilidade vascular por 24-48 h [2]. Dentre as patologias testiculares, a varicocele, necrose testicular e torção de cordão espermático estão associadas a alterações no fluxo sanguíneo [12].A ocorrência de alterações no trato reprodutivo de garanhões é uma situação alarmante durante a estação reprodutiva, podendo resultar em alteração na potência coeundi e generandi, necessitando monitora- ção e avaliação periódica do garanhão...

Tintura alcoólica de alho (Allium sativum) sobre endoparasitas gastrintestinais de ovinos / Alcoholic tincture of garlic (Allium sativum) on gastrointestinal endoparasites of sheep- short communication

The continuous and indiscriminate use of anthelmintic drugs has caused a growing problem of parasite resistance to conventional treatments. In this context, plant essential oils and active components can be used as alternatives or in association with current anthel­mintic treatment. Garlic (Allium sativum) is a herbal medicine with various therapeutic properties: immunostimulating, anticancer, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of garlic alcoholic tincture on gastrointestinal endoparasites of sheep. For this, 54 sheep were randomly divided into three treatments. Treatment 1 (T1) received 40 g of garlic alcoholic tincture orally; treatment 2 (T2) received 60 g orally; T3 was the control group. Fecal samples were collected at days 0, 7 and 14, to perform laboratorial tests. Reduction of eggs per gram of feces in T1 and T2 was 0% on days 7 and 14. No difference in larvae genus was identified between treatments or days. In this experiment garlic alcoholic tincture presented no effect on gastrointestinal endoparasites of sheep.

O uso contínuo e indiscriminado de anti-helmínticos tem aumentado a emergência de resistência parasitária aos tratamentos convencionais. Neste contexto, óleos essenciais ou princípios ativos de plantas podem ser utilizados como tratamentos alternativos ou em associação a anti-helmínticos comerciais. O alho (Allium sativum) é um fitoterápico com diversas propriedades terapêuticas: imunoestimulante, anticancerígeno, hepatoprotetor, antioxidante, antiviral, antifúngico e antiparasitário. O objetivo deste experimento foi avaliar a ação da tintura alcoólica de alho sobre endoparasitas gastrintestinais de ovinos. Para isso foram utilizados 54 ovinos divididos aleatoriamente em três tratamentos. O tratamento 1 (T1) recebeu 40 g de alho na forma de tintura alcoólica, o tratamento 2 (T2) recebeu 60g, ambos por via oral, e o T3 foi o grupo controle. Amostras de fezes foram coletadas no dia 0, 7 e 14, para realização dos exames coproparasitológicos. O percentual de redução de ovos por grama de fezes do T1 e T2 foi de 0% nos dias 7 e 14. Não foi identificada diferenças nos gêneros larvais entre os tratamentos e dias. Nas condições deste experimento a tintura alcoólica de alho não apresentou efeito sobre endoparasitas gastrintestinais de ovinos.

Tintura alcoólica de alho (Allium sativum) sobre endoparasitas gastrintestinais de ovinos / Alcoholic tincture of garlic (Allium sativum) on gastrointestinal endoparasites of sheep- short communication

The continuous and indiscriminate use of anthelmintic drugs has caused a growing problem of parasite resistance to conventional treatments. In this context, plant essential oils and active components can be used as alternatives or in association with current anthel­mintic treatment. Garlic (Allium sativum) is a herbal medicine with various therapeutic properties: immunostimulating, anticancer, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of garlic alcoholic tincture on gastrointestinal endoparasites of sheep. For this, 54 sheep were randomly divided into three treatments. Treatment 1 (T1) received 40 g of garlic alcoholic tincture orally; treatment 2 (T2) received 60 g orally; T3 was the control group. Fecal samples were collected at days 0, 7 and 14, to perform laboratorial tests. Reduction of eggs per gram of feces in T1 and T2 was 0% on days 7 and 14. No difference in larvae genus was identified between treatments or days. In this experiment garlic alcoholic tincture presented no effect on gastrointestinal endoparasites of sheep.(AU)

