Woody species distribution across a savanna-dry forest soil gradient in the Brazilian Cerrado / Distribuição de espécies arbóreas em gradiente de solo savana-floresta seca no Cerrado brasileiro

Although richness and distribution of woody species in the Cerrado physiognomies have been extensively studied, the shifts of woody species from savanna physiognomies to dry forests have not yet been addressed. Here, we investigate the effect of soil physical-chemical traits on the woody species turnover between adjacent cerrado stricto sensu and dry forest physiognomies. Woody species were surveyed, and soil and topographic variables measured, in 30 10×40 m plots systematically distributed, with 15 plots in each physiognomy. We found a spatially structured distribution of woody species, and differences of soil traits between cerrado stricto sensu and dry forest areas, mainly related to the aluminum saturation, base saturation, and available phosphorus. Aluminum saturation increased toward the savanna area, while base saturation increased toward the dry forest. Most woody species predominated in one physiognomy, such as Callisthene major in the cerrado stricto sensu and Anadenanthera colubrina in the dry forest. Only 20% of the species were widely distributed across both physiognomies or, not often, restricted to the intermediary values of the soil gradient. General results indicate that contrasting soil traits between cerrado stricto sensu and dry forest produce a strongly spatially organized and sharp transition in terms of species distribution between these physiognomies.

Embora a distribuição e a riqueza em espécies arbóreas nas fitofisionomias do Cerrado venham sendo bastante estudadas, a transição entre savanas e florestas deciduais ainda não foi abordada. Investigamos o efeito de características físico-químicas do solo sobre a distribuição de espécies arbóreas em região de contato entre cerrado sentido restrito e floresta estacional decidual (FED). As espécies arbóreas foram amostradas sistematicamente, e variáveis de topografia e características do solo foram medidas em 30 parcelas de 10×40 m, sendo 15 parcelas em cada fisionomia. A distribuição das espécies arbóreas foi espacialmente estruturada, e as características do solo diferiram entre as áreas de cerrado sentido restrito e FED, principalmente relacionadas à saturação de alumínio, saturação de bases e teores de fósforo. A saturação de alumínio aumentou em direção ao cerrado sentido restrito, enquanto a saturação de bases aumentou em direção à FED. A maioria das espécies arbóreas predominou em uma das fisionomias, como Callisthene major em cerrado sentido restrito e Anadenanthera colubrina em FED. Apenas 20% das espécies foram amplamente distribuídas em ambas as fisionomias ou, em poucos casos, restritas aos valores intermediários do gradiente de solo. Os resultados indicam um forte contraste de características do solo entre o cerrado sentido restrito e a FED, assim como uma transição acentuada e espacialmente organizada quanto à distribuição de espécies arbóreas.

Woody species distribution across a savanna-dry forest soil gradient in the Brazilian Cerrado

Abstract Although richness and distribution of woody species in the Cerrado physiognomies have been extensively studied, the shifts of woody species from savanna physiognomies to dry forests have not yet been addressed. Here, we investigate the effect of soil physical-chemical traits on the woody species turnover between adjacent cerrado stricto sensu and dry forest physiognomies. Woody species were surveyed, and soil and topographic variables measured, in 30 10×40 m plots systematically distributed, with 15 plots in each physiognomy. We found a spatially structured distribution of woody species, and differences of soil traits between cerrado stricto sensu and dry forest areas, mainly related to the aluminum saturation, base saturation, and available phosphorus. Aluminum saturation increased toward the savanna area, while base saturation increased toward the dry forest. Most woody species predominated in one physiognomy, such as Callisthene major in the cerrado stricto sensu and Anadenanthera colubrina in the dry forest. Only 20% of the species were widely distributed across both physiognomies or, not often, restricted to the intermediary values of the soil gradient. General results indicate that contrasting soil traits between cerrado stricto sensu and dry forest produce a strongly spatially organized and sharp transition in terms of species distribution between these physiognomies.

Resumo Embora a distribuição e a riqueza em espécies arbóreas nas fitofisionomias do Cerrado venham sendo bastante estudadas, a transição entre savanas e florestas deciduais ainda não foi abordada. Investigamos o efeito de características físico-químicas do solo sobre a distribuição de espécies arbóreas em região de contato entre cerrado sentido restrito e floresta estacional decidual (FED). As espécies arbóreas foram amostradas sistematicamente, e variáveis de topografia e características do solo foram medidas em 30 parcelas de 10×40 m, sendo 15 parcelas em cada fisionomia. A distribuição das espécies arbóreas foi espacialmente estruturada, e as características do solo diferiram entre as áreas de cerrado sentido restrito e FED, principalmente relacionadas à saturação de alumínio, saturação de bases e teores de fósforo. A saturação de alumínio aumentou em direção ao cerrado sentido restrito, enquanto a saturação de bases aumentou em direção à FED. A maioria das espécies arbóreas predominou em uma das fisionomias, como Callisthene major em cerrado sentido restrito e Anadenanthera colubrina em FED. Apenas 20% das espécies foram amplamente distribuídas em ambas as fisionomias ou, em poucos casos, restritas aos valores intermediários do gradiente de solo. Os resultados indicam um forte contraste de características do solo entre o cerrado sentido restrito e a FED, assim como uma transição acentuada e espacialmente organizada quanto à distribuição de espécies arbóreas.

