Anatomical description of the skulls of peccaries (Tayassu tajacu, Linnaeus 1758) by computed tomography / [Descrição anatômica de crânio de catetos (Tayassu tajacu, Linnaeus, 1758) por tomografia computadorizada]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the anatomical structures of the skulls of peccaries to establish the basis for their clinical study and future preclinical research. Ten skulls of adult peccaries were subjected to tomographic examination. The data obtained were processed via three-dimensional image reconstruction software (3D images). The reconstructions obtained from the neurocranium of the studied specimens allowed the identification and description of the following structures: nasal bone, frontal bone, parietal bones, incisor bone, maxillary bone, zygomatic bone, temporal bone, palatal bone, occipital bone, vomer bone, pterygoid bone, sphenoid bone, paranasal sinuses and orbit. Computed tomography proved to be an important diagnostic tool in the investigation of the skull of this species, allowing the acquisition of anatomical values not yet documented for the species in the literature.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as estruturas anatômicas dos crânios de catetos, a fim de se estabelecerem as bases para seu estudo clínico e futuras pesquisas pré-clínicas. Dez crânios de catetos adultos foram submetidos a exame tomográfico. Os dados obtidos foram introduzidos em um software de reconstrução de imagens tridimensionais (imagens em 3D). As reconstruções obtidas do neurocrânio dos espécimes estudados permitiram a identificação e a descrição das seguintes estruturas: osso nasal, osso frontal, ossos parietais, osso incisivo, osso maxilar, osso zigomático, osso temporal, osso palatino, osso occipital, osso vômer, osso pterigoide, osso esfenoide, seios paranasais e órbita. A tomografia computadorizada mostrou-se como uma ferramenta diagnóstica importante na investigação do crânio dessa espécie, permitindo a aquisição de valores anatômicos ainda não documentados para a espécie na literatura.(AU)

B-mode and Doppler ultrasonography of abdominal structures of the peccary (Tayassu tajacu, Linnaeus 1758) / [Ultrassonografias Doppler e modo-B das estruturas abdominais de catetos (Tayassu tajacu Linnaeus, 1758)]

This study used B-mode and Doppler ultrasonography to characterize the abdominal structures of healthy peccaries raised in captivity. Fifteen peccaries were used for this study. The urinary vesicle appeared as an ovoid structure, located in the abdominal and pelvic transition, with a hyperechogenic, thin, smooth, and regular wall. The kidneys presented retroperitoneal topography and had similar sizes. The kidney/aorta ratio had an average value of 10.53±15cm (right) and 10.23±0.12 (left). The right adrenal gland had a length of 1.93±0.34cm and diameter of 0.56±0.16cm. The left adrenal gland had a length of 1.85±0.42cm and diameter of 0.52±0.11cm. The spleen had a diameter of 1.13±0.18cm. The hepatic vein demonstrated polyphasic flow in pulsed Doppler, with two retrograde peaks and an anterograde peak with a flow velocity of 25.7±0.83cm/s. The abdominal aorta had a diameter of 0.58±0.05cm and a flow velocity of 115.17±5.32cm/s. The morphological and hemodynamic study of the abdominal structures of the peccary, observed through B-mode and Doppler ultrasonography, aided in identifying the size, shape, position, echogenicity, and echotexture of the abdominal organs and in making inferences about the normal parameters for these structures in this species.(AU)

Este estudo teve como objetivo utilizar as ultrassonografias de modo-B e Doppler para caracterizar as estruturas abdominais de um cateto sadio criado em cativeiro. Quinze catetos foram utilizados para este estudo. A vesícula urinária apareceu como uma estrutura ovoide, localizada na transição entre as partes abdominal e pélvica, com uma parede hiperecogênica, fina, lisa e regular. Os rins apresentaram topografia retroperitoneal e tamanhos semelhantes. A relação rim/aorta teve um valor médio de 10,53 ± 15cm (direita) e 10,23 ± 0,12cm (esquerda). A glândula adrenal direita tinha um comprimento de 1,93 ± 0,34cm e um diâmetro de 0,56 ± 0,16cm. A glândula suprarrenal esquerda tinha um comprimento de 1,85 ± 0,42cm e um diâmetro de 0,52 ± 0,11cm. O baço tinha um diâmetro de 1,13 ± 0,18cm. A veia hepática demonstrou fluxo polifásico no Doppler pulsátil, com dois picos retrógrados e um pico anterógrado com velocidade de fluxo de 25,7±0,83cm/s. A aorta abdominal tinha um diâmetro de 0,58 ± 0,05cm e uma velocidade de fluxo de 115,17±5,32cm/s. Os estudos morfológico e hemodinâmico das estruturas abdominais do queixada, observadas por meio das ultrassonografias modo-B e Doppler, auxiliaram na identificação do tamanho, da forma, da posição, da ecogenicidade e da ecotextura dos órgãos abdominais e na realização de inferências sobre os parâmetros de normalidade para as estruturas nas espécies.(AU)

