Infrared thermography as a technique for detecting subclinical bovine mastitis / Termografia infravermelha como técnica para detecção de mastite bovina subclinical

Infrared thermography is a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of subclinical mastitis in pasture-raised dairy cows. The study was conducted on eight dairy farms, in Sena Madureira, Acre, in the Western Amazon, during the rainy season. One hundred and thirteen lactating crossbred cows were monitored, with measurements performed once day before milking, from 02:00 to 06:00 in the morning. The California Mastitis Test (CMT) was subsequently applied. Data processing was performed in the R programming language and evaluated by linear models. Our results show that cow udder surface temperature by infrared thermography showed significant differences (p<0.05) between the months of the year. Cow udder temperatures of thermographic images were significantly different (p<0.05) from CMT results for animals with subclinical mastitis. CMT results showed that 45 cows (39.8%) in January, 52 cows (46%) in February and 57 cows (50.4%) in March had subclinical mastitis. Infrared thermography is a technique that can be used for the early detection of subclinical mastitis in dairy herds in a grazing system, as it detected an increase in the udder surface temperature of the same cows that were positive for CMT.

Avaliou-se a termografia infravermelha como ferramenta diagnóstica, não invasiva, para detecção precoce da mastite subclínica em vacas leiteiras criadas a pasto. O estudo foi conduzido em oito propriedades leiteiras, em Sena Madureira, Acre, na Amazônia Ocidental, durante o inverno amazônico. Foram monitoradas 113 vacas mestiças em lactação, com mensurações realizadas uma vez por dia, sempre antes da realizadas das 2h às 6h da manhã. Em seguida, realizou-se exame de Califórnia Mastitis Test-CMT. O ordenha, processamento dos dados foi feito em linguagem de programação R, os quais foram avaliados por modelos lineares. Os resultados mostram que a temperatura da superfície do úbere das vacas avaliadas com a técnica da termografia infravermelha teve diferenças significativas (P<0,05) entre os meses do ano. Constatou-se alteração na na temperatura do úbere das vacas, captada por meio das imagens termográficas, e foi i significativo (P<0,05) o resultado do teste California Mastistis Test (CMT) para os animais que se encontravam com mastite subclínica. Com base nos resultados do CMT, foi possível constatar que 45 vacas (39,8%) em janeiro, 52 vacas (46%) em fevereiro e 57 vacas (50,4%) em março se encontravam com mastite subclínica. Conclui-se que a termografia infravermelha é uma técnica que pode ser utilizada para a detecção precoce de mastite subclínica em rebanho leiteiro em sistema de pastejo, pois foi capaz de detectar aumento na temperatura superficial do úbere das vacas, que resultaram positivas no teste de CMT.

Effects of thermal environment on dairy cattle under a grazing system in the Western Amazon, Brazil / Efeitos do ambiente térmico em bovinos leiteiros em sistema de pastejo na Amazônia Ocidental, Brasil

This study aimed to evaluate the thermal conditions to which animals are exposed and their effect on the comfort/discomfort of dairy herds in a grazing system in the municipality of Sena Madureira, Acre State, Brazil. Eight farms and a total of 113 lactating crossbred cows were evaluated. Dry-bulb temperature (DBT, °C), relative humidity (RH, %), black globe temperature (BGT, °C), and wind speed (v, km h¹) were measured in January, February, and March (rainy season) to calculate temperature-humidity index (THI), black globe-humidity index (GTWBI), and radiant heat load (RHL). Moreover, the animals were measured for the physiological variables: rectal temperature (RT), heart rate (HR), and respiratory rate (RR). Significant differences (P<0.05) were observed for THI, GTWBI, and RHL. THI reached a mean value of 80 on farm G in January. Farm F had a GTWBI value of 79 in February. RHL reached the highest value (510 W m²). RT and HR showed no differences among the analyzed months. Thus, the environmental conditions in which dairy cows are housed at milking time rarely promoted thermal discomfort, with farm G being the most affected by THI.

