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ABSTRACT: The use of lambs from crossing of local with specialized sheep breeds for meat production may lead to higher meat deposition and a smaller fat amount in the carcass, with a more adequate nutritional profile for human consumption. This study investigated the performance, carcass and meat characteristics of lambs from the Morada Nova and Santa Inês locally adapted hair breeds and crosses between Dorper × Morada Nova and Dorper × Santa Inês slaughtered at approximately 35 kg. Morada Nova lambs showed lower (p 0.05) performance compared to the other genetic groups resulting in a higher age at slaughter (p 0.05). Crossbred Dorper × Santa Inês and Dorper × Morada Nova lambs showed better characteristics for meat production with better (p 0.05) conformation as well as leg and carcass compacteness index. Dorper × Santa Inês have a fatty acid profile that is more suitable for human consumption than Dorper × Morada Nova lambs do (p 0.05); however, both had lower (p 0.05) intramuscular lipid content (as measured by ether extract levels from Longíssimus lumborum) compared with purebred lambs. Therefore, when the objective is to obtain lean meat, with improved nutritional profile to reduce risks of cardiovascular disease, the use of breeds and crosses that reduce animal slaughter age, such as the ½ Dorper × ½ Santa Inês crossbred, is an interesting alternative.
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ABSTRACT: The use of lambs from crossing of local with specialized sheep breeds for meat production may lead to higher meat deposition and a smaller fat amount in the carcass, with a more adequate nutritional profile for human consumption. This study investigated the performance, carcass and meat characteristics of lambs from the Morada Nova and Santa Inês locally adapted hair breeds and crosses between Dorper × Morada Nova and Dorper × Santa Inês slaughtered at approximately 35 kg. Morada Nova lambs showed lower (p 0.05) performance compared to the other genetic groups resulting in a higher age at slaughter (p 0.05). Crossbred Dorper × Santa Inês and Dorper × Morada Nova lambs showed better characteristics for meat production with better (p 0.05) conformation as well as leg and carcass compacteness index. Dorper × Santa Inês have a fatty acid profile that is more suitable for human consumption than Dorper × Morada Nova lambs do (p 0.05); however, both had lower (p 0.05) intramuscular lipid content (as measured by ether extract levels from Longíssimus lumborum) compared with purebred lambs. Therefore, when the objective is to obtain lean meat, with improved nutritional profile to reduce risks of cardiovascular disease, the use of breeds and crosses that reduce animal slaughter age, such as the ½ Dorper × ½ Santa Inês crossbred, is an interesting alternative.
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Native sheep breeds have satisfactory reproductive activity throughout the year, but nutritional and climatic factors such as high temperature during the dry period can affect the semen quality, causing a decrease in sperm motility and an increase in the percentage of morphologically abnormal sperm. To protect itself against the deleterious effect of high temperature, the testicle has a complex mechanism of thermoregulation sites. The scrotal skin has an important function in the maintenance of testicular temperature, since it is thin, poor in subcutaneous fat, relatively hairless and has a well-developed blood and lymphatic system, facilitating thermal loss by radiation and evaporation. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of scrotal temperature on sperm quality in Morada Nova sheep. Temperature was measured with a laser thermometer and three classes of average testicular temperature were established: class 1 = 28ºC to 31ºC, class 2 = 31.01ºC to 33ºC and class 3 = >33ºC. The ejaculate of each animal was collected using an artificial vagina for further evaluation of volume, aspect, whirling, motility and sperm vigor. Then the sperm concentration and morphology were determined by examination of moist slides. Means were compared by the t-test and chi-square test using the SAS software (SAS Inst., Inc., Cary, NC). There was no difference (P>0.05) for whirling (3.42±1.08%)
O artigo não possui resumo em português.
