Canine hypothyroidism with neurological disorders

Background: Hypothyroidism is characterized by hypofunction of the thyroid gland. It results in deficient production of thyroid hormones. Neurological disorders resulting from hypothyroidism are rare, which highlights the importance of this study. This study reports a case of hypothyroidism in a dog with neurological clinical signs, that was treated at the Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz's Veterinary Hospital (HV-UESC). Case: A 4-year-old male intact Dogo Argentino breed dog, weighing 64 kg, presenting obesity, anorexia, prostration, walking in circles, and chronic dermatopathy was presented at HV-UESC. Upon physical examination, the animal presented a deficit of proprioception in the 4 limbs, with preserved superficial and deep pain. No alteration was observed in the ears, that could explained the clinical signs. In terms of dermatopathy, the animal presented symmetrical alopecia in the lateral region of the thighs and tail. Blood samples were collected for a complete blood count and biochemical tests of urea, creatinine, ALT, AST and cholesterol. Imaging radiography and ultrasonography were performed, which ruled out thoracic and abdominal changes that could be related to the case. Prior to receiving the blood test results, idiopathic encephalitis was suspected and enrofloxacin and prednisone were prescribed for 7 days. During the medication period, previous exams were provided, which indicated only increased cholesterol (500 mg/dL). The animal showed no improvement with the prescribed medication. In view of the clinical signs presented by the patient and the results of the additional tests, hormonal disease was suspected, compatible with hypothyroidism. Thus, hormonal tests of total T4, free T4, and TSH were requested, leading to verification of reduced total T4 (0.3 ng/dL) and free T4 (0.15 ng/dL) levels, and confirming the dysfunction of the thyroid gland. The previous treatment was suspended and thyroid hormone replacement was initiated. After 3 days of treatment, the neurological signs regressed and the animal became more active; after 30 days, the areas of alopecia decreased. Although the patient did not receive the recommended clinical follow-up for such cases, it was possible to establish the ideal levothyroxine dosage for the dog after appropriate adjustments, which permitted thyroid hormone levels to return to normal. Discussion: This report refers to a case of hypothyroidism in a giant dog breed. The dog in the report showed clinical signs of a dermatological, metabolic, and neurological nature, which is consistent with a lack of thyroid hormone. The main signs presented by the animal were neurological, such as walking in circles and a deficit of proprioception in the four limbs. These clinical signs are rarely mentioned in the literature associated with hypothyroidism. Laboratory abnormalities are correlated with the severity and chronicity of the disease. The animal showed a decrease in total T4 and free T4, which is to be expected in a hypothyroid animal. As a result, levothyroxine replacement treatment was initiated. The dose used for the dog, which is the recommended dose in the literature, greatly increased its total T4 levels. As a result, the dose was readjusted after a new clinical evaluation. The rate of metabolism and absorption of levothyroxine varies widely and is independent of weight. The patient showed quickly improvement in neurological signs, activity level, and serum cholesterol rate. Regarding dermatological signs and body condition, there was a more gradual improvement. This corroborates what is mentioned in the literature, which indicates that improvements can take many months

Control de la población de especies silvestres invasoras mediante ligadura de trompas y vasectomía en primatas Callithrix penicillata: informe del caso / Population control of invasive wild species through tubal ligation and vasectomy in primates Callithrix penicillata: case report / Controle populacional de espécies silvestres invasoras por meio de laqueadura e vasectomia em primatas Callithrix penicillata: relato de caso

Los titíes de Pincel Negro (Callithrix penicillata) son considerados especies invasoras en las regiones del sur y el surdste de Brasil. Las especies invasoras interfieren con la dinámica de los ecosistemas en las áreas em las que fueron introducidas. La hibridación, la competencia y la depredación de otros animales son algunos de los problemas causados por estos callitrícidos. La esterilización de los primatas que se encuentran en Centros de Recuperación de Animales Silvestres es un procedimiento necessário dedicado a controlar la población de la especie destinada a su liberación. Técnicas como la ligadura de trompas y la vasectomía, las cuales preservan las glándulas sexuales, son imprescindibles para estos primatas ya que necesitan su producción hormonal para establecerse y vivir en grupos en la naturaleza. Portanto, este estudio tiene como objetivo describir la técnica quirúrgica de esterilización de un macho y una hembra de la especie C. penicillata.(AU)