Objetivou-se avaliar as condições térmicas a que os animais estão submetidos, seu efeito no conforto/desconforto de rebanhos leiteiros em sistema de pastejo, no município de Sena Madureira-Acre. Foram avaliadas oito propriedades e o total de 113 vacas mestiças em lactação. As medições ocorreram nos meses: janeiro, fevereiro e março (inverno amazônico), mensurando-se: temperatura do bulbo seco (TBS, °C), umidade relativa do ar (UR, %) e temperatura de globo negro (TGN, °C), velocidade do vento (v, km/h) para cálculos dos índices da temperatura e umidade (ITU), índice da temperatura de globo e umidade (ITGU) e carga térmica radiante (CTR), além da temperatura retal (TR), frequência cardíaca (FC), frequência respiratória (FR). Entre as propriedades analisadas, houve diferenças significativas (P<0,05) para ITU, ITGU e CTR. Destaca-se que o ITU na propriedade G, em janeiro, atingiu o valor médio de 80. A propriedade F, em fevereiro, teve valor de 79 para o ITGU. A CTR apresentou carga elevada (510 W.m³). A TR e a FC não apresentaram diferença entre os meses analisados. Concluiu-se que o ambiente ao qual as vacas leiteiras estão alojadas na hora da ordenha encontraram-se poucas vezes em situação de desconforto térmico, sendo a propriedade, a mais afetada pelo ITU.

Influence of a commercial hatchery thermal environmental on the heat loss of fertile broiler eggs

The objectives of this study were to monitor the thermal environment of different hatchery locations during the transfer of fertile eggs from the setter and to the hatcher, to measure egg heat loss, and to determine its effects on hatchery results. In total, 1,728 fertile eggs of Cobb broiler breeders were divided into two treatments. In treatment 1 (T1), after 19 days of incubation, eggs were removed from the incubator and transferred to the hatcher in aninsulated box, and in treatment 0 (T0), eggs were transferred with no thermal insulation (T0). The duration of egg transfer was 10 minutes. Eggs were photographed using a thermographic camera at the exit of the setter, arrival at and exit from the candling room, and arrival at the hatcher. Based on the thermographic images, egg heat loss between these locations was calculated. At hatch, total hatchability, hatchability of fertile eggs, and hatchling weight were recorded and compared between T0 and T1. The temperature and relative humidity of the corridor between the setter and the candling room, of the candling room, of the corridor between candling roomand the hatcher were monitored using data loggers. The results indicated that T1 eggs lost 0.15 kJ less heat than T0 eggs during transfer. However, hatchability and hatchling weight were not affected by transfer treatment during the studies period.

Influence of a commercial hatchery thermal environmental on the heat loss of fertile broiler eggs

The objectives of this study were to monitor the thermal environment of different hatchery locations during the transfer of fertile eggs from the setter and to the hatcher, to measure egg heat loss, and to determine its effects on hatchery results. In total, 1,728 fertile eggs of Cobb broiler breeders were divided into two treatments. In treatment 1 (T1), after 19 days of incubation, eggs were removed from the incubator and transferred to the hatcher in aninsulated box, and in treatment 0 (T0), eggs were transferred with no thermal insulation (T0). The duration of egg transfer was 10 minutes. Eggs were photographed using a thermographic camera at the exit of the setter, arrival at and exit from the candling room, and arrival at the hatcher. Based on the thermographic images, egg heat loss between these locations was calculated. At hatch, total hatchability, hatchability of fertile eggs, and hatchling weight were recorded and compared between T0 and T1. The temperature and relative humidity of the corridor between the setter and the candling room, of the candling room, of the corridor between candling roomand the hatcher were monitored using data loggers. The results indicated that T1 eggs lost 0.15 kJ less heat than T0 eggs during transfer. However, hatchability and hatchling weight were not affected by transfer treatment during the studies period.(AU)

Rebaixamento do capim marandu para o diferimento e seus efeitos sobre índice de área foliar e número de meristemas apicais / Defoliation of marandu grass and effects on leaf area index and number of apical meristems