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The aim of this work was to evaluate the aromatic compounds Anethole and Carvone and its synergic anthelmintic interactions against sheep gastrointestinal nematode Haemonchus contortus multi resistant strain. Anthelmintic resistance has been a hindrance in animal production causing economic losses and consequence of the repetitive use of those ineffective chemicals it is usual to found contamination on meat, milk and environment. New sources of anthelmintic compounds have been investigated. Plant extracts and natural compounds have demonstrated themselves as promising candidates. Eggs were collected from feces of sheep infected with H.contortus. A hundred eggs were exposed to solutions of Anethole and Carvone and half and half Anethole and Carvone diluted in water and solvent Tween 80 in concentrations ranging from 2.08 mg/mL to 0.007mg/mL (decreasing three fold concentrations) with six replicates using a 24 well plate to perform tests. Eggs were incubated for 24 h at 27C and the count of eggs hatched was done using an inverted microscope. Data were analyzed by SAS Probit to estimate LC50 with independent variables (dose) transformed by natural logarithm (log dose). The LC50 (fiducial limits) in mg/mL of Anethole was 0.070 (0.068-0.076), Carvone was 0.085 (0.081-0.088) and the synergic interaction of Anethole+ Carvone was 0.013 (0.012-0.014), according to Table 1. Gas chromato
O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.
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Color is the first factor that consumers consider when it comes to meat quality, linking it to freshness. The most common function of vitamin E (tocopherol -), is its ability to act as an antioxidant in biological systems. The free radicals are neutralized by -tocopherol before lipid oxidation is propagated between the cellular and subcellular membranes of highly unsaturated fatty acids. The antioxidants in meat have the function to delay the onset of oxidation phenomena, retaining the sensory characteristics. They are added to the foods to preserve their color characteristics, avoiding the appearance of anomalous odors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the color of the meat of Santa Inês-bred lambs, supplemented with Vitamin E. Thirty two Santa Inês-bred lambs were divided into 2 groups: S (supplementation with Vitamin E) and NS (not supplemented with Vitamin E). The animals were fed an isoproteic diet formulated to meet the requirement of 250-300 g/day. The S group was fed a diet containing 350 mg/kg ppm of Vitamin E per day, added to the concentrate. After the slaughtering, the muscle Longissimus dorsi was separated for the evaluation of the color with the aid of a colorimeter (Minolta) in the CIELAB system, which assessed the parameters: L (brightness), a (red content) and b (level of yellow). The values L, a, and b were obtained in three separate surface points in t
O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.
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The main factors that contribute to the quality of the meat are texture, flavor, color, appearance and odor. The texture varies depending on the size of the fiber bundles, which is not only determined by the number of fibers, but also by the diameter. The diameter of sheep meat muscle fibers is lower than that of swine and bovines, which tends to increase subtly, and according to the age, this gives a characteristic of greater resistance to the meat. The differences in meat tenderness can also vary depending on the genetic and biochemical composition, especially related to fat ratio, or types of fibers in the muscle. The texture can be determined by sensory and instrumental methods, especially in Warner-Bratzler, which 36% of the variance of the texture can be perceived by consumers. This is an important quality parameter to be considered before marketing these meats. The aim of this study was to evaluate the shear force meat of castrated Santa Inês-bred lambs. Thirty two Santa Inês-bred lambs, with a mean age of 9 months, were divided into 2 groups: C (castrated) and NC (non-castrated). The animals of Group C were castrated after weaning, by the surgical method of removing the testicles. At 45 kg live weight, the animals were slaughtered, and separated into loin cuts (Longisimus dorsi). The topside, formed by 9 muscles on the back side, was cut for analysis. Twenty samples of
O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.