Black-tufted marmosets (Callitrhix penicillata) are considered invasive species in the regions of Southern and Southeast of Brazil. Invasive species interfere with the dynamics of ecosystem in areas which they were introduced. The hybridization, the competition and the predation of other animals are some of the problems caused by callitrichids. The sterilization of primates that are in wildlife rehabilitation centers is a necessary procedure because it is intended to control the population growth from species destined to reintroduction into the wild. Technics like tubal ligation and vasectomy that maintain the sexual glands are essential to these primates since they need their hormones production to be able to live in groups in the wild. Therefore the aim of this work is to describe in details the sterilization technique of a male and a female of C. penicillata.(AU)

Saguis-de-tufo-preto (Callithrix penicillata) são consideradas espécies invasoras em regiões do sul e sudeste do Brasil. Espécies invasoras interferem com a dinâmica do ecossistema em áreas as quais foram introduzidas. A hibridização, a competição e a predação de outros animais são alguns dos problemas causados por estes calitriquídeos. A esterilização de primatas que se encontram em Centros de Recuperação para Animais Silvestres é um procedimento necessário que visa o controle populacional da espécie quando são destinadas para soltura. Técnicas como a de laqueadura e vasectomia, que preservam as glândulas sexuais que são imprescindíveis nestes primatas, pois necessitam de sua produção hormonal para se estabelecer e viver em grupos na natureza. Sendo assim, objetivou-se descrever a técnica cirúrgica de esterilização de um macho e uma fêmea da espécie C. penicillata.(AU)

Control de la población de especies silvestres invasoras mediante ligadura de trompas y vasectomía en primatas Callithrix penicillata: informe del caso / Population control of invasive wild species through tubal ligation and vasectomy in primates Callithrix penicillata: case report / Controle populacional de espécies silvestres invasoras por meio de laqueadura e vasectomia em primatas Callithrix penicillata: relato de caso

Los titíes de Pincel Negro (Callithrix penicillata) son considerados especies invasoras en las regiones del sur y el surdste de Brasil. Las especies invasoras interfieren con la dinámica de los ecosistemas en las áreas em las que fueron introducidas. La hibridación, la competencia y la depredación de otros animales son algunos de los problemas causados por estos callitrícidos. La esterilización de los primatas que se encuentran en Centros de Recuperación de Animales Silvestres es un procedimiento necessário dedicado a controlar la población de la especie destinada a su liberación. Técnicas como la ligadura de trompas y la vasectomía, las cuales preservan las glándulas sexuales, son imprescindibles para estos primatas ya que necesitan su producción hormonal para establecerse y vivir en grupos en la naturaleza. Portanto, este estudio tiene como objetivo describir la técnica quirúrgica de esterilización de un macho y una hembra de la especie C. penicillata.

Black-tufted marmosets (Callitrhix penicillata) are considered invasive species in the regions of Southern and Southeast of Brazil. Invasive species interfere with the dynamics of ecosystem in areas which they were introduced. The hybridization, the competition and the predation of other animals are some of the problems caused by callitrichids. The sterilization of primates that are in wildlife rehabilitation centers is a necessary procedure because it is intended to control the population growth from species destined to reintroduction into the wild. Technics like tubal ligation and vasectomy that maintain the sexual glands are essential to these primates since they need their hormones production to be able to live in groups in the wild. Therefore the aim of this work is to describe in details the sterilization technique of a male and a female of C. penicillata.

Saguis-de-tufo-preto (Callithrix penicillata) são consideradas espécies invasoras em regiões do sul e sudeste do Brasil. Espécies invasoras interferem com a dinâmica do ecossistema em áreas as quais foram introduzidas. A hibridização, a competição e a predação de outros animais são alguns dos problemas causados por estes calitriquídeos. A esterilização de primatas que se encontram em Centros de Recuperação para Animais Silvestres é um procedimento necessário que visa o controle populacional da espécie quando são destinadas para soltura. Técnicas como a de laqueadura e vasectomia, que preservam as glândulas sexuais que são imprescindíveis nestes primatas, pois necessitam de sua produção hormonal para se estabelecer e viver em grupos na natureza. Sendo assim, objetivou-se descrever a técnica cirúrgica de esterilização de um macho e uma fêmea da espécie C. penicillata.