Woody species distribution across a savanna-dry forest soil gradient in the Brazilian Cerrado / Distribuição de espécies arbóreas em gradiente de solo savana-floresta seca no Cerrado brasileiro

Abstract Although richness and distribution of woody species in the Cerrado physiognomies have been extensively studied, the shifts of woody species from savanna physiognomies to dry forests have not yet been addressed. Here, we investigate the effect of soil physical-chemical traits on the woody species turnover between adjacent cerrado stricto sensu and dry forest physiognomies. Woody species were surveyed, and soil and topographic variables measured, in 30 10×40 m plots systematically distributed, with 15 plots in each physiognomy. We found a spatially structured distribution of woody species, and differences of soil traits between cerrado stricto sensu and dry forest areas, mainly related to the aluminum saturation, base saturation, and available phosphorus. Aluminum saturation increased toward the savanna area, while base saturation increased toward the dry forest. Most woody species predominated in one physiognomy, such as Callisthene major in the cerrado stricto sensu and Anadenanthera colubrina in the dry forest. Only 20% of the species were widely distributed across both physiognomies or, not often, restricted to the intermediary values of the soil gradient. General results indicate that contrasting soil traits between cerrado stricto sensu and dry forest produce a strongly spatially organized and sharp transition in terms of species distribution between these physiognomies.

Resumo Embora a distribuição e a riqueza em espécies arbóreas nas fitofisionomias do Cerrado venham sendo bastante estudadas, a transição entre savanas e florestas deciduais ainda não foi abordada. Investigamos o efeito de características físico-químicas do solo sobre a distribuição de espécies arbóreas em região de contato entre cerrado sentido restrito e floresta estacional decidual (FED). As espécies arbóreas foram amostradas sistematicamente, e variáveis de topografia e características do solo foram medidas em 30 parcelas de 10×40 m, sendo 15 parcelas em cada fisionomia. A distribuição das espécies arbóreas foi espacialmente estruturada, e as características do solo diferiram entre as áreas de cerrado sentido restrito e FED, principalmente relacionadas à saturação de alumínio, saturação de bases e teores de fósforo. A saturação de alumínio aumentou em direção ao cerrado sentido restrito, enquanto a saturação de bases aumentou em direção à FED. A maioria das espécies arbóreas predominou em uma das fisionomias, como Callisthene major em cerrado sentido restrito e Anadenanthera colubrina em FED. Apenas 20% das espécies foram amplamente distribuídas em ambas as fisionomias ou, em poucos casos, restritas aos valores intermediários do gradiente de solo. Os resultados indicam um forte contraste de características do solo entre o cerrado sentido restrito e a FED, assim como uma transição acentuada e espacialmente organizada quanto à distribuição de espécies arbóreas.

Woody species distribution across a savanna-dry forest soil gradient in the Brazilian Cerrado / Distribuição de espécies arbóreas em gradiente de solo savana-floresta seca no Cerrado brasileiro

Although richness and distribution of woody species in the Cerrado physiognomies have been extensively studied, the shifts of woody species from savanna physiognomies to dry forests have not yet been addressed. Here, we investigate the effect of soil physical-chemical traits on the woody species turnover between adjacent cerrado stricto sensu and dry forest physiognomies. Woody species were surveyed, and soil and topographic variables measured, in 30 10×40 m plots systematically distributed, with 15 plots in each physiognomy. We found a spatially structured distribution of woody species, and differences of soil traits between cerrado stricto sensu and dry forest areas, mainly related to the aluminum saturation, base saturation, and available phosphorus. Aluminum saturation increased toward the savanna area, while base saturation increased toward the dry forest. Most woody species predominated in one physiognomy, such as Callisthene major in the cerrado stricto sensu and Anadenanthera colubrina in the dry forest. Only 20% of the species were widely distributed across both physiognomies or, not often, restricted to the intermediary values of the soil gradient. General results indicate that contrasting soil traits between cerrado stricto sensu and dry forest produce a strongly spatially organized and sharp transition in terms of species distribution between these physiognomies.(AU)

Embora a distribuição e a riqueza em espécies arbóreas nas fitofisionomias do Cerrado venham sendo bastante estudadas, a transição entre savanas e florestas deciduais ainda não foi abordada. Investigamos o efeito de características físico-químicas do solo sobre a distribuição de espécies arbóreas em região de contato entre cerrado sentido restrito e floresta estacional decidual (FED). As espécies arbóreas foram amostradas sistematicamente, e variáveis de topografia e características do solo foram medidas em 30 parcelas de 10×40 m, sendo 15 parcelas em cada fisionomia. A distribuição das espécies arbóreas foi espacialmente estruturada, e as características do solo diferiram entre as áreas de cerrado sentido restrito e FED, principalmente relacionadas à saturação de alumínio, saturação de bases e teores de fósforo. A saturação de alumínio aumentou em direção ao cerrado sentido restrito, enquanto a saturação de bases aumentou em direção à FED. A maioria das espécies arbóreas predominou em uma das fisionomias, como Callisthene major em cerrado sentido restrito e Anadenanthera colubrina em FED. Apenas 20% das espécies foram amplamente distribuídas em ambas as fisionomias ou, em poucos casos, restritas aos valores intermediários do gradiente de solo. Os resultados indicam um forte contraste de características do solo entre o cerrado sentido restrito e a FED, assim como uma transição acentuada e espacialmente organizada quanto à distribuição de espécies arbóreas.(AU)

Fermentative profile of corn silages with the inclusion of chemical additives or bacterial inoculant / Perfil fermentativo de silagens de milho com a inclusão de aditivos químicos ou inoculante bacteriano

The objective was to evaluate the inclusion of chemical additives or bacterial inoculant in corn silage. The experimental design was completely randomized with five treatments: silage without additive; silage added with urea (3.0%); silage with limestone (3.0%); silage added with crystal sugar (3.0%); and silage with a bacterial inoculant. Five of them were opened during the fermentation process (15 days) to measure pH, and three were opened 60 days after ensiling to evaluate the ammonia nitrogen and organic acids content. For the pH at the end of the fermentation process, higher values were found for the limestone additive, followed by the silage with urea, which had higher participation of lactic acid, 19.06 ppm for limestone and 18.95 ppm for urea. Higher concentrations of acetic acid were observed in inoculant silages (18.49ppm) or silage without additive (18.46ppm). The ammonia nitrogen content was higher in the silage with urea (23.74mg dL-1), followed by the silage without additive (7.54mg dL-1), which also had the highest concentration of butyric acid (4.19ppm). The use of additives reduced the concentration of butyric acid in the silage. The bacterial inoculant was the most efficient in decreasing the pH of the ensiled material.