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Naturalized Brazilian hair breeds are adapted to tropical climate, however produce lambs for slaughter with lower performance and carcass traits. One way to increase productiveness comprises the use of adapted ewes crossed with specialized meat breeds, exploiting the complementarity between breeds and heterosis for sustainable lamb production. Dorper rams can be use to produce crossbred lambs with better performance traits. The aim of this study was to evaluate the weight at birth and at 30 days of Morada Nova lambs (MN) and Santa Inês (SI) straight breed or Dorper crossbred. The study was carried out at Instituto de Zootecnia, city of Nova Odessa, located in São Paulo State, Brazil. Forty-two adult Santa Inês (SI) ewes with 51.8 ± 7.1 Kg of initial body weight, with 21 mated with SI rams and 21 mated with Dorper (DO) rams and 38 Morada Nova (MN) with 33.1 ± 4.98 with 19 mated with MN and 19 mated with DO rams were used. During pregnancy the ewes were reared on intensive grazing systems with rotational grazing on Aruana grass (Panicum maximum cv. Aruana), plus corn silage ad libitum and a concentrate mixture (400 g/day) with 16% crude protein and 80% of total digestible nutrient (TDN) on final third of gestation. After lambing, the ewes were kept in collective pens and kept under the same diet used in late pregnancy. The weight at birth as well as at 30 day old were recorded
O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.
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In southeastern Brazil, the Santa Inês ewes is one of the most used to produce early slaughtering crossbred lambs. The Morada Nova breed is reared only in some regions of Brazil and has a very small number of animals and flocks, but ewes have potential to be used for lamb production in the southeast, due to their adaptability to tropical conditions. This experiment aims to evaluate the reproductive potential of Morada Nova ewes to produce early lambs for slaughter. The study was carried out at Instituto de Zootecnia, city of Nova Odessa, located in São Paulo State, Brazil. Forty-nine adult Santa Inês (SI) ewes with 51.8 ± 7.07 kg of initial body weight and forty-nine Morada Nova (MN) with 33.1 ± 4.98 were used. During pregnancy the ewes were reared on intensive grazing systems with rotational grazing on Aruana grass pasture (Panicum maximum cv.IZ-5), and in the final third of gestation received corn silage ad libitum and a concentrate mixture (400 g/day) with 16% crude protein and 80% of total digestible nutrient (TDN). The length of pregnancy, calculated through the date of mating and date of birth; prolificacy rate obtained by the number of lambs born per ewes; percentage of multiple births (%) and ewes weight at lambing (kg) were calculated. Statistical analysis was carried using GLM procedure of SAS ®. The birth weight of MN ewes was lower than the SI ewes, which is a refl
O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.
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Corn silage is the most important preserved food for ruminants. The transgenic corn was inserted into the genetic code Bt gene (Bacillus thuringiensis) that expresses a toxic protein to caterpillars pests of maize, reducing production costs. To evaluate the varieties of plant corn silage DKB and AG with or without the Bt gene on the voluntary intake of DM (g/day) and apparent digestibility coefficients (CDA) of nutrients in sheep, the experiment was conducted at the Institute of Animal Science Nova Odessa-SP. Were used 20 sheep and the experimental design was randomized blocks in scheme factorial type 2x2 (two varieties of plant corn to silage, with the presence or absence of Bt gene), with five animals per treatment. These animals were housed in metabolism cages, with collector and separator feces and urine for 21 days, comprising 8 days for diet adaptation and 7 days for determination of intake, followed by 6 days of collection of feces, to measure DMI (g/day), CDA DM, CP and NDF. Samples of feed offered, leftovers and feces were identified and placed in a circulating air oven maintained at 55C to constant weight. The analyses were performed in Bromatological Analysis Laboratory of the Institute of Animal Science. To CTMS (g/day) was interaction effect (p 0.05) than in the variety AG (779.36) was greater than DKB (637.52), because the DM content of the sheet AG (31.09) wa
O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.
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Silage corn is a food widely used, composing the bulk of feed for ruminants, because its present high nutritional value. Since the release by CNTBio seeds of modified genetically corn, many of it began to use transgenic silage corn, which was inserted into genetic code the Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) gene that expresses a toxic protein to caterpillar pests of corn, so occurs the reduction of production costs and pesticide use. Due to rapid expansion of transgenic maize and your wide use in animal feed by producers, the aim of this study was to evaluate the degrability in situ in animal rumen, in order to estimate the nutritional value of silage corn with and without the Bt gene. The experiment was conducted at the Institute of Animal Science Nova Odessa-SP. Were used four rumen fistulated sheep housed in individual pens for 56 days, including four periods. The animals were fed with silage with two varieties of plant corn to silage - DKB and AG, and their isogenic counterparts with the Bt gene, comprising four treatments. The degradability determination of dry matter (DM) digestibility of silage corn treatments was determined by means of nylon bag in situ. After removal, the bags were washed and incubated, then placed in forced-circulation at 55C to constant weight to determine the DM concentration. Data from in situ degradation of DM was adjusted in the mathematical model prop
O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.