Occurrence of dental disorders in dogs

Background: The anatomy of the canine oral cavity and its variations should be understood to facilitate clinical and surgical approaches. Several conditions can be identified during inspection of the oral cavity, including persistent deciduous teeth, enamel hypoplasia, gingival retraction, tooth abrasion and mobility, absence of dental elements, and periodontal disease. The aim of the present study was to determine the occurrence of dental disorders in dogs older than one year, from the microrregion Ilhéus - Itabuna, Bahia, Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 74 dogs were evaluated immediately prior to surgical procedures for periodontal disease treatment. After visual inspection and examination with a millimeter probe, the dogs were classified into three groups according to the degree of periodontal disease. All other findings were recorded on an odontogram. Of the 74 dogs, 23 were classified as mild periodontal disease (mean age, 3.6 years), 26 as moderate periodontal disease (mean age, 5.7 years), and 25 as severe periodontal disease (mean age, 9.7 years). There was significant correlation (0.7 p ≤ 0.01) between age and severity of periodontal disease. Fifteen of the 74 dogs did not present any other dental disorder than periodontal disease. Of the remaining 59, nine showed a single dental problem, and 50 had more than one dental problem. Six dogs (of the breeds Pinscher, Yorkshire Terrier, and Lhasa Apso) had deciduous teeth. Of the nine deciduous teeth, all were canine (dental elements 104, 204, and 304). Ten dogs had dental fractures and of the 11 fractured teeth, three were canine (dental elements 104 and 404). Dental wear was observed in 25 dogs (154 teeth). Of the evaluated dogs, seven showed furcation defects and 10 had teeth mobility. Dental absence was observed in 47 dogs.[...]

Occurrence of dental disorders in dogs

Background: The anatomy of the canine oral cavity and its variations should be understood to facilitate clinical and surgical approaches. Several conditions can be identified during inspection of the oral cavity, including persistent deciduous teeth, enamel hypoplasia, gingival retraction, tooth abrasion and mobility, absence of dental elements, and periodontal disease. The aim of the present study was to determine the occurrence of dental disorders in dogs older than one year, from the microrregion Ilhéus - Itabuna, Bahia, Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 74 dogs were evaluated immediately prior to surgical procedures for periodontal disease treatment. After visual inspection and examination with a millimeter probe, the dogs were classified into three groups according to the degree of periodontal disease. All other findings were recorded on an odontogram. Of the 74 dogs, 23 were classified as mild periodontal disease (mean age, 3.6 years), 26 as moderate periodontal disease (mean age, 5.7 years), and 25 as severe periodontal disease (mean age, 9.7 years). There was significant correlation (0.7 p ≤ 0.01) between age and severity of periodontal disease. Fifteen of the 74 dogs did not present any other dental disorder than periodontal disease. Of the remaining 59, nine showed a single dental problem, and 50 had more than one dental problem. Six dogs (of the breeds Pinscher, Yorkshire Terrier, and Lhasa Apso) had deciduous teeth. Of the nine deciduous teeth, all were canine (dental elements 104, 204, and 304). Ten dogs had dental fractures and of the 11 fractured teeth, three were canine (dental elements 104 and 404). Dental wear was observed in 25 dogs (154 teeth). Of the evaluated dogs, seven showed furcation defects and 10 had teeth mobility. Dental absence was observed in 47 dogs.[...](AU)

Controle populacional de espécies silvestres invasoras por meio de laqueadura e vasectomia em primatas Callithrix penicillata: relato de caso / Population control of invasive wild species through tubal ligation and vasectomy in primates Callithrix penicillata: case report / Control de la población de especies silvestres invasoras mediante ligadura de trompas y vasectomía en primates Callithrix penicillata: informe del caso

Saguis-de-tufo-preto (Callithrix penicillata) são consideradas espécies invasoras em regiões do sul e sudeste do Brasil. Espécies invasoras interferem com a dinâmica do ecossistema em áreas nas quais foram introduzidas. A hibridização, a competição e a predação de outros animais são alguns dos problemas causados por estes calitriquídeos. A esterilização de primatas que se encontram em Centros de Recuperação para Animais Silvestres é um procedimento necessário que visa o controle populacional da espécie quando são destinadas para soltura. Técnicas como a de laqueadura e vasectomia, que preservam as glândulas sexuais que são imprescindíveis nestes primatas, pois necessitam de sua produção hormonal para se estabelecer e viver em grupos na natureza. Sendo assim, objetivou-se descrever a técnica cirúrgica de esterilização de um macho e uma fêmea da espécie C. penicillata.(AU)