Objetivou-se avaliar a inclusão de aditivos químicos ou inoculante bacteriano na silagem de milho. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos: silagem sem aditivo; silagem aditivada com ureia (3,0%); silagem aditivada com calcário (3,0%); silagem aditivada com açúcar cristal (3,0%); e silagem com inoculante bacteriano. Cinco sacos de silagem foram abertos durante o processo fermentativo (15 dias) para mensuração de pH, e três 60 dias após a ensilagem, para avaliação do teor de nitrogênio amoniacal e de ácidos orgânicos. Para pH no final do processo fermentativo, maiores valores foram verificados para o aditivo calcário, seguido da silagem com ureia, os quais apresentaram maior participação de ácido lático, 19,06 ppm para calcário e 18,95 ppm para ureia. Maiores concentrações de ácido acético foram observadas nas silagens inoculante (18,49 ppm) ou sem aditivo (18,46 ppm). O teor de nitrogênio amoniacal foi superior na silagem com ureia (23,74mg dL '), seguida pela silagem sem aditivo (7,54mg dL), que também apresentou maior concentração de ácido butírico (4,19 ppm). O uso de aditivos reduziu a concentração de ácido butírico na silagem. O inoculante bacteriano foi mais eficiente que aditivos químicos no declínio do pH do material ensilado.

Complexo enzimático à base de xilanase, beta-glucanase e fitase em rações para poedeiras comerciais leves em pico de produção / Enzymatic complex based on xilanase, beta-glucanase and phytase on feeds for light commercial layers at peak production

Objetivou-se avaliar a suplementação de um complexo enzimático à base de xilanase, β-glucanase e fitase em rações para poedeiras comerciais leves em pico de produção de ovos sobre o desempenho e classificação dos ovos. Foram utilizadas 288 poedeiras, com idade inicial de 25 semanas, da linhagem Hy-Line W36, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema de parcelas subdivididas no tempo, com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições de 12 aves cada em quatro períodos de 21 dias. As rações experimentais foram formuladas à base de milho e farelo de soja: Ração CP - controle positivo (100% energia metabolizável recomendada, sem enzimas), Ração CN - controle negativo, constituído por reduções em 75 kcal de energia metabolizável/kg de MS; 0,12 pontos percentuais (pp) de Ca e de P disponível, Ração CN + 60 g/t de complexo enzimático e Ração CN + 100 g/t de complexo enzimático. O complexo enzimático foi à base de: xilanase = 12.000 u/g; β-glucanase = 2.500 u/g e fitase = 5.000 FTU/g. As variáveis avaliadas foram: produção média de ovos (% ovos/ave/dia), peso médio dos ovos (g), consumo médio de ração (g/ave/dia), conversão alimentar por massa de ovos (g/g) e classificação dos ovos de acordo com o peso. Não houve interação entre os tratamentos e os períodos de avaliação (P>0,05). É possível observar que a produção de ovos foi influenciada pelas reduções nutricionais das rações e a inclusão de 100 g/t do complexo enzimático possibilitou a recuperação na taxa de produção de ovos, igualando às poedeiras do tratamento controle positivo (P<0,01). O consumo de ração foi 1,5% maior (P<0,05) para as aves que receberam 100 g/t de complexo enzimático em comparação as poedeiras alimentadas com ração sem adição de complexo enzimático (CN) (98,66 vs 97,20 g/ave/dia). O peso dos ovos respondeu (P<0,01) as reduções nutricionais das rações, sendo mais leves no tratamento CN, mas com recuperação ao se adicionar 100 g/t de complexo enzimático (58,46 vs 59,29 g).

The objective of this work was to evaluate the supplementation of an enzymatic complex based on xylanase, β-glucanase and phytase in light commercial egg laying feeds at peak egg production,performance and egg classification. A total of 288 laying hens of the Hy-Line W36 breed were used in a completely randomized design in split plot with four treatments and six replicates of 12 layer each in four periods of 21 days each. The experimental rations were formulated based on corn and soybean meal, consisting of four types of ration: CP ration - positive control (100% recommended metabolizable energy without enzymes), CN ration - negative control, reductions in 75 kcal of metabolizable energy, 0.12 percentual points (pp) of Ca and P available, CN Ration + 60 g/t Enzyme Complex and CN Ration + 100 g/t Enzyme Complex. The enzyme complex was composed by: xylanase = 12,000 u/g; beta-glucanase = 2500 u/g and phytase = 5000 u/g. The variables evaluated were: average egg production (egg%/layerday), mean egg weight (g), mean feed intake (g/layer/day), feed conversion per egg mass, and classification according to weight. There was no interaction between the treatments and the evaluation periods (P> 0.05). It is possible to observe that the egg production was influenced by the nutritional reductions of the rations and the inclusion of 100 g/t of the enzymatic complex made it possible to recover the egg production rate, matching the layers of the positive control treatment (P<0.01). Feed intake was higher (P<0.05) for birds receiving 100 g/t enzyme complex compared to hens fed with ration without addition of enzyme complex (negative control). The weight of the eggs responded (P<0.01) to the nutritional reductions of the rations, being lighter in the negative control treatment, but with recovery when adding 100 g/t enzyme complex.