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Citrus pulp, wet and dehydrated, has importance as natural anthelmintic, by having in its composition essential oils with large amounts of terpenes, which are secondary metabolites that can cause interference in biochemical and physiological parasites functions. Packed cell volume (PCV) is a tool for indirect diagnosis of infections caused by Haemonchus contortus, since this parasite is a haematophagous nematode that causes severe anemia in animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of PCV and fecal egg count per gram of feces (EPG) in sheep naturally infected fed with dried citrus pulp or wet citrus pulp silage. The experiment was carried out at Instituto de Zootecnia, from June to august/2012, with 45 Santa Ines ewe lambs divided into three groups (15 animals / treatment), according to weight and initial EPG. The ewes lambs from each treatment were kept at different paddocks of Panicum maximum cv. Aruana grass and supplemented with corn silage and with 1% (DM basis) of corn grain (T1 - control) or dried citrus pulp (T2) or wet citrus pulp silage (T3). Blood and feces samples were collected for packed cell volume determination by centrifugation and feces by examination in McMaster chambers. Analysis of variance was performed after data transformations (log (X+10)) and means compared by the SNK test at 5% probability (SAS). The means of group 1, 2 and 3 did not
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Hematologic parameters are used as an auxiliary method for evaluation and diagnosis of various diseases, such as parasitic infections. Citrus pulp has essential oils in its composition that may combat parasitism. The aim of this study was to evaluate the hematological parameters of animals supplemented with dried citrus pulp or wet citrus pulp silage. The experiment was carried out at Institute of Animal Science (Instituto de Zootecnia-APTA-SAA-SP), from June to August 2012. Twenty-four Santa Inês ewes lambs, with initial live weight around 25 kg, were totally dewormed and, after three negative fecal EPG (egg per gram) determination, were artificially infected with 3500 larvae of Haemonchus contortus. After 21 days, EPG was performed and the animals divided into three uniform groups of 8 animals / treatments according to theirs live weight and fecal EPG. The animals were placed in individual suspended slatted floor pens for 42 days and fed with corn silage and supplemented with 1% (on DM basis) of corn grain (T1 - control) or dried citrus pulp (T2) or wet citrus pulp silage (T3). Diets were kept isoproteic (11% CP) by supplementation with soybean meal. Blood samples were taken every 14 days for analysis of packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin (Hb) and erythrocyte count (Ery). Analysis of variance was performed with transformations of data (log X +10) and the means compared by T
O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the heat tolerance index (HTI) in 11 Suffolk and 12 Ile de France, in the summer, in Nova Odessa (22º42"S and 47º18"W), São Paulo State, Brazil. To calculate this index the rectal temperature was registered at 1 p.m. (RT1), before they spent two hours resting in the shade. Then, they were exposed to direct sun light for an hour. After one more hour in the shade, it was registered the RT2, at 3 p.m. They stayed all this time without food and water. The HTI was calculated: 10 - (RT2 - RT1). The ewes were evaluated in sunny days, without clouds and wind, before (10, 11, 12, 13/Jan/2006) and after shearing (3, 8, 15/Feb/2006). The RT data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of the SAS software package, whereby breed, time of data sampling, shearing and interaction were modeled as fixed effects, and individual animal and date of data sampling as random effects. The same procedure as above was used to analyze the ITC, using a mathematical model that included the fixed effects of breed, and shearing in addition to the random effects of individual animal and date of data sampling, modeled with a generalized linear model. Climatic variables were taken in the moment of registering the RT and the black globe and humidity index was greater than 90 for the two times. The RT of Suffolk ewes (39.31ºC) was similar to the RT of Ile de France (39