Black-tufted marmosets (Callitrhix penicillata) are considered invasive species in the regions of Southern and Southeast of Brazil. Invasive species interfere with the dynamics of ecosystem in areas which they were introduced. The hybridization, the competition and the predation of other animals are some of the problems caused by callitrichids. The sterilization of primates that are in wildlife rehabilitation centers is a necessary procedure because it is intended to control the population growth from species destined to reintroduction into the wild. Technics like tubal ligation and vasectomy that maintain the sexual glands are essential to these primates since they need their hormones production to be able to live in groups in the wild. Therefore the aim of this work is to describe in details the sterilization technique of a male and a female of C. penicillata.(AU)

Los titíes de Pincel Negro (Callithrix penicillata) son considerados especies invasoras en las regiones del sur y el surdeste de Brasil. Las especies invasoras interfieren con la dinámica de los ecosistemas en las áreas en las que fueron introducidas. La hibridación, la competencia y la depredación de otros animales son algunos de los problemas causados por estos callitrícidos. La esterilización de los primatas que se encuentran en Centros de Recuperación de Animales Silvestres es un procedimiento necessário dedicado a controlar la población de la especie destinada a su liberación. Técnicas como la ligadura de trompas y la vasectomía, las cuales preservan las glándulas sexuales, son imprescindibles para estos primatas ya que necesitan su producción hormonal para establecerse y vivir en grupos en la naturaleza. Por tanto, este estudio tiene como objetivo describir la técnica quirúrgica de esterilización de un macho y una hembra de la especie C. penicillata.(AU)

Controle populacional de espécies silvestres invasoras por meio de laqueadura e vasectomia em primatas Callithrix penicillata: relato de caso / Population control of invasive wild species through tubal ligation and vasectomy in primates Callithrix penicillata: case report / Control de la población de especies silvestres invasoras mediante ligadura de trompas y vasectomía en primates Callithrix penicillata: informe del caso

Saguis-de-tufo-preto (Callithrix penicillata) são consideradas espécies invasoras em regiões do sul e sudeste do Brasil. Espécies invasoras interferem com a dinâmica do ecossistema em áreas nas quais foram introduzidas. A hibridização, a competição e a predação de outros animais são alguns dos problemas causados por estes calitriquídeos. A esterilização de primatas que se encontram em Centros de Recuperação para Animais Silvestres é um procedimento necessário que visa o controle populacional da espécie quando são destinadas para soltura. Técnicas como a de laqueadura e vasectomia, que preservam as glândulas sexuais que são imprescindíveis nestes primatas, pois necessitam de sua produção hormonal para se estabelecer e viver em grupos na natureza. Sendo assim, objetivou-se descrever a técnica cirúrgica de esterilização de um macho e uma fêmea da espécie C. penicillata.

Black-tufted marmosets (Callitrhix penicillata) are considered invasive species in the regions of Southern and Southeast of Brazil. Invasive species interfere with the dynamics of ecosystem in areas which they were introduced. The hybridization, the competition and the predation of other animals are some of the problems caused by callitrichids. The sterilization of primates that are in wildlife rehabilitation centers is a necessary procedure because it is intended to control the population growth from species destined to reintroduction into the wild. Technics like tubal ligation and vasectomy that maintain the sexual glands are essential to these primates since they need their hormones production to be able to live in groups in the wild. Therefore the aim of this work is to describe in details the sterilization technique of a male and a female of C. penicillata.