O uso contínuo e indiscriminado de anti-helmínticos tem aumentado a emergência de resistência parasitária aos tratamentos convencionais. Neste contexto, óleos essenciais ou princípios ativos de plantas podem ser utilizados como tratamentos alternativos ou em associação a anti-helmínticos comerciais. O alho (Allium sativum) é um fitoterápico com diversas propriedades terapêuticas: imunoestimulante, anticancerígeno, hepatoprotetor, antioxidante, antiviral, antifúngico e antiparasitário. O objetivo deste experimento foi avaliar a ação da tintura alcoólica de alho sobre endoparasitas gastrintestinais de ovinos. Para isso foram utilizados 54 ovinos divididos aleatoriamente em três tratamentos. O tratamento 1 (T1) recebeu 40 g de alho na forma de tintura alcoólica, o tratamento 2 (T2) recebeu 60g, ambos por via oral, e o T3 foi o grupo controle. Amostras de fezes foram coletadas no dia 0, 7 e 14, para realização dos exames coproparasitológicos. O percentual de redução de ovos por grama de fezes do T1 e T2 foi de 0% nos dias 7 e 14. Não foi identificada diferenças nos gêneros larvais entre os tratamentos e dias. Nas condições deste experimento a tintura alcoólica de alho não apresentou efeito sobre endoparasitas gastrintestinais de ovinos.(AU)

Tratamento medicamentoso de ulceração corneana e abscesso estromal em equinos / Medicament Treatment of Corneal Ulcer and Stromal Abscess in Horses

Background: The equine eyelids and cilia protect the eye and promote normal ocular physiological function. Disorders in these structures may result in corneal alterations such as ulcers and stromal abscess. An abscess is a focal mixture of cellular debris, necrotic tissue, leucocytes and possibly infectious agents that initially create a lesion surrounded by a zone of reactive infl ammation. Ulcers and corneal stromal abscess cause severe ocular pain and loss of vision quality in horses. Medical and surgical treatments for stromal abscess have been developed and have evolved over many years. The aim of this work is to report a case of stromal abscess in a horse, after a corneal ulcer related to eyelid deficiency, focusing on therapeutic methods. Case: A 10-year-old crossbreed mare was referred to the Veterinary Clinics Hospital (HCV) of UFPel with an ophthalmic disorder. The mare had an eyelid lesion 2 years before, and since this event she had had recurrent episodes of ophthalmologic disorders. On attendance at the HCV, the mare had photophobia, blepharospasm, conjunctival hyperemia, neovascularization, myosis, uveitis, intense ocular pain, eyelid deficiency and a corneal ulcer about 2 cm long x 2 cm wide in the right eye. Surgical correction of eyelid and corneal disorder was recommended, but not authorized by the owner. Treatment was based on cleaning with physiological solution, gentamicin eyewash, autologus serum every 4 h, atropine 1% every 12 h topically, flunixin meglumin every 12 h intravenously. After 7 days, the corneal ulcer shrank, although there was no improvement in blepharospasm and ocular pain. A corneal abscess 3 cm x 2 cm was noticed. Gentamicin eyewash and autologus serum were administered topically every 4 h for 10 more days. After 14 days of treatment, there was neither blepharospasm nor corneal ulcer and the abscess was shrinking. Gentamicin eyewash was maintained every 6h for 3 more days. After 65 days there was minimal scar tissue in the eye. Discussion: The mare had an ocular traumatic injury 2 years ago and since this event she had presented uveitis and corneal ulcer recurrently, due to loss of eyelid and cilia functional integrity. Equine cornea is avascularized and vascularization of the affected lesion is necessary for resolution and abscess healing. Medical treatment of superfi cial stromal abscess is more economical than surgery and can result in good visual outcomes with mild scarring. Medical treatment consists of a combination of antimicrobial, mydriatic/cycloplegic and anti-inflammatory medications. Flunixin meglumin seems to be the most effective intravenous anti-inflammatory for controlling uveitis in horses. The anti-inflammatory dose may be reduced when there is a decrease in the anterior segment signs of infl ammation and ocular pain. Besides systemic colateral effects, anti-inflammatory therapy also reduces corneal vascularization, and therefore should be used carefully. Antibiotic topical therapy is highly recommended, due to ocular microflora and microorganism encapsulation, and it was used in the present report until there was full epithelial healing. A mydriatic/cycloplegic (atropine 1%) drug was administered aiming to dilate the pupil in order to prevent adherences and to reduce ocular discomfort. Antiproteases agents (autologus serum) are recommended when there is a corneal epithelial loss of integrity. This agent reduces collagen degradation and helps corneal healing. Stromal abscess in horses is usually associated with previous corneal ulceration, and in the present report it also involved eyelid functional deficiency. Medical treatment was effective, ensuring quality of future vision for the animal.