Complexo enzimático à base de xilanase, beta-glucanase e fitase em rações para poedeiras comerciais leves em pico de produção / Enzymatic complex based on xilanase, beta-glucanase and phytase on feeds for light commercial layers at peak production

Objetivou-se avaliar a suplementação de um complexo enzimático à base de xilanase, β-glucanase e fitase em rações para poedeiras comerciais leves em pico de produção de ovos sobre o desempenho e classificação dos ovos. Foram utilizadas 288 poedeiras, com idade inicial de 25 semanas, da linhagem Hy-Line W36, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema de parcelas subdivididas no tempo, com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições de 12 aves cada em quatro períodos de 21 dias. As rações experimentais foram formuladas à base de milho e farelo de soja: Ração CP - controle positivo (100% energia metabolizável recomendada, sem enzimas), Ração CN - controle negativo, constituído por reduções em 75 kcal de energia metabolizável/kg de MS; 0,12 pontos percentuais (pp) de Ca e de P disponível, Ração CN + 60 g/t de complexo enzimático e Ração CN + 100 g/t de complexo enzimático. O complexo enzimático foi à base de: xilanase = 12.000 u/g; β-glucanase = 2.500 u/g e fitase = 5.000 FTU/g. As variáveis avaliadas foram: produção média de ovos (% ovos/ave/dia), peso médio dos ovos (g), consumo médio de ração (g/ave/dia), conversão alimentar por massa de ovos (g/g) e classificação dos ovos de acordo com o peso. Não houve interação entre os tratamentos e os períodos de avaliação (P>0,05). É possível observar que a produção de ovos foi influenciada pelas reduções nutricionais das rações e a inclusão de 100 g/t do complexo enzimático possibilitou a recuperação na taxa de produção de ovos, igualando às poedeiras do tratamento controle positivo (P<0,01). O consumo de ração foi 1,5% maior (P<0,05) para as aves que receberam 100 g/t de complexo enzimático em comparação as poedeiras alimentadas com ração sem adição de complexo enzimático (CN) (98,66 vs 97,20 g/ave/dia). O peso dos ovos respondeu (P<0,01) as reduções nutricionais das rações, sendo mais leves no tratamento CN, mas com recuperação ao se adicionar 100 g/t de complexo enzimático (58,46 vs 59,29 g).(AU)

The objective of this work was to evaluate the supplementation of an enzymatic complex based on xylanase, β-glucanase and phytase in light commercial egg laying feeds at peak egg production,performance and egg classification. A total of 288 laying hens of the Hy-Line W36 breed were used in a completely randomized design in split plot with four treatments and six replicates of 12 layer each in four periods of 21 days each. The experimental rations were formulated based on corn and soybean meal, consisting of four types of ration: CP ration - positive control (100% recommended metabolizable energy without enzymes), CN ration - negative control, reductions in 75 kcal of metabolizable energy, 0.12 percentual points (pp) of Ca and P available, CN Ration + 60 g/t Enzyme Complex and CN Ration + 100 g/t Enzyme Complex. The enzyme complex was composed by: xylanase = 12,000 u/g; beta-glucanase = 2500 u/g and phytase = 5000 u/g. The variables evaluated were: average egg production (egg%/layerday), mean egg weight (g), mean feed intake (g/layer/day), feed conversion per egg mass, and classification according to weight. There was no interaction between the treatments and the evaluation periods (P> 0.05). It is possible to observe that the egg production was influenced by the nutritional reductions of the rations and the inclusion of 100 g/t of the enzymatic complex made it possible to recover the egg production rate, matching the layers of the positive control treatment (P<0.01). Feed intake was higher (P<0.05) for birds receiving 100 g/t enzyme complex compared to hens fed with ration without addition of enzyme complex (negative control). The weight of the eggs responded (P<0.01) to the nutritional reductions of the rations, being lighter in the negative control treatment, but with recovery when adding 100 g/t enzyme complex.(AU)

Microbiota bacteriana de ovos de jacaré-do-pantanal incubados naturalmente / Bacterial microbiota of the Pantanal caiman eggs incubated in nature

A cadeia produtiva do Caiman yacare tem-se destacado no Mato Grosso com a exportação de 143.386 peles em 2015, cujo sistema de manejo (ranching) implica a incubação artificial dos ovos. Nesse processo, a contaminação bacteriana de ovos influencia a taxa de eclosão. O conhecimento da microbiota de ovos incubados naturalmente orienta o manejo sanitário adequado no incubatório. No presente estudo, são apresentadas informações sobre essa microbiota e sua correlação com a de outros crocodilianos, apontando-se as espécies com potencial patogênico. Amostras de 20 ninhos de C. yacare foram coletadas e semeadas em ágar sangue e ágar Mac Conckey. A colônia condizente com Salmonella sp. foi confirmada pela técnica de reação em cadeia de polimerase. Das 22 espécies bacterianas isoladas, 59% pertencem à família Enterobacteriaceae e 41% a outros táxons bacterianos. A semelhança dos achados com as bactérias isoladas na microbiota oral e/ou intestinal/cloacal de crocodilianos foi de 77,27%. As bactérias mais e menos frequentes foram, respectivamente, Bacillus cereus, Flavobacterium multivorum, Citrobacter freundii, Escherichia hermannii, Hafnia alvei, Morganella, morganni, Salmonella sp., Serratia marcescens e Shigella sonnei. Das bactérias isoladas, 86,36% têm potencial patogênico para crocodilianos. A origem materna e a ambiental da microbiota de ovos incubados naturalmente são, respectivamente, de 77,27% e 27,27%.(AU)

The Pantanal caiman productive chain has grown in Mato Grosso with the exportation of 143.383 leather pieces in 2015, whose management system (ranching) implies the artificial incubation of eggs. In this process, the bacterial contamination of the eggs influences the hatching rate. Knowledge of the naturally incubated microbiota of eggs guides the appropriate sanitary management in the incubator room. Here we present information about this microbiota and correlate it with that of other crocodilians, indicating the species with pathogenic potential. Samples were collected in 20 nests at Pantanal, and sown in blood and Mac Conckey agar. Salmonella sp. was confirmed through polymerase chain reaction technique. From the twenty-two different species of bacteria isolated, 59% are from the Enterobacteriaceae Family and 41% from other bacterial taxonomies. The similarity of findings to isolated bacteria in the crocodilians oral and/or intestinal/cloacal microbiota was of 77,27%. The most and least frequent bacteria were, respectively, Bacillus cereus, Flavobacterium multivorum and Citrobacter freundii and Escherichia hermannii, Hafnia alvei, Morganella, morganni, Salmonella sp., Serratia marcescens and Shigella sonnei. Among the isolated bacteria, 86,36% are pathogenic for crocodilians. The maternal and environmental origin of the microbiota of eggs naturally incubated is, respectively, of 77,27% and 27,27%.(AU)