O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o índice de tolerância ao calor (ITC) em 11 ovelhas da raça Suffolk e 12 Ile de France, no verão, em Nova Odessa, Estado de São Paulo. Para o cálculo do índice, foram registradas as temperaturas retais às 13 horas (TR1), após duas horas em descanso na sombra; em seguida, os animais ficaram uma hora expostos ao sol, e voltaram para a sombra, onde, então, registrou-se a TR2, às 15 horas. Durante todo esse período, ficaram sem água e comida. O índice foi calculado segundo a fórmula: 10 - (TR2 - TR1). As ovelhas foram avaliadas em 10, 11, 12, 13/01/2006, antes da tosquia, e 3, 8, 15/02/2006, após a tosquia, em dias quentes, sem nebulosidade, e com baixa velocidade do ar. A TR foi analisada com o procedimento GLIMMIX do programa SAS, e teve como efeitos fixos: raça, horário, lã (com e sem) e as interações entre esses, e como efeitos aleatórios: animal e dia dentro da interação (raça x lã). Na análise do ITC, foi utilizado o mesmo procedimento, com um modelo matemático que incluiu o efeito fixo de raça e lã, e os efeitos aleatórios de animal e dia dentro da interação (raça x lã), com a metodologia dos modelos lineares generalizados. Variáveis ambientais foram registradas nos horários de coleta da TR, e o índice de temperatura do globo negro ao sol e umidade foi, em média, superior a 90 nos dois horários observados. A TR média das ovelhas Suffolk (39
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The heat tolerance index (HTI) of 16 light colored and 15 dark colored pelage of Santa Inês breed was evaluated. This study was carried out on hot days with BGHI greater than 90. In order to calculate HTI (10 (RT2 - RT1)) rectal temperature (RT) was recorded at 01:00 p.m. (RT1) after two hours of rest in the shade. Later they were exposed to direct sun light for one hour and then they rested one more hour under shade, when the RT2 was recorded at 03:00 p.m. A completely randomized design was used to analyze hair length (HL), coat thickness (CT), skin temperature (TS) and coat temperature (TC). No differences on RT were observed between light colored and dark colored hair coat ewes, but all of them raised their temperatures (P
Objetivou-se avaliar o índice de tolerância ao calor (ITC) em ovelhas da raça Santa Inês, 16 de pelagem clara e 15 de pelagem negra, na época do calor, com ITGU superior a 90. Para o cálculo do índice foram registradas as temperaturas retais (TR) às 13 h (TR1), após duas horas em descanso na sombra; em seguida, os animais ficaram expostos ao sol por uma hora e, depois, à sombra por mais uma hora, quando se registrou a TR2, às 15 h (10 (TR2 TR1)). Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente ao acaso para avaliar comprimento do pelo (CP), espessura do pelame (EP), temperatura da pele (TPele) e do pelame (TP). Não houve efeito da cor do pelame na TR das ovelhas Santa Inês. Todas as ovelhas aumentaram a TR após o estresse (P
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The performance of ewe lambs fed concentrate (20%) and roughage (80%) based on sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum cv RB 72-454) and increasing levels of mulberry branches Morus spp were evaluated. The treatments were; A- 80% of sugar cane; B- 60% of sugar cane plus 20% of mulberry branches and C- 40% of sugar cane plus 40% of mulberry branches. A random blocks design was used and data were evaluated by regression. Twenty four ewe lambs aged five month with 18.3 ± 2.7kg were used. The voluntary intake, live weight gain and feed conversion were measured. The increase on the proportion of mulberry branches in the sugar cane diets led to a significant linear increase (P .05) in the DM intake and the live-weight gain and a linear decrease in feed conversion (P .05). The sugar cane showed greater NDF, ADF, and lignin content and smaller in vitro digestibility than mulberry branches. The sugar cane as only roughage does not lead to a good performance for growing ewe lambs and the inclusion of mulberry branches can improve animal performance.