Los titíes de Pincel Negro (Callithrix penicillata) son considerados especies invasoras en las regiones del sur y el surdeste de Brasil. Las especies invasoras interfieren con la dinámica de los ecosistemas en las áreas en las que fueron introducidas. La hibridación, la competencia y la depredación de otros animales son algunos de los problemas causados por estos callitrícidos. La esterilización de los primatas que se encuentran en Centros de Recuperación de Animales Silvestres es un procedimiento necessário dedicado a controlar la población de la especie destinada a su liberación. Técnicas como la ligadura de trompas y la vasectomía, las cuales preservan las glándulas sexuales, son imprescindibles para estos primatas ya que necesitan su producción hormonal para establecerse y vivir en grupos en la naturaleza. Por tanto, este estudio tiene como objetivo describir la técnica quirúrgica de esterilización de un macho y una hembra de la especie C. penicillata.

Immunomodulatory action of vitamin E in systemic immunity and mammary gland of dairy cows fed silage / Ação imunomoduladora da vitamina E na imunidade sistêmica e da glândula mamária de bovinos leiteiros alimentados com silagem

Regions such as southern Brazil live with drastic weather changes between winter and summer, resultingin direct disorders in the pasture, avoiding gradual change between grasses, creating periods of forageempty, a fact that diminishes the supply of forage, as well as its nutritional value. In these moments itbecomes common to supplementation with intensive foods preserved as silage, a process that can reduce up to 50% levels of vitamin E from food, nutrient integrate cellular antioxidant system, responsible forthe reduction of oxidative stress and immune function such phagocytosis, chemotaxis and oxidativemetabolism in ruminants.Thus, the present study sought to measure the immunomodulatory activityof vitamin E in dairy cows in the middle of the stage of lactation, supplemented with corn silage andmaintained on transition pasture not fertilized. We conducted assessments of hemogram, blood neutrophilfunction and cellularity of mammary glands before and after application of two parenteral doses ofalpha tocopherol. It was observed in the treated group a significant increase for the series variablered blood, and to blood leukocytes mainly by an increase in neutrophils. In milk, there was increasedcellularity, mainly by mononuclear elevation. As there was an increase of neutrophils positive to NBTtest, it is believed that alpha tocopherol reduced cellular oxidative stress, enhancing phagocytosis andrespiratory burst of neutrophils and decreased lipoperoxidation of cell membranes increases the halfspanof blood cells and milk.(AU)

Regiões como o sul do Brasil convivem com mudanças meteorológicas drásticas entre inverno e verão, redundando em transtornos diretos na pastagem, impedindo mudança gradativa entre gramíneas, gerando períodos de vazio forrageiros, fato que diminui a oferta de forragem, bem como seu o valor nutricional. Nestes momentos torna-se comum a suplementação intensiva com alimentos conservados na forma de silagem, processo que pode reduzir em até 50% os teores de vitamina E do alimento, nutriente integrante do sistema antioxidante celular, responsável pela diminuição do estresse oxidativo e funções imunológicas como fagocitose, quimiotaxia e metabolismo oxidativo nos ruminantes. Assim, o presente estudo procurou mensurar a atividade imunomoduladora da vitamina E em vacas leiteiras no meio do estagio da lactação, suplementadas com silagem de milho e mantidas em pasto de transição não adubado. Efetuou-se avaliações do hemograma, função neutrofílica sanguínea e celularidade das glândulas mamárias antes e após a aplicação de duas doses de alfa tocoferol parenteral. Observou-se no grupo tratado, aumento significativo para as variáveis da série vermelha do sangue, bem como para os leucócitos sanguíneos principalmente por aumento de neutrófilos. No leite, observou-se aumento da celularidade, principalmente por elevação de mononucleares.  Como verificou-se aumento de neutrófilos positivos ao testede NBT, acredita-se que o alfa tocoferol reduziu o estresse oxidativocelular, aumentando a fagocitose e metabolismo oxidativo de neutrófilos, e diminuiu a lipoperoxidaçãodas membranas celulares aumento da meia vida das células sanguíneas e lácetas.(AU)

Análises macro e microscópica de enxertos cutâneos por semeadura após laserterapia de baixa intensidade

Os enxertos de pele são uma alternativa para o fechamento de lesões extensas onde a reaproximação dos bordos da ferida não é possível. A incorporação do enxerto no leito receptor depende de conexões arteriais e venosas dessas duas partes. Baseando-se em trabalhos em que a laserterapia de baixa intensidade acelera o processo de cicatrização e favorece angiogênese e, com intenção de se obter melhor resultado em enxertos cutâneos por semeadura, optou-se pela aplicação do laser HeNe. Dessa forma 20 ratos foram submetidos a esta técnica de enxertia e separados em dois grupos iguais, um tratado com laser e outro não (controle). Os resultados mostraram maior velocidade de cicatrização, menor tempo de reação inflamatória, maior número de vasos sanguíneos, epitelização e queratinização precoces nos animais tratados com laser em relação aos não tratados, sugerindo então que a laserterapia de baixa intensidade é efetiva para o uso em enxertos por semeadura