Microbiota bacteriana de ovos de jacaré-do-pantanal incubados naturalmente

ABSTRACT The Pantanal caiman productive chain has grown in Mato Grosso with the exportation of 143.383 leather pieces in 2015, whose management system (ranching) implies the artificial incubation of eggs. In this process, the bacterial contamination of the eggs influences the hatching rate. Knowledge of the naturally incubated microbiota of eggs guides the appropriate sanitary management in the incubator room. Here we present information about this microbiota and correlate it with that of other crocodilians, indicating the species with pathogenic potential. Samples were collected in 20 nests at Pantanal, and sown in blood and Mac Conckey agar. Salmonella sp. was confirmed through polymerase chain reaction technique. From the twenty-two different species of bacteria isolated, 59% are from the Enterobacteriaceae Family and 41% from other bacterial taxonomies. The similarity of findings to isolated bacteria in the crocodilians oral and/or intestinal/cloacal microbiota was of 77,27%. The most and least frequent bacteria were, respectively, Bacillus cereus, Flavobacterium multivorum and Citrobacter freundii and Escherichia hermannii, Hafnia alvei, Morganella, morganni, Salmonella sp., Serratia marcescens and Shigella sonnei. Among the isolated bacteria, 86,36% are pathogenic for crocodilians. The maternal and environmental origin of the microbiota of eggs naturally incubated is, respectively, of 77,27% and 27,27%.

RESUMO A cadeia produtiva do Caiman yacare tem-se destacado no Mato Grosso com a exportação de 143.386 peles em 2015, cujo sistema de manejo (ranching) implica a incubação artificial dos ovos. Nesse processo, a contaminação bacteriana de ovos influencia a taxa de eclosão. O conhecimento da microbiota de ovos incubados naturalmente orienta o manejo sanitário adequado no incubatório. No presente estudo, são apresentadas informações sobre essa microbiota e sua correlação com a de outros crocodilianos, apontando-se as espécies com potencial patogênico. Amostras de 20 ninhos de C. yacare foram coletadas e semeadas em ágar sangue e ágar Mac Conckey. A colônia condizente com Salmonella sp. foi confirmada pela técnica de reação em cadeia de polimerase. Das 22 espécies bacterianas isoladas, 59% pertencem à família Enterobacteriaceae e 41% a outros táxons bacterianos. A semelhança dos achados com as bactérias isoladas na microbiota oral e/ou intestinal/cloacal de crocodilianos foi de 77,27%. As bactérias mais e menos frequentes foram, respectivamente, Bacillus cereus, Flavobacterium multivorum, Citrobacter freundii, Escherichia hermannii, Hafnia alvei, Morganella, morganni, Salmonella sp., Serratia marcescens e Shigella sonnei. Das bactérias isoladas, 86,36% têm potencial patogênico para crocodilianos. A origem materna e a ambiental da microbiota de ovos incubados naturalmente são, respectivamente, de 77,27% e 27,27%.

Microbiota bacteriana de ovos de jacaré-do-pantanal incubados naturalmente / Bacterial microbiota of the Pantanal caiman eggs incubated in nature

A cadeia produtiva do Caiman yacare tem-se destacado no Mato Grosso com a exportação de 143.386 peles em 2015, cujo sistema de manejo (ranching) implica a incubação artificial dos ovos. Nesse processo, a contaminação bacteriana de ovos influencia a taxa de eclosão. O conhecimento da microbiota de ovos incubados naturalmente orienta o manejo sanitário adequado no incubatório. No presente estudo, são apresentadas informações sobre essa microbiota e sua correlação com a de outros crocodilianos, apontando-se as espécies com potencial patogênico. Amostras de 20 ninhos de C. yacare foram coletadas e semeadas em ágar sangue e ágar Mac Conckey. A colônia condizente com Salmonella sp. foi confirmada pela técnica de reação em cadeia de polimerase. Das 22 espécies bacterianas isoladas, 59% pertencem à família Enterobacteriaceae e 41% a outros táxons bacterianos. A semelhança dos achados com as bactérias isoladas na microbiota oral e/ou intestinal/cloacal de crocodilianos foi de 77,27%. As bactérias mais e menos frequentes foram, respectivamente, Bacillus cereus, Flavobacterium multivorum, Citrobacter freundii, Escherichia hermannii, Hafnia alvei, Morganella, morganni, Salmonella sp., Serratia marcescens e Shigella sonnei. Das bactérias isoladas, 86,36% têm potencial patogênico para crocodilianos. A origem materna e a ambiental da microbiota de ovos incubados naturalmente são, respectivamente, de 77,27% e 27,27%.(AU)

The Pantanal caiman productive chain has grown in Mato Grosso with the exportation of 143.383 leather pieces in 2015, whose management system (ranching) implies the artificial incubation of eggs. In this process, the bacterial contamination of the eggs influences the hatching rate. Knowledge of the naturally incubated microbiota of eggs guides the appropriate sanitary management in the incubator room. Here we present information about this microbiota and correlate it with that of other crocodilians, indicating the species with pathogenic potential. Samples were collected in 20 nests at Pantanal, and sown in blood and Mac Conckey agar. Salmonella sp. was confirmed through polymerase chain reaction technique. From the twenty-two different species of bacteria isolated, 59% are from the Enterobacteriaceae Family and 41% from other bacterial taxonomies. The similarity of findings to isolated bacteria in the crocodilians oral and/or intestinal/cloacal microbiota was of 77,27%. The most and least frequent bacteria were, respectively, Bacillus cereus, Flavobacterium multivorum and Citrobacter freundii and Escherichia hermannii, Hafnia alvei, Morganella, morganni, Salmonella sp., Serratia marcescens and Shigella sonnei. Among the isolated bacteria, 86,36% are pathogenic for crocodilians. The maternal and environmental origin of the microbiota of eggs naturally incubated is, respectively, of 77,27% and 27,27%.(AU)