O desempenho de borregas alimentadas com dietas compostas de concentrado (20%) e volumoso (80%) a base de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum officinarum cv RB 72-454) e ramas de amoreira (Morus spp.) foi avaliado. Os tratamentos foram: A- 80% de cana-de-açúcar; B- 60% de cana-de-açúcar e 20% de ramas de amoreira e C- 40% de cana-de-açúcar e 40% de ramas de amoreira. O delineamento estatístico foi em blocos casualizados sendo os dados submetidos à análise de regressão. Foram utilizadas 24 fêmeas da raça Santa Inês, com idade aproximada de cinco meses e peso vivo inicial de 18,3 ± 2,7kg. Avaliou-se o consumo voluntário de matéria seca, o ganho de peso vivo diário e total e a conversão alimentar. Constatou-se efeito linear significativo (P 0,05) para o consumo de matéria seca com o aumento do porcentual de ramas de amoreira na dieta, com conseqüente aumento linear (P 0,05) no ganho de peso vivo total e diário. Houve redução linear (P 0,05) na conversão alimentar em função do aumento dos níveis de ramas de amoreira. Observaram-se valores mais elevados de fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido, lignina e menor valor de digestibilidade in vitro na cana-de-açúcar em relação às ramas de amoreira. A cana-de-açúcar como volumoso exclusivo não possibilita desempenho adequado de borregas, sendo que a associação com ramas de amoreira melhora o desempenho animal.
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Evaluation of the 36 Santa Inês ewe lambs performance , with different live-weight, averaging 18 months old, fed on sugar cane (75%) and maize silage (25%) with access to protein salt without or with 10 or 15% of urea on its composition, in replacement of soybean meal. It was used a random block experimental design and the data submitted to regression analyses to evaluate the level of urea in the protein salt. The ingestion of protein salt was 188g/day. The increase of the urea inclusion in the protein salt did not (P>0.05) modify live weight gain (141g/day), as well as DM intake and feed conversion (6.53kg dry matter/kg body gain). The levels of plasmatic urea increased (Y=21.29+5.14X, R2=36.6, P 0.001) with the increase of the urea in the protein salt. The results allow concluding that the increase of urea in the protein salt do not affect the animal performance but raises plasmatic urea.
Avaliou-se o desempenho de 36 borregas da raça Santa Inês, com cerca de 18 meses de idade, alimentadas com cana-de-açúcar picada (75%) e silagem de milho (25%) com acesso a mistura sem uréia ou com uréia (10 ou 15%) na sua composição, em substituição ao farelo de soja. O delineamento estatístico foi em blocos ao acaso e as variáveis submetidas a análise de regressão com os níveis crescentes de inclusão de uréia na mistura. Os animais consumiram em média 188g/dia da mistura múltipla. O aumento da inclusão de uréia na mistura não causou modifica- ção (P>0,05) no ganho de peso dos animais (141g/dia), na ingestão de MS (2,31% do peso vivo) e na conversão alimentar (6,53kg de MS/kg de ganho de peso vivo). Os teores de uréia plasmática aumentaram significativamente (Y=21,29 + 5,14X, R2=36,6; P 0,001) com o aumento da inclusão de uréia na mistura mineral. Os resultados indicam que o aumento da inclusão de uréia na mistura múltipla em substituição à proteína da soja não altera o desempenho dos animais, mas eleva o seu teor plasmático.
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Now-a-days, conservation of sugar cane as silage has been highlighted due some operational benefits. Nevertheless when ensiled without additives shows alcoholic fermentation with loss of nutritive value, due to yeast fermentation. Considering the hypothesis that the use of lime at ensiling sugar-cane may inhibit the development of yeast and decreases ethanol production and loss of silage nutritive value, the trial was developed aimed at evaluating some nutritive traits of sugar-cane ensiled with calcium hydroxide (hydrated lime). The treatments were T1-sugar cane ensiled with 0.25% of lime; T2 - sugar cane ensiled with 0.50% of lime; T3 - sugar cane ensiled with 0.75% of lime and T4 - sugar cane ensiled with 1 % of lime. All treatments were added 1% of urea at feeding time. Twenty sheep located on individual crates were used to evaluate the intake and digestibility through total feces collection on a randomized blocks design. The voluntary intake and the apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, crude protein, and fiber in neutral detergent, fiber in acid detergent were evaluated. The addition of 1% of lime to the ensiling sugarcane caused a reduction of cellular wall, increase on dry matter intake and digestibility coefficients, which led to more desirable traits to the silage.