Objetivou-se compreender como a estratégia de desfolhação prévia ao período de diferimento modifica a estrutura da Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu (capim marandu) no início do diferimento. Três estratégias de desfolhação avaliadas foram 15/15 cm: dossel com 15 cm nos três meses antecedentes ao diferimento; 30/15 cm: dossel com 30 cm nos três meses prévios e rebaixado para 15 cm no início do diferimento; 45/15 cm: dossel com 45 cm nos três meses prévios e rebaixado para 15 cm no início do diferimento. O delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições foi utilizado. Em comparação aos dosséis com 30/15 cm e 45/15 cm, o dossel com 15/15 cm apresentou maior (P<0,0001) número de perfilho, sobretudo perfilhos com meristema apical (P=0,0004) após o corte, bem como superior massa de forragem (P=0,0071), porcentagem de lâmina foliar viva (P=0,0005), altura da planta estendida (P=0,0304), índice de horizontalidade (P=0,0110) e índice de área foliar remanescente (P<0,0001) após o corte para 15 cm. Por sua vez, os dosséis mais altos (30/15 cm e 45/15 cm) apresentaram maior peso dos perfilhos (P=0,0399), percentual de colmos vivos (P<0,0001), colmos mortos (P=0,0049) e lâminas foliares mortas (P<0,0077), e massa de serrapilheira (P=0,0028) após o corte. A manutenção do capim marandu com 15 cm por três meses antes do diferimento promove maior índice de área foliar e número de perfilhos com meristema apical no dossel forrageiro, características que podem contribuir para aumentar o crescimento da planta durante o período de diferimento...

The objective of this study was to understand how the strategy of defoliation prior to deferred grazing modifies the structure of Brachiaria brizantha cv. marandu (marandu grass) at the beginning of deferment. The following three defoliation strategies wer e evaluated: 15/15 cm – canopy height of 15 cm in the three months prior to deferment; 30/15 cm – canopy height of 30 cm in the preceding three months and defoliation to 15 cm at the beginning of deferment; 45/15 cm – canopy height of 45 cm in the three preceding months and defoliation to 15 cm at the beginning of deferment. A complete randomized design with four replications was used. When compared to the 30/15 and 45/15 cm canopies, the 15/15 cm canopy exhibited a larger number of tillers (P<0.0001), especially tillers with apical meristem (P=0.0004), as well as a higher forage mass (P=0.0071), percentage of leaves (P=0.0005), extended plant height (P=0.0304), horizontality index (P=0.011), and remnant leaf area index (P<0.0001) after defoliation to 15 cm. On the other hand, higher canopies (30/15 cm and 45/15 cm) had a greater tiller weight (P=0.0399), percentage of live stems (P<0.0001), dead stems (P=0.0049) and dead leaves (P<0.0077), and leaf litter mass (P=0.0028) after defoliation. The maintenance of marandu grass at 15 cm for three months before deferred grazing promotes an increase in the leaf area index and in the number of tillers with apical meristem in the forage canopy. These characteristics may contribute to increase plant growth during deferred grazin..

Rebaixamento do capim marandu para o diferimento e seus efeitos sobre índice de área foliar e número de meristemas apicais / Defoliation of marandu grass and effects on leaf area index and number of apical meristems