Effect of Sorghum Based Nutritional Programs on Performance, Carcass Yield and Composition of Breast in Broilers

An experiment was conducted to compare three nutritional programs, which were developed with tannin-free grain sorghum based diets, evaluating performance, carcass yield and bromatological composition of the pectoral muscle of broilers. A total 1360 chicks mixed (50:50), from one to 42 days old Hubbard Flex Broilers, were housed in a completely randomized design consisting of treatments and 10 replicates each, distributed as follows: three programs with whole sorghum grain based diets (nutritional program with daily adjustment, nutritional program with every three days adjustment and nutritional program with four stages and a program with ground and whole sorghum grain based feed (four stages). The cumulative performance was evaluated at, 21 and 42 days, determining feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion and viability. At 42 days, the yield of eviscerated carcass, breast (full and boneless), thighs/drumsticks and wings and breast composition were evaluated. Nutritional adjustments showed better feed conversion, did not affect the carcass, commercial cuts yield and had a good breast meat quality. It can be concluded that daily feed programs could be performed in poultry industry with the mixture of whole sorghum grains and concentrates directly on farms contributing to better logistics and feed transportation cost.(AU)

Effect of Sorghum Based Nutritional Programs on Performance, Carcass Yield and Composition of Breast in Broilers

An experiment was conducted to compare three nutritional programs, which were developed with tannin-free grain sorghum based diets, evaluating performance, carcass yield and bromatological composition of the pectoral muscle of broilers. A total 1360 chicks mixed (50:50), from one to 42 days old Hubbard Flex Broilers, were housed in a completely randomized design consisting of treatments and 10 replicates each, distributed as follows: three programs with whole sorghum grain based diets (nutritional program with daily adjustment, nutritional program with every three days adjustment and nutritional program with four stages and a program with ground and whole sorghum grain based feed (four stages). The cumulative performance was evaluated at, 21 and 42 days, determining feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion and viability. At 42 days, the yield of eviscerated carcass, breast (full and boneless), thighs/drumsticks and wings and breast composition were evaluated. Nutritional adjustments showed better feed conversion, did not affect the carcass, commercial cuts yield and had a good breast meat quality. It can be concluded that daily feed programs could be performed in poultry industry with the mixture of whole sorghum grains and concentrates directly on farms contributing to better logistics and feed transportation cost.

Produção de novilhos castrados ou não castrados terminados em confinamento em idade jovem ou superjovem / Production of steers or bulls finished in feedlot at a young age or young steers

Avaliaram-se o desempenho produtivo e o rendimento de cortes comercias da carcaça de animais castrados ou não castrados terminados em confinamento e abatidos em idade jovem ou superjovem, alimentados com uma dieta contendo 11,2% de proteína bruta e 3,07Mcal de energia digestível/kg de matéria seca, composta de 50% de volumoso e 50% de concentrado. A idade no início do confinamento dos animais superjovens e jovens foi de nove e 22 meses, respectivamente. Maior PF foi observado para os animais jovens não castrados. O GMD foi 31% superior em favor dos novilhos jovens em relação aos superjovens. O CMS foi 27% superior para os novilhos jovens sobre os superjovens, e os novilhos não castrados consumiram 9% mais kg de matéria seca quando comparados aos castrados. A diferença de peso da meia carcaça entre animais não castrados e castrados foi de 43% para os jovens e de 18% para os superjovens. Maior percentual do corte serrote foi observado nos novilhos jovens castrados. Novilhos jovens apresentaram maior ganho de peso médio diário, bem como novilhos jovens não castrados apresentaram maior peso final. Animais não castrados apresentaram maiores pesos de meia carcaça fria, percentual de dianteiro e porção comestível do dianteiro em relação aos castrados.(AU)

The productive performance and yield of commercial cuts of the carcass of non-castrate or castrated males feedlot finished and slaughtered at a young age or young steers, fed a diet containing 11.2% crude protein and 3.07 Mcal of digestible energy / kg of dry matter, composed of 50% roughage and 50% concentrate were evaluated. The initial age at the beginning of confinement of young steers and steers were 9 and 22 months, respectively. Greater FW was observed for young non-castrate. The ADG was 31% higher for the steers in relation to young steers. The DMI was 27% higher for steers than young steers and non-castrated consumed 9% more dry matter kg compared to the castrated. The half-carcass weight difference between non-castrated and castrated animals was 43% for steers and 18% for young steers. Higher percentage hacksaw cut was observed in castrated steers. Steers showed higher average daily weight gain, as well as non-castrate steers showed higher final weight. Non-castrate animals have higher half cold carcass weights, front percentage, and of edible portion of the front in relation to castrated.(AU)

Produção de novilhos castrados ou não castrados terminados em confinamento em idade jovem ou superjovem / Production of steers or bulls finished in feedlot at a young age or young steers

Avaliaram-se o desempenho produtivo e o rendimento de cortes comercias da carcaça de animais castrados ou não castrados terminados em confinamento e abatidos em idade jovem ou superjovem, alimentados com uma dieta contendo 11,2% de proteína bruta e 3,07Mcal de energia digestível/kg de matéria seca, composta de 50% de volumoso e 50% de concentrado. A idade no início do confinamento dos animais superjovens e jovens foi de nove e 22 meses, respectivamente. Maior PF foi observado para os animais jovens não castrados. O GMD foi 31% superior em favor dos novilhos jovens em relação aos superjovens. O CMS foi 27% superior para os novilhos jovens sobre os superjovens, e os novilhos não castrados consumiram 9% mais kg de matéria seca quando comparados aos castrados. A diferença de peso da meia carcaça entre animais não castrados e castrados foi de 43% para os jovens e de 18% para os superjovens. Maior percentual do corte serrote foi observado nos novilhos jovens castrados. Novilhos jovens apresentaram maior ganho de peso médio diário, bem como novilhos jovens não castrados apresentaram maior peso final. Animais não castrados apresentaram maiores pesos de meia carcaça fria, percentual de dianteiro e porção comestível do dianteiro em relação aos castrados.(AU)