Pneumonia causada por Rhodococcus equi em um potro da raça Crioula / Pneumonia by Rhodococcus equi in a Criollo Foal

Background: Rhodococcus equi is a facultative intracellular bacteria, gram positive and telluric. The airway is the main form of transmission. Clinical manifestations include enteritis, lymphadenitis and pneumonia in foals. Foals with pneumonia are infected during the first days of life, although clinical symptoms manifest mainly between 1 and 6 months of age. Susceptibility to infection is related to: amount of microorganism inhaled or ingested; decline of humoral immunity; immune system immaturity and failure in cellular response. The objective of this study is to report the case of a Criollo foal with pneumonia by Rhodococcus equi, with the description of diagnosis and therapeutic methods. Case: In the Hospital of Veterinary Clinics of UFPel, it was attended a Criollo foal, 3 months old, with tachycardia, dyspnea, hyperthermia, mild bilateral nasal mucopurulent secretion and bilateral pulmonary rattling sounds. In CBC it was found hyperfibrinogenemia, leukocytosis with neutrophilia and normocytic normochromic anemia. In the thorax radiographic examination it was evidenced areas with increased radiopacity and irregular edges in dorsal and caudal lung field. In the transtracheal fluid it was isolated Rhodococcus equi bacteria and submitted to antibiogram test. Treatment was based on azithromycin (10 mg/kg), rifampicin (2.5 mg/kg) orally (PO) for 60 days, flunixin meglumine (1.1 mg/kg) intravenously (IV), omeprazole (4 mg/kg) PO for 45 days and fluid was administered from daily clinical evaluation. The foal accompanied by his mother was transferred to a field with improved native pasture, shaded, with water ad libitum and feed 3x a day. After 30 days of hospitalization, the animal presented anorexia, lethargy, fever associated with leukocytosis. At this time it was added to treatment metronidazole (30 mg/kg) PO every 12 h for 10 days. After 35 days, the foal presented severe diarrhea, which ceased in 5 days, and in the first 3 days it was administered activated charcoal PO. The CBC results indicated a reduction in the number of leukocytes and fibrinogen during the hospitalization period. In the same period, the ultrasound evidenced a reduction in lesions diameter observed previously in pulmonary area. After 75 days the foal showed an improvement in overall clinical frame and he was discharged. Discussion: Early diagnosis of R. equi infection allied with the results of laboratory tests, allowed specific and immediate treatment improving the foal prognosis of living. The description of the occurrence of pneumonia R. equi in Criollo foals is unusual. In this case, the animal developed infection during the breeding season (February), when it was housed in a reproduction centre. In this centre, the foal remained part of the day in a sand hose, high ambient temperature, overcrowded paddocks and large turnover of equines from various age groups. These factors predispose to installation and permanence of the disease. Due to Criollo breed appreciation and increased use of assisted reproductive in this breed, the raisin system implies in gathering of factors risk that predispose the occurrence of R. equi in foals. The clinical evaluation associated with laboratory tests was imperative in order to obtain definitive diagnosis of R. equi infection and foals monitoration. The treatment based on the antibiotics azithromycin and rifampin associated with supportive therapy was effective in resolving a clinical case of Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in a Criollo foal 3 months old.

In vitro effect of the association of citronella, Santa Maria herb (Chenopodium ambrosioides) and quassia tincture on cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus / Efeito in vitro da associação de citronela, erva de Santa Maria e quássia sobre o carrapato bovino Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

The tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is an ectoparasite which causes high financial losses to the production of Brazilian cattle. The control of this parasite is accomplished by the administration of chemical products, but they are not adequately used, leading to high costs and stimulating the selection of resistant parasites. Thus, the objective of this experiment was to assess the in vitro efficiency of different formulations containing an association of citronella (Cymbopogon nardus), Santa Maria herb (Chenopodium ambrosioides) and quassia (Quassia amara) tinctures on the bovine tick R. microplus. For this, engorged females of the parasite were submitted to the laboratory immersion test. The solutions containing all three plants were tested in different concentrations. Approximately 84% of the treatments presented efficiency equal or superior to 95%. The treatments with citronella in concentration equal or superior to 5% showed better results and the concentration of 10% showed maximum efficiency, independently of the concentrations of the other two plants. The high efficiency of the solutions was attributed mainly to the reduction of egg laying and hatching rate, and, in a minor scale, to death of the engorged females. It suggests that the phytotherapic solutions are able to induce alterations on the system and reproductive capacity of the females of R. microplus in in vitro tests, besides presenting a tickicide action.