Objetivou-se compreender como a estratégia de desfolhação prévia ao período de diferimento modifica a estrutura da Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu (capim marandu) no início do diferimento. Três estratégias de desfolhação avaliadas foram 15/15 cm: dossel com 15 cm nos três meses antecedentes ao diferimento; 30/15 cm: dossel com 30 cm nos três meses prévios e rebaixado para 15 cm no início do diferimento; 45/15 cm: dossel com 45 cm nos três meses prévios e rebaixado para 15 cm no início do diferimento. O delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições foi utilizado. Em comparação aos dosséis com 30/15 cm e 45/15 cm, o dossel com 15/15 cm apresentou maior (P<0,0001) número de perfilho, sobretudo perfilhos com meristema apical (P=0,0004) após o corte, bem como superior massa de forragem (P=0,0071), porcentagem de lâmina foliar viva (P=0,0005), altura da planta estendida (P=0,0304), índice de horizontalidade (P=0,0110) e índice de área foliar remanescente (P<0,0001) após o corte para 15 cm. Por sua vez, os dosséis mais altos (30/15 cm e 45/15 cm) apresentaram maior peso dos perfilhos (P=0,0399), percentual de colmos vivos (P<0,0001), colmos mortos (P=0,0049) e lâminas foliares mortas (P<0,0077), e massa de serrapilheira (P=0,0028) após o corte. A manutenção do capim marandu com 15 cm por três meses antes do diferimento promove maior índice de área foliar e número de perfilhos com meristema apical no dossel forrageiro, características que podem contribuir para aumentar o crescimento da planta durante o período de diferimento...(AU)

The objective of this study was to understand how the strategy of defoliation prior to deferred grazing modifies the structure of Brachiaria brizantha cv. marandu (marandu grass) at the beginning of deferment. The following three defoliation strategies wer e evaluated: 15/15 cm canopy height of 15 cm in the three months prior to deferment; 30/15 cm canopy height of 30 cm in the preceding three months and defoliation to 15 cm at the beginning of deferment; 45/15 cm canopy height of 45 cm in the three preceding months and defoliation to 15 cm at the beginning of deferment. A complete randomized design with four replications was used. When compared to the 30/15 and 45/15 cm canopies, the 15/15 cm canopy exhibited a larger number of tillers (P<0.0001), especially tillers with apical meristem (P=0.0004), as well as a higher forage mass (P=0.0071), percentage of leaves (P=0.0005), extended plant height (P=0.0304), horizontality index (P=0.011), and remnant leaf area index (P<0.0001) after defoliation to 15 cm. On the other hand, higher canopies (30/15 cm and 45/15 cm) had a greater tiller weight (P=0.0399), percentage of live stems (P<0.0001), dead stems (P=0.0049) and dead leaves (P<0.0077), and leaf litter mass (P=0.0028) after defoliation. The maintenance of marandu grass at 15 cm for three months before deferred grazing promotes an increase in the leaf area index and in the number of tillers with apical meristem in the forage canopy. These characteristics may contribute to increase plant growth during deferred grazin..(AU)

Behavior of Layers under Different Light Sources

Light is an important factor in the management of laying poultry. The ideal lamp spectrum that provides the best welfare conditions still needs to be determined. Wavelength and light intensity influence poultry behavior and their welfare. This study evaluated the influence of four lamps types with different light spectra on the behavior of seventy 52-week laying hens. Incandescent, fluorescent, and sodium and mercury vapor lamps were set in a different poultry house each and supplied similar light intensities. Layer behavior was video-recorded three times weekly using video cameras installed on the ceiling. The effects of different wavelengths emitted by the light sources on layer behavior were evaluated by the Kruskal-Wallis median test. Results indicated that incandescent and sodium vapor lamps increased the occurrence of nesting, and of active behaviors, such as floor-scratching and pecking.

Behavior of Layers under Different Light Sources

Light is an important factor in the management of laying poultry. The ideal lamp spectrum that provides the best welfare conditions still needs to be determined. Wavelength and light intensity influence poultry behavior and their welfare. This study evaluated the influence of four lamps types with different light spectra on the behavior of seventy 52-week laying hens. Incandescent, fluorescent, and sodium and mercury vapor lamps were set in a different poultry house each and supplied similar light intensities. Layer behavior was video-recorded three times weekly using video cameras installed on the ceiling. The effects of different wavelengths emitted by the light sources on layer behavior were evaluated by the Kruskal-Wallis median test. Results indicated that incandescent and sodium vapor lamps increased the occurrence of nesting, and of active behaviors, such as floor-scratching and pecking.(AU)

The effect of dietary phytase on broiler performance and digestive, bone, and blood biochemistry characteristics