Skin grafts are the alternative to close big lesions, when the borders approach are difficult or impossible. The graft incorporation on receptor site depends of blood vessels conection. Based on literature that low-level laser therapy acceletares the cicatricial process and favors the angiogenesis, HeNe laser was applied to accelerate the cicatricial process on island skin grafts. For this, 20 rats were submitted to this graft technique and divided in two groups with the same number of animals, one called laser and other called control. The results show faster cicatrization, short inflammatory period, larger number of blood vessels and precocious epitelization and queratinization on he laser group. These facts suggest that low-level laser therapy is effective and helps island skin grafts cicatrization

Immunomodulatory action of vitamin E in systemic immunity and mammary gland of dairy cows fed silage / Ação imunomoduladora da vitamina E na imunidade sistêmica e da glândula mamária de bovinos leiteiros alimentados com silagem

Regions such as southern Brazil live with drastic weather changes between winter and summer, resultingin direct disorders in the pasture, avoiding gradual change between grasses, creating periods of forageempty, a fact that diminishes the supply of forage, as well as its nutritional value. In these moments itbecomes common to supplementation with intensive foods preserved as silage, a process that can reduce up to 50% levels of vitamin E from food, nutrient integrate cellular antioxidant system, responsible forthe reduction of oxidative stress and immune function such phagocytosis, chemotaxis and oxidativemetabolism in ruminants.Thus, the present study sought to measure the immunomodulatory activityof vitamin E in dairy cows in the middle of the stage of lactation, supplemented with corn silage andmaintained on transition pasture not fertilized. We conducted assessments of hemogram, blood neutrophilfunction and cellularity of mammary glands before and after application of two parenteral doses ofalpha tocopherol. It was observed in the treated group a significant increase for the series variablered blood, and to blood leukocytes mainly by an increase in neutrophils. In milk, there was increasedcellularity, mainly by mononuclear elevation. As there was an increase of neutrophils positive to NBTtest, it is believed that alpha tocopherol reduced cellular oxidative stress, enhancing phagocytosis andrespiratory burst of neutrophils and decreased lipoperoxidation of cell membranes increases the halfspanof blood cells and milk.

Regiões como o sul do Brasil convivem com mudanças meteorológicas drásticas entre inverno e verão, redundando em transtornos diretos na pastagem, impedindo mudança gradativa entre gramíneas, gerando períodos de vazio forrageiros, fato que diminui a oferta de forragem, bem como seu o valor nutricional. Nestes momentos torna-se comum a suplementação intensiva com alimentos conservados na forma de silagem, processo que pode reduzir em até 50% os teores de vitamina E do alimento, nutriente integrante do sistema antioxidante celular, responsável pela diminuição do estresse oxidativo e funções imunológicas como fagocitose, quimiotaxia e metabolismo oxidativo nos ruminantes. Assim, o presente estudo procurou mensurar a atividade imunomoduladora da vitamina E em vacas leiteiras no meio do estagio da lactação, suplementadas com silagem de milho e mantidas em pasto de transição não adubado. Efetuou-se avaliações do hemograma, função neutrofílica sanguínea e celularidade das glândulas mamárias antes e após a aplicação de duas doses de alfa tocoferol parenteral. Observou-se no grupo tratado, aumento significativo para as variáveis da série vermelha do sangue, bem como para os leucócitos sanguíneos principalmente por aumento de neutrófilos. No leite, observou-se aumento da celularidade, principalmente por elevação de mononucleares.  Como verificou-se aumento de neutrófilos positivos ao testede NBT, acredita-se que o alfa tocoferol reduziu o estresse oxidativocelular, aumentando a fagocitose e metabolismo oxidativo de neutrófilos, e diminuiu a lipoperoxidaçãodas membranas celulares aumento da meia vida das células sanguíneas e lácetas.