O carrapato Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus é o ectoparasita que mais causa prejuízos à pecuária brasileira. O controle desse parasita é realizado por meio da administração de produtos químicos, sendo que estes são utilizados de forma inadequada, gerando alto custo e estimulando a seleção de parasitas resistentes. Tendo em vista essa situação, o objetivo deste experimento foi avaliar a eficácia in vitro de diferentes formulações contendo tintura de citronela (Cymbopogon nardus), erva de Santa Maria (Chenopodium ambrosioides) e quássia (Quassia amara) sobre o carrapato bovino R. microplus. Para isso, fêmeas ingurgitadas do parasita foram submetidas ao teste laboratorial de biocarrapaticidograma. As soluções testadas continham as três plantas em diferentes concentrações e utilizadas em associação. Aproximadamente 84% dos tratamentos apresentou eficiência igual ou superior a 95%. Os tratamentos que continham citronela em concentração igual ou superior a 5% apresentaram melhores resultados e a concentração de 10% apresentou máxima eficiência, independente das concentrações da quássia e da erva de Santa Maria. A alta eficácia das soluções foi atribuída principalmente à redução na postura dos ovos e na taxa de eclosão da postura, e em menor escala à morte das teleóginas. Isso sugere que as soluções contendo os três fitoterápicos provocam alteração no sistema e na capacidade reprodutiva das fêmeas de R. microplus e também apresenta ação carrapaticida em testes in vitro.

In vitro effect of the association of citronella, Santa Maria herb (Chenopodium ambrosioides) and quassia tincture on cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus / Efeito in vitro da associação de citronela, erva de Santa Maria e quássia sobre o carrapato bovino Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

The tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is an ectoparasite which causes high financial losses to the production of Brazilian cattle. The control of this parasite is accomplished by the administration of chemical products, but they are not adequately used, leading to high costs and stimulating the selection of resistant parasites. Thus, the objective of this experiment was to assess the in vitro efficiency of different formulations containing an association of citronella (Cymbopogon nardus), Santa Maria herb (Chenopodium ambrosioides) and quassia (Quassia amara) tinctures on the bovine tick R. microplus. For this, engorged females of the parasite were submitted to the laboratory immersion test. The solutions containing all three plants were tested in different concentrations. Approximately 84% of the treatments presented efficiency equal or superior to 95%. The treatments with citronella in concentration equal or superior to 5% showed better results and the concentration of 10% showed maximum efficiency, independently of the concentrations of the other two plants. The high efficiency of the solutions was attributed mainly to the reduction of egg laying and hatching rate, and, in a minor scale, to death of the engorged females. It suggests that the phytotherapic solutions are able to induce alterations on the system and reproductive capacity of the females of R. microplus in in vitro tests, besides presenting a tickicide action.(AU)

O carrapato Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus é o ectoparasita que mais causa prejuízos à pecuária brasileira. O controle desse parasita é realizado por meio da administração de produtos químicos, sendo que estes são utilizados de forma inadequada, gerando alto custo e estimulando a seleção de parasitas resistentes. Tendo em vista essa situação, o objetivo deste experimento foi avaliar a eficácia in vitro de diferentes formulações contendo tintura de citronela (Cymbopogon nardus), erva de Santa Maria (Chenopodium ambrosioides) e quássia (Quassia amara) sobre o carrapato bovino R. microplus. Para isso, fêmeas ingurgitadas do parasita foram submetidas ao teste laboratorial de biocarrapaticidograma. As soluções testadas continham as três plantas em diferentes concentrações e utilizadas em associação. Aproximadamente 84% dos tratamentos apresentou eficiência igual ou superior a 95%. Os tratamentos que continham citronela em concentração igual ou superior a 5% apresentaram melhores resultados e a concentração de 10% apresentou máxima eficiência, independente das concentrações da quássia e da erva de Santa Maria. A alta eficácia das soluções foi atribuída principalmente à redução na postura dos ovos e na taxa de eclosão da postura, e em menor escala à morte das teleóginas. Isso sugere que as soluções contendo os três fitoterápicos provocam alteração no sistema e na capacidade reprodutiva das fêmeas de R. microplus e também apresenta ação carrapaticida em testes in vitro.(AU)