A conservação da cana-de-açúcar na forma de silagem vem se destacando nos últimos anos em razão dos benefícios na operacionalidade. No entanto, quando ensilada sem aditivos a cana apresenta fermentação alcoólica com perda no valor nutritivo, resultante da atividade de leveduras. Considerando a hipótese que o uso da cal na ensilagem da cana pode inibir o desenvolvimento das leveduras e, conseqüentemente, reduzir a produção de etanol e a perda do valor nutritivo da silagem, desenvolveu-se o presente estudo com o objetivo de estudar algumas caracter ísticas nutricionais da silagem de cana-de-açúcar aditivada com hidróxido de cálcio (cal hidratada). Foram avaliados os seguintes tratamentos: T1 - silagem de cana-de-açúcar + 0,25% de cal; T2 - silagem de cana-de-açúcar + 0,50% de cal; T3 - silagem de cana-de-açúcar + 0,75% de cal e T4 - silagem de cana-de-açúcar + 1,0% de cal. Todos os tratamentos foram suplementados com 1% de uréia no momento do fornecimento das silagens aos animais. Para determinação do consumo voluntário e da digestibilidade foram utilizados 20 ovinos alojados em gaiolas individuais, conforme método clássico de coleta total de fezes, sendo utilizado o delineamento em blocos casualizados. Foram determinados os consumos voluntários de matéria seca, proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro e fibra em detergente ácido e os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente de
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The trial evaluated the herbage mass of two mulberry cultivars (IZ 13/6 and IZ 56/ 4) under browse by sheep, with plants submited to low pruning (cut at soil level) or free growth without cutting, in three periods of vegetative growth (25, 50 and 75 days). The aim of the study was to know the best mulberry management for better forage recovering. The experimental design was random blocks on a split split plot design, comparing on the principal treatments the vegetative growth forms, in the split plot the vegetative development periods and in the split split plot the mulberry cultivars. There were no differences (P>0.05) on herbage mass availability between mulberry cultivars. The free growth showed greater (P 0.05) leaves mass availability on the three growth age evaluated. There was an increase on herbage mass availability due the increase on growth age. The free growth allowed earlier recuperation of herbage mass on 50 days and when low pruned was adopted, 75 days of growth is advised. Although smaller growth age had greater crude protein content.
O estudo avaliou a disponibilidade de massa de forragem de dois cultivares de amoreira (IZ 13/6 e IZ 56/4) sob pastejo direto com ovinos, manejadas com plantas submetidas à poda baixa (corte rente ao solo após cada ciclo de pastejo) ou sem poda, em três períodos de crescimento vegetativo (25, 50 e 75 dias), com o objetivo de definir o melhor manejo a ser adotado para a recuperação da planta. O delineamento estatístico adotado foi em blocos casualizados em arranjo de parcelas sub sub divididas, comparando nos tratamentos principais as formas de crescimento vegetativo, nas sub parcelas os períodos de crescimento vegetativo e na sub sub parcelas os cultivares de amoreira. Não houve diferença significativa (P>0,05) na disponibilidade de massa de forragem entre os cultivares. O crescimento livre, sem poda, apresentou maior (P 0,05) disponibilidade de massa de folhas nas três idades avaliadas. Houve um aumento da massa de forragem com o aumento da idade de corte. O crescimento livre permite a recuperação antecipada da massa de forragem da amoreira aos 50 dias e, quando manejada com podas, recomenda-se o intervalo de 75 dias de crescimento vegetativo, embora períodos menores apresentem maiores teores de prote- ína bruta.