Echocardiographic reference ranges for sedated healthy peccaries ( Tayassu tajacu, Linnaeus, 1758 ) / Valores de referência para catetos saudáveis sedados

Peccaries are wild mammals belonging to the Tayassu genus that are found almost everywhere in the Americas and have demonstrated great potential as an experimental model for scientific investigations. Twelve healthy adult animals were sedated to perform echocardiographic examinations in B, M and Doppler mode. The variables that exhibited statistically significant correlation coefficients with weight were LVFWd, LVIDd, LVIDs, E wave, A'RV, MAM, and TAPSE. The HR exhibited a negative relationship with the IVRT. The LA variable showed a positive correlation with the AO. The MAM exhibited correlations with the LVIDd and LVIDs. The TAPSE showed positive correlations with the E'RV and A'RV. The present study provides the first reference values for echocardiographic measurements in B, M and Doppler modes from peccaries anesthetized with ketamine and midazolam. Echocardiography was easy to perform in collared peccaries, and the collected data revealed values that can aid in their clinical management and conservation.(AU)

Catetos são mamíferos selvagens, pertencentes ao gênero Tayassu, encontrados em quase toda a América, os quais têm se destacado como modelos experimentais. Doze animais adultos saudáveis foram sedados para a realização de exames ecocardiográficos em modos B, M e Doppler. As variáveis que apresentaram coeficientes de correlação estatisticamente significativos em relação ao peso foram: LVFWd, LVIDd, LVIDs, onda E, A'RV, MAM, TAPSE. O HR mostrou correlação positiva com LA/AO, onda E, onda A, MAM, TAPSE e E/IVRT, e negativa com IVRT. Os valores de AVmax mostraram correlações positivas com onda E e onda A'. A variável LA mostrou correlação positiva com AO e correlação negativa com IVSd. A EF apresentou forte correlação com a relação de ondas FS, E/A, com A', E'RV. FS apresentou correlação positiva com a relação de onda E/A. O MAM mostrou correlação com LVIDd e LVIDs. TAPSE mostrou correlações positivas com E'RV e A'RV. O presente estudo forneceu os primeiros valores de referência para medições ecocardiográficas em modos B, M e Doppler de catetos anestesiados com ketamina e midazolam. O exame ecocardiográfico em catetos foi de fácil execução e os dados encontrados evidenciaram valores que podem auxiliar no seu manejo clínico e conservação.(AU)

Echocardiographic reference ranges for sedated healthy peccaries ( Tayassu tajacu, Linnaeus, 1758 ) / Valores de referência para catetos saudáveis sedados

Peccaries are wild mammals belonging to the Tayassu genus that are found almost everywhere in the Americas and have demonstrated great potential as an experimental model for scientific investigations. Twelve healthy adult animals were sedated to perform echocardiographic examinations in B, M and Doppler mode. The variables that exhibited statistically significant correlation coefficients with weight were LVFWd, LVIDd, LVIDs, E wave, A'RV, MAM, and TAPSE. The HR exhibited a negative relationship with the IVRT. The LA variable showed a positive correlation with the AO. The MAM exhibited correlations with the LVIDd and LVIDs. The TAPSE showed positive correlations with the E'RV and A'RV. The present study provides the first reference values for echocardiographic measurements in B, M and Doppler modes from peccaries anesthetized with ketamine and midazolam. Echocardiography was easy to perform in collared peccaries, and the collected data revealed values that can aid in their clinical management and conservation.(AU)

Catetos são mamíferos selvagens, pertencentes ao gênero Tayassu, encontrados em quase toda a América, os quais têm se destacado como modelos experimentais. Doze animais adultos saudáveis foram sedados para a realização de exames ecocardiográficos em modos B, M e Doppler. As variáveis que apresentaram coeficientes de correlação estatisticamente significativos em relação ao peso foram: LVFWd, LVIDd, LVIDs, onda E, A'RV, MAM, TAPSE. O HR mostrou correlação positiva com LA/AO, onda E, onda A, MAM, TAPSE e E/IVRT, e negativa com IVRT. Os valores de AVmax mostraram correlações positivas com onda E e onda A'. A variável LA mostrou correlação positiva com AO e correlação negativa com IVSd. A EF apresentou forte correlação com a relação de ondas FS, E/A, com A', E'RV. FS apresentou correlação positiva com a relação de onda E/A. O MAM mostrou correlação com LVIDd e LVIDs. TAPSE mostrou correlações positivas com E'RV e A'RV. O presente estudo forneceu os primeiros valores de referência para medições ecocardiográficas em modos B, M e Doppler de catetos anestesiados com ketamina e midazolam. O exame ecocardiográfico em catetos foi de fácil execução e os dados encontrados evidenciaram valores que podem auxiliar no seu manejo clínico e conservação.(AU)