The productive performance and yield of commercial cuts of the carcass of non-castrate or castrated males feedlot finished and slaughtered at a young age or young steers, fed a diet containing 11.2% crude protein and 3.07 Mcal of digestible energy / kg of dry matter, composed of 50% roughage and 50% concentrate were evaluated. The initial age at the beginning of confinement of young steers and steers were 9 and 22 months, respectively. Greater FW was observed for young non-castrate. The ADG was 31% higher for the steers in relation to young steers. The DMI was 27% higher for steers than young steers and non-castrated consumed 9% more dry matter kg compared to the castrated. The half-carcass weight difference between non-castrated and castrated animals was 43% for steers and 18% for young steers. Higher percentage hacksaw cut was observed in castrated steers. Steers showed higher average daily weight gain, as well as non-castrate steers showed higher final weight. Non-castrate animals have higher half cold carcass weights, front percentage, and of edible portion of the front in relation to castrated.(AU)

Productive and Economic Performance of Broiler Chickens Subjected to Different Nutritional Plans

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of nutritional plans on the productive and economic performance of Hubbard Flex broiler chickens. A completely randomized experimental design was applied, consisting of five treatments. Treatments consisted of five different nutritional plans: a basal diet containing the nutrient and energy levels recommended by literature and designated reference diet; two diets containing 1.5% and 3% lower levels than the reference diet; and two diets containing 1.5% and 3% higher levels than the reference diet (-3%, -1.5%, reference plan, +1.5% and +3%). Feed intake (FI), body weight (BW), feed conversion rate (FCR), livability (L) and productive efficient index (PEI) were determined when broilers were 42 days old. Broilers were processed, and carcass and parts (breast fillet, leg, and wings) yields were determined. The economic viablility of the nutitional plans was evaluated as a function of feed cost/kg live and carcass weights, economic efficiency index (EEI), and cost index (CI). Feed intake and the feed conversion rate decreased as dietary nutrient and energy levels increased. Feed cost/kg live weight, economic efficiency index, and cost index cost increased as dietary nutrient and energy levels increased. Feed intake, feed conversion ratio, production efficiency index, and breast yield improved with increasing nutritional and energy levels. However, worse economic results were obtained with higher nutritional and energy levels.

Productive and Economic Performance of Broiler Chickens Subjected to Different Nutritional Plans

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of nutritional plans on the productive and economic performance of Hubbard Flex broiler chickens. A completely randomized experimental design was applied, consisting of five treatments. Treatments consisted of five different nutritional plans: a basal diet containing the nutrient and energy levels recommended by literature and designated reference diet; two diets containing 1.5% and 3% lower levels than the reference diet; and two diets containing 1.5% and 3% higher levels than the reference diet (-3%, -1.5%, reference plan, +1.5% and +3%). Feed intake (FI), body weight (BW), feed conversion rate (FCR), livability (L) and productive efficient index (PEI) were determined when broilers were 42 days old. Broilers were processed, and carcass and parts (breast fillet, leg, and wings) yields were determined. The economic viablility of the nutitional plans was evaluated as a function of feed cost/kg live and carcass weights, economic efficiency index (EEI), and cost index (CI). Feed intake and the feed conversion rate decreased as dietary nutrient and energy levels increased. Feed cost/kg live weight, economic efficiency index, and cost index cost increased as dietary nutrient and energy levels increased. Feed intake, feed conversion ratio, production efficiency index, and breast yield improved with increasing nutritional and energy levels. However, worse economic results were obtained with higher nutritional and energy levels.(AU)

Eficiência de genótipos de Brachiaria brizanthaStapf. (Syn: Urochloa brizantha) na produção de biomassa sob aplicação de fósforo / Efficiency of genotypes of Brachiaria brizanthaStapf. (Syn: Urochloa brizantha) in biomass production under phosphorus application

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a produção de biomassa e a eficiência agronômica em função do fornecimento de fósforo em diferentes genótipos de Brachiaria brizantha. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, em que os oito tratamentos consistiram em cinco variedades (Arapoty, Capiporã, Marandu, Piatã e Xaraés) e três acessos do banco de germoplasma do Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Gado de Corte (B5, B10 e B12), em função da aplicação ou não de fósforo. As plantas foram cultivadas sob solo originalmente com 4,1mg dm-3 de fósforo. Avaliou-se a massa seca da raiz (MSR), folha (MSF), parte aérea (MSPA) e a eficiência agronômica (EA). Os dados obtidos foram submetidos ao teste de Doon ao nível de 5% de probabilidade. A produção de MSR foi incrementada pela aplicação de P nas variedades Arapoty, Capiporã, Piatã e Xaraés, em que os valores médios sem P foram de 5,1; 7,4; 7,2 e 5,8g vaso-1, enquanto com aplicação de P foram de 9,4; 10,6; 11,9 e 8,4g vaso-1, respectivamente. Para as variáveis MSF e MSPA, o P promoveu incremento da produção de todos os genótipos, produzindo em média 2,1 e 2,8g vaso-1, respectivamente, sem o fornecimento de P, ao passo que, com o fornecimento de P, produziu 3,8 e 5,5g vaso-1, respectivamente, para MSF e MSPA. Os genótipos Arapoty e B5 foram os mais eficientes no uso de P. O genótipo B12 apresentou maior adaptação para cultivo em solos com baixas concentrações de P, enquanto a variedade Arapoty sobressaiu-se quando realizada aplicação de adubo fosfatado. A variedade Arapoty e o genótipo B5 apresentaram maior eficiência no uso de P, podendo-se indicar esses materiais para programas de melhoramento dessa espécie.(AU)