Resumo
It was studied the post partum weight of Santa Inês ewes and the return to estrum after the wean, occurring 60 days post partum, in females submited to two suckling systems: continued and controlled, at the Instituto de Zootecnia in Nova Odessa, SP. It was evaluated the return to the first and second estrum, the weight of the ewes at parturition and at 15, 30, 45 and 60 days post partum, and the ewe´s corporal condition and the weight of the lambs at the same date. The weigth of the ewes was not influenciated (P> 0,05) by the treatment. It was not verified differences in the parturition interval to first estrum and the parturition to second estrum, related to the treatments (P>0,05). Lambs at 30, 45, 60 days did not present statistic differences.
Estudou-se o peso de ovelhas da raça Santa Inês no pós-parto, bem como o retorno ao estro até o desmame ocorrido aos 60 dias pós-parto, de fêmeas submetidas a dois sistemas de aleitamento: contínuo e controlado, no Instituto de Zootecnia em Nova Odessa, SP. Foram avaliados: o retorno ao primeiro e segundo estro, o peso das ovelhas ao parto, aos 15, 30, 45 e aos 60 dias pós-parto, bem como a condição corporal das matrizes e o peso dos cordeiros nestas mesmas datas. O peso das ovelhas nos diferentes momentos não foi influenciado (P>0,05) pelo tratamento, assim como não se verificou diferença no intervalo do parto até o primeiro estro e do parto ao segundo estro, em relação aos tratamentos (P>0,05). Também as médias de peso dos cordeiros aos 30, 45 e 60 dias não apresentaram diferença estatística quanto ao tratamento.
Resumo
At the Instituto de Zootecnia, APTA, São Paulo State-Brazil, it was carried out an experiment to evaluated the chemical quality and ruminal degradation for dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and protein (CP) of sunflower and corn silages. For chemical evaluation of the silages, a total randomized design with nine replicates was used. For in situ degradability was used a split-plot design with three replicates, in which the plots were the times of incubation and the subplot the silage. Sunflower silage showed higher concentration of crude protein (11.6 vs 9.4%), ether extract (10.1 vs 3.2%), acid detergent fiber (42.7 vs 31.9%) and lignin (9.4 vs 3.7%), and lower concentration of dry matter than corn silage (22.0 vs 34.6%), respectively; and also higher concentration of ammonia nitrogen (10.7 vs 5.8 %) and acetic acid (3.0 vs 0.79%) and lower concentration of lactic acid (3.7 vs 11.3%) than corn silage. The effective degradation rates of DM, NDF and CP were lower in the sunflower silage. Corn silage showed more favorable characteristics for ensiling process.
Foi desenvolvido no Instituto de Zootecnia, Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios (APTA), São Paulo um experimento com o objetivo de avaliar quimicamente a qualidade das silagens e a degradação ruminal da matéria seca (MS), fibra detergente neutra (FDN) e proteína bruta (PB) das silagens de milho e girassol. Na avaliação químico-bromatológica das silagens, utilizou-se delineamento estatístico inteiramente ao acaso com nove repetições por tratamento (silagem de milho ou girassol) e, para a degradação in situ, utilizou-se delineamento em parcelas subdivididas, com três repetições. A silagem de girassol apresentou maiores concentrações de proteína bruta (11,6 vs 9,4%), extrato etéreo (10,1 vs 3,2%), fibra detergente ácida (42,7 vs 31,9%)e lignina (9,4 vs 3,7%), e menores teores de MS (22,0 vs 34,6%) que a silagem de milho, respectivamente. Apresentou também maiores teores de nitrogênio amoniacal (10,7 vs 5,8 %) e ácido acético (3,0 vs 0,79%) e menores concentrações de ácido lático (3,7 vs 11,3%) que a silagem de milho. As taxas de degradação efetiva da MS, FDN e PB da silagem de girassol foram menores do que as da silagem de milho. A silagem de milho apresentou características mais favoráveis ao processo de ensilagem.