Proteinograma sérico, com ênfase em proteínas de fase aguda, de bovinos sadios e bovinos portadores de enfermidade aguda de ocorrência natural / Serum proteinogram emphasizing acute phase proteins from healthy and acute naturally occurring diseased cattle

Nas últimas décadas, as proteínas de fase aguda (PFAs) tornaram-se biomarcadores de escolha em medicina humana para identificação e monitoração de doenças. Não há razão para imaginar que tais pesquisas clínicas não sejam igualmente úteis na medicina veterinária. Com o objetivo de verificar a importância das PFAs como biomarcadores de doenças inflamatórias em bovinos, determinou-se o proteinograma sérico, por meio da técnica de eletroforese SDS-PAGE, com interesse especial nas PFAs. Foram utilizados 30 animais, distribuídos em dois grupos: 15 bovinos sadios e 15 bovinos doentes (cinco com mastite estafilocócica, cinco com fotossensibilização e cinco com onfaloflebite). Os animais foram submetidos a colheitas diárias de sangue durante sete dias, enquanto internados no Hospital Veterinário da Unesp, Campus de Jaboticabal. Ceruloplasmina e haptoglobina apresentaram elevação significativa em animais acometidos por mastite, fotossensibilização e onfaloflebite (275,17% e 343,71%; 175,17% e 230,19%; 114,47% e 144,47%, respectivamente). A α1-glicoproteína ácida foi um bom biomarcador apenas em animais com mastite e fotossensibilização, elevando, respectivamente, suas concentrações séricas em 198,14% e 145,89%. Fibrinogênio mostrou-se um indicador confiável apenas em bovinos com mastite, com elevação de 146,5% em relação ao grupo sadio. Ficou clara a diferença na responsividade de distintas PFAs frente a diferentes estímulos inflamatórios. Ceruloplasmina e haptoglobina foram biomarcadores mais sensíveis e, portanto, mais confiáveis entre as PFAs estudadas nessa espécie.(AU)

Over the last few decades acute phase proteins (APP) have become the biomarkers of choice in human medicine to identify and monitor inflammation and infection. There is no reason to suppose that clinical investigations in veterinary medicine would not be equally assisted by APP assays. Aiming to verify the importance of APPs as biomarkers of inflammatory diseases in domestic cattle, serum protein profiles, especially APPs, were determined through the SDS-PAGE electrophoresis technique. Thirty animals were allotted in two groups: 15 healthy cattle and 15 clinically ill cattle (5 with staphylococcal mastitis, 5 with photosensitization and 5 with onphalophlebitis). All animals were submitted to daily blood sampling during 7 days, while interned in the Veterinarian Hospital from UNESP, Jaboticabal campus. Ceruloplasmin and haptoglobin were significantly elevated in animals with mastitis, photosensitization and onphalophlebitis (275.17% and 343.71%; 175.17% and 230.19%; 114.47% and 144.47%, respectively). α1-acid glycoprotein behaved as a good biomarker only in animals with mastitis and photosensitization, elevating respectively 198.14% and 145.89% of their serum levels. Fibrinogen was a reliable indicator only in animals undergoing mastitis, with a raise of 146.5%. The diverse responsiveness of different APP under distinct inflammatory stimuli was clear. Ceruloplasmin and haptoglobin were more sensible and, therefore, reliable biomarkers to the diseases studied in this species.(AU)

Mensurações ultrassonográficas da cisterna da glândula mamária de caprino transgênico / Ultrasound measurements of the mammary gland of transgenic hormone-induced lactating goat

Milk production of transgenic does was evaluated by ultrasound measurements of the mammary gland. Two Canindé goats, which were nine months of age were used in the trial, one non-transgenic or other transgenic for hG-CSF. For hormone-induced lactation, animals were given estradiol (0.25mg/kg, IM), progesterone (0.75mg/kg, IM), and prednisolone (0.4mg/kg, IM). Ultrasonographic exams were carried out during milking, using a Falcon 100 ultrasound equipment with a 5MHz convex probe and were performed by the same operator. The results were expressed as mean±standard error. The maximum greater length and shorter length of the cistern were respectively 5.14cm and 1.36cm for the transgenic animal and 7.28cm and 2.25cm for non-transgenic, which is consistent with the maximum milk volume produced. The relationship between the average area of cisterns and milk yield was expressed as a linear correlation curve, with a correlation coefficient significantly positive for both transgenic (Y=-1.1314+10.8538*x; r=0.97) and non-transgenic (Y=-21.7551+18.3634*x; r=0.97) animals. In conclusion, the ultrasound is a practice and appropriate technique to evaluate the cisterns in ruminant udders in transgenic animal.(AU)