This study aimed to evaluate biomass production and agronomic efficiency as a result of the supply of phosphorus in different genotypes of Brachiaria brizantha. The experimental design was completely randomized, with eight treatments consisting of five varieties (Arapoty, Capiporã, Marandu, and Piata Xaraés) and three accessions of the genebank of the Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Gado de Corte (B5, B10 and B12) with the application or not of phosphorus. The plants were grown in soil originally with 4.1 mg dm-3phosphorus. We evaluated the root dry mass (MSR), leaf (MSF), shoot (MSPA) and agronomic efficiency (EA). Data were tested for Doon's at 5% probability. MSR production was increased by the application of P in Arapoty, Capiporã, and Piata Xaraés varieties, where the average values without phosphorus were 5.1, 7.4, 7.2 and 5.8g pot-1 while with P application they were 9.4, 10.6, 11.9 and 8.4g pot-1, respectively. For both variables MSF and MSPA, P promoted increased production of all genotypes, producing on average 2.1 and 2.8g pot-1 respectively, without the supply of P, whereas with the supply of P it produced 3.8 and 5.5g pot-1, respectively for MSF and MSPA. Both genotypes Arapoty and B5 were the most efficient in the use of P. The B12 genotype showed greater adaptation for growing in soils with low concentrations of P, while the Arapoty variety excelled when performed applying phosphate fertilizer. The genotypes B5 and Arapoty had higher P use efficiency, being able to indicate these materials for breeding programs of this species.(AU)

Comportamento ingestivo e desempenho produtivo de cordeiros mantidos em pastagem tropical e recebendo diferentes suplementações / Ingestive behavior and productive performance of lambs maintained in tropical pasture receiving different supplements

Avaliaram-se os efeitos dos tipos de suplementação sobre o desempenho produtivo e o comportamento ingestivo diurno de cordeiros mestiços Santa Inês mantidos em pastagem de capim-aruana (Panicum maximum cv. Aruana) sobressemeado com aveia branca (Avena sativa L.) e azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com três tratamentos e três repetições. Os cordeiros foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em três sistemas alimentares, com seis animais cada, sendo: PAST - cordeiros mantidos exclusivamente a pasto; SIL - cordeiros mantidos em pastagem recebendo suplementação (1,0% do peso vivo) com silagem de milho; CONC - cordeiros mantidos em pastagem recebendo suplementação (1,0% do peso vivo) com concentrado. Os cordeiros suplementados com concentrado apresentaram ganho de peso médio diário 37,5% superior aos mantidos em pastagem, mas não diferiram da suplementação com silagem de milho. O tempo de pastejo foi superior para os animais não suplementados quando comparados aos animais suplementados. Cordeiros mantidos a pasto e suplementados com silagem de milho ou concentrado ganham mais peso do que os cordeiros não suplementados.(AU)

The aim of this work was to evaluate the types of supplementation on performance and the diurnal feeding behavior of crossbred Santa Inês lambs maintained in aruana (Panicum maximum cv. Aruana) pasture grass overseeding with oat (Avena sativaL.) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) pasture in a completely randomized design with three treatments and three replications. The lambs were randomly assigned to three food systems of six animals each, PAST - lambs fed only pasture; SIL - lambs fed pasture and supplemented (1% of live weight) with corn silage; CONC - lambs fed pasture and supplemented with concentrate. Animals supplemented with concentrate presented average daily gain 37,5% higher, but did not differ from supplementation with corn silage. Grazing time was higher for non-supplemented animals compared with supplemented animals. Lambs maintained in pasture and supplemented with corn silage or concentrate gain more weight than non-supplemented lambs.(AU)

Feeding management strategy for male broiler breeders and its effects on body weight, hatchability and fertility

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the supply of a specific-male diet on rooster body weight, hatchability, and fertility. Two diets were supplied during the egg production period: treatment 1, diet formulated for females and containing, in average, 2,830 kcal ME/kg and 15% CP; and treatment 2, diet specifically formulated for male broiler breeders, containing 2,750 kcal ME/kg and 13.5% CP. In the experiment, 26 flocks, with approximately 7,000 females and 840 males each, belonging to the same broiler breeder commercial strain, were distributed into 26 houses (1200m²) on the same farm, and submitted to the same management practices. Body weight was evaluated in 13 flocks per treatment and for five weeks (45, 50, 55, 60, 65), and hatchability and fertility in four incubation lots per treatment and for the same weeks. Data were evaluated by the analysis of mixed models for repeated measurements, using the PROC MIXED of SAS 9.3 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA), and means were compared by the test of Tukey-Kramer at 5% significance level. The specific-male diet allowed body weight control during all analyzed weeks and promoted high hatchability and egg fertility. The increase in the number of chicks hatched demonstrates the economic viability of feeding a specific diet for male broiler breeders.

Litter characteristics and pododermatitis incidence in broilers fed a sorghum-based diet

The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of footpad dermatitis and quality of broilers litter fed with sorghum grain and diets based in corn. It was used 544 male and female chicks, distributed in a completely randomized design with two treatments and eight replications. The chicken feed was formulated and produced from corn, soybean meal and sorghum grain. In the formulation were kept constant levels of energy and protein in accordance with the following treatments: A. Control (diet based on corn and soybean meal); B. Grain sorghum (Whole Sorghum + soybean meal). At 35 and 42 days were evaluated mineral matter (A %), calcium (Ca%), phosphorus (P%), pH and dry matter (DM %) of the poultry litter. To evaluate the footpad dermatitis were evaluated eight feet per treatment by visual analysis. At 35 and 42 days of age DM % MM (%), Ca (%) P (%) and pH of poultry litter no difference (p>0.05) was found between the treatments and the type of ingredient in the birds' diet is not related (p>0.05) with the incidence of footpad dermatitis. The incidence of footpad dermatitis and the quality of the litter weren't influenced by the type of the ingredient used in diet.(AU)