The dietary inclusion of phytase increases nutrient and energy bioavailability for broilers. The effect of phytase increases nutrients and energy bioavailability for either the objective of this experiment was to evaluate the influence of nutrient and energy reduction in diets supplemented with phytase on the performance, gastrointestinal pH, organ and bone composition, and blood biochemistry of broilers between eight and 21 days of age. In the study, 1.120 male Cobb 500(r) broilers, with 161±1g average weight, were used. At eight days of age, birds were distributed according to a completely randomized experimental design with seven treatments in a 3x2+1 factorial arrangement with eight replicates of 20 broiler each. Treatments corresponded to reduction of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P), amino acids and energy, or reduction of Ca, P, amino acids and energy; supplementation or not of phytase; and a positive control treatment. Broiler fed the diet with reduced Ca and P levels and phytase supplementation presented the best performance of all groups. The diet with reduced amino acid and energy levels and phytase addition reduced gizzard and proventriculus pH. Dietary Ca and P reduction increased relative liver and heart weights, as well as albumin blood levels. The bones of broilers fed phytase-supplemented diets presented higher ash content.

The effect of dietary phytase on broiler performance and digestive, bone, and blood biochemistry characteristics

The dietary inclusion of phytase increases nutrient and energy bioavailability for broilers. The effect of phytase increases nutrients and energy bioavailability for either the objective of this experiment was to evaluate the influence of nutrient and energy reduction in diets supplemented with phytase on the performance, gastrointestinal pH, organ and bone composition, and blood biochemistry of broilers between eight and 21 days of age. In the study, 1.120 male Cobb 500(r) broilers, with 161±1g average weight, were used. At eight days of age, birds were distributed according to a completely randomized experimental design with seven treatments in a 3x2+1 factorial arrangement with eight replicates of 20 broiler each. Treatments corresponded to reduction of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P), amino acids and energy, or reduction of Ca, P, amino acids and energy; supplementation or not of phytase; and a positive control treatment. Broiler fed the diet with reduced Ca and P levels and phytase supplementation presented the best performance of all groups. The diet with reduced amino acid and energy levels and phytase addition reduced gizzard and proventriculus pH. Dietary Ca and P reduction increased relative liver and heart weights, as well as albumin blood levels. The bones of broilers fed phytase-supplemented diets presented higher ash content.(AU)

Análise química e sensorial de pleurotus ostreatus cultivado em casca de coco suplementada com farelo de trigo e/ou de arroz

ABSTRACT An assay on cultivatedmushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) was carried out on coconut bark ground with 0, 20 and 40% supplementation of rice and/or wheat bran. The samples obtained from the crops were frozen and dehydrated, and submitted to chemical and sensorial analysis. Protein levels ranged from 8.33 to 19.98%. Ashes ranged from 5.5 to 9.7% and lipid content was 0.23 to 4.4%. The average iron content was 15.53mg/100 g, and ascorbic acid ranged from 24.28 to 27.61 mg/ 100 g. The chemical composition was influenced by the supplementation and by the isolates tested. The acceptance of the mushrooms in regard to flavor and appearance was influenced by the type of substratum and the isolates tested.

RESUMO Foi realizado um ensaio com o cogumelo comestível (Pleurotus ostreatus) cultivado em casca de coco moída com suplementação de 0, 20 e 40% de farelo de arroz e/ou de trigo. As amostras provenientes do cultivo foram congeladas, desidratadas e analisadas quanto à composição química e sensorial. O teor de proteína variou entre 8,33 e 19,98%. O teor de cinzas ficou entre 5,5 e 9,7% e de lipídeos entre 0,23 e 4,4%. O teor médio de ferro foi de 15,53 mg/100 g e de ácido ascórbico variou entre 24,28 e 27,61 mg/100 g. A composição química foi influenciada pela suplementação e pelos isolados testados. A aceitação dos cogumelos quanto ao sabor e aparência foi influenciada pelo tipo de substrato e pelos isolados testados.