Oocytoe production and in vitro maturation in Canindé goats following hormonal ovarian stimulation

This study e valuated the effect of hormonal ovarian stimulation regimes on the quantity and quality of the cumulus - oocyte complexes (COCs) recovered by laparoscopy and their subsequent in vitro matur ation (IVM) . Eighteen cyclic Canindé goats received a vaginal sponge with 60 mg m edroxyprogesterone acetate for 11 days, together with a n injection of 50 μg d - cloprostenol on the 8 th day , along with additional treatment re g imens , as follows : i) five doses (5D), 120 mg of NIH - FSH - P1 in five injections at 12 h inter vals; ii) three doses (3D), 120 mg of NIH - FSH - P1 in three injections at 24 h i nterv als; iii) single dose (1D), 70 mg of NIH - FSH - P 1 and 200 IU of eCG at 36 h prior to sponge rem oval. Three sessions of hormonal treatment/oocyte recover y w ere performed and goats ( n = 6 / group) were allocated to different grou ps . The oocytes were collect ed by laparoscopy at the time of sponge removal and the IVM of the oocytes was monitored. A total of 14.8 ± 0.8 follicles were aspirated per animal with 11.1 ± 0.6 COCs being rec overed , resulting in a recovery rate of 74.7 % ( 577/772 ) . The mean number of CO Cs/goat did not differ (P > 0.05) between treatments (11.7 ± 1.1, 10.7 ± 0.9 and 10.8 ± 1.0 for the 5D, 3D and 1D groups, respectively). R ecovery rate was higher (P < 0.05) in the 5 D group ( 84.1 % ; 211/251 ) compared to the 3 D ( 68.2 % ; 182/267 ) and 1D group s (72.4% ; 184/254 ). T he lowest (P < 0.05) maturation rate was recorded in the 3D group (32.1% ; 27/84 ), while the rate for the 5D and 1D groups was 49.1% ( 53/108 ) and 46.2% ( 42/91 ) , respectively. Finally, taking into account the main performance results of th e three treatments, it i s advisable to use the 5D regime in future Canindé breed preservation programs based on laparoscopy technology as a means to recover oocytes .

Oocytoe production and in vitro maturation in Canindé goats following hormonal ovarian stimulation

This study e valuated the effect of hormonal ovarian stimulation regimes on the quantity and quality of the cumulus - oocyte complexes (COCs) recovered by laparoscopy and their subsequent in vitro matur ation (IVM) . Eighteen cyclic Canindé goats received a vaginal sponge with 60 mg m edroxyprogesterone acetate for 11 days, together with a n injection of 50 μg d - cloprostenol on the 8 th day , along with additional treatment re g imens , as follows : i) five doses (5D), 120 mg of NIH - FSH - P1 in five injections at 12 h inter vals; ii) three doses (3D), 120 mg of NIH - FSH - P1 in three injections at 24 h i nterv als; iii) single dose (1D), 70 mg of NIH - FSH - P 1 and 200 IU of eCG at 36 h prior to sponge rem oval. Three sessions of hormonal treatment/oocyte recover y w ere performed and goats ( n = 6 / group) were allocated to different grou ps . The oocytes were collect ed by laparoscopy at the time of sponge removal and the IVM of the oocytes was monitored. A total of 14.8 ± 0.8 follicles were aspirated per animal with 11.1 ± 0.6 COCs being rec overed , resulting in a recovery rate of 74.7 % ( 577/772 ) . The mean number of CO Cs/goat did not differ (P > 0.05) between treatments (11.7 ± 1.1, 10.7 ± 0.9 and 10.8 ± 1.0 for the 5D, 3D and 1D groups, respectively). R ecovery rate was higher (P < 0.05) in the 5 D group ( 84.1 % ; 211/251 ) compared to the 3 D ( 68.2 % ; 182/267 ) and 1D group s (72.4% ; 184/254 ). T he lowest (P < 0.05) maturation rate was recorded in the 3D group (32.1% ; 27/84 ), while the rate for the 5D and 1D groups was 49.1% ( 53/108 ) and 46.2% ( 42/91 ) , respectively. Finally, taking into account the main performance results of th e three treatments, it i s advisable to use the 5D regime in future Canindé breed preservation programs based on laparoscopy technology as a means to recover oocytes